United States

OBJECTIVE: The original description of PCOS was based on the cystic morphology of the ovaries. Serum Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) concentration reflects follicular reserve of the ovaries and high AMH concentrations correlate with PCO morphology. The presence of three different definitions and four different phenotypes of PCOS indicates heterogeneity of the syndrome. Our goal was to examine if phenotyping based on serum AMH can help to understand the mechanisms underlying the clinical heterogeneity. 
METHODS: 
Subjects: The EPIC EMR was used to retrospectively review the charts of 123 patients who were referred to the PCOS clinic at the UC Davis Medical Center. Patients who did not meet the Rotterdam Criteria for PCOS, who were on were on hormonal contraception, or diagnosed with a different pathology (i.e. congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pituitary tumor, premature ovarian failure) were excluded. The remaining 92 patients were included in the final analysis. Variables: Anthropometric data (age, BMI), sex/adrenal steroids (testosterone, SHBG, bio-available-T, free-T, DHEA-S,17OHP), pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, prolactin) and metabolic (HgA1C, total-cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride) were collected.
RESULTS: 
The distribution for AMH was skewed to right and therefore a rank-based quartile classification was used. AMH concentrations (ng/mL) in these quartiles were: 1st: 2.4±1.3 (n = 31); 2nd: 5.2±0.6 (n = 14); 3rd: 7.8±0.9 (n = 24) and 4th: 18.9±10.7 (n = 23). Age did not differ among groups. The following variables differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in the highest AMH group (4th) when compared with the other quartiles (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) using non-parametric pairwise tests: BMI: Highest AMH group was thinner (BMI:27.1±5.9) vs. (range:28.9±6.2 to 30.5±6.5); had higher testosterone (ng/dL): (52.6±27.8) vs (29.6±13.4 to 34.9±17.7); had higher free-testosterone (ng/dL): (8.0±6.8) vs. (4.9±±2.7 to 5.4±3.0); had higher 17OHP (ng/dL): (86.7±58.8) vs. (36.8±22.2 to 46.2±39.2); had higher HDL-C (mg/dL): (56.7±13.6) vs. (44.4±5.8 to 46.4±8.7).
CONCLUSIONS:
The phenotyping based on serum AMH concentrations demonstrated that the PCOS women with highest serum AMH differ from the rest: They are thinner, have higher androgen levels. They appear to have more favorable metabolic profiles. AMH-based phenotyping may help to understand the differences between various clinical presentations of PCOS, and potentially guide the treatment approaches. 


AE-PCOS 2022

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (Amh) Based Phenotyping Of Pcos Women

### Welcome to the AE-PCOS Society's 20th Annual Meeting!


The AE-PCOS Society’s 20th Annual Meeting's theme will be Reflections and Directions. The meeting will aim to incorporate the perspectives of both long-time, contributing members of the Society and newer members of the Society, while highlighting the latest research findings in PCOS-related clinical and basic research.

The recorded content will be available to registrants only for three months after the meeting. 


To gain access to this event page you are required to register. 

For tickets to the event, please register [here](https://secure.ae-society.org/np/clients/aesociety/eventRegistration.jsp?forwardedFromSecureDomain=1&event=2). 

Please register for the AE-PCOS 2022 Conference to join the event.

The AE-PCOS Society’s 20th Annual Meeting's theme are Reflections and Directions. The meeting aims to incorporate the perspectives of both long-time, contributing members of the Society and newer members of the Society, while highlighting the latest research findings in PCOS-related clinical and basic research.

OBJECTIVE: The original description of PCOS was based on the cystic morphology of the ovaries. Serum Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) concentration reflects follicular reserve of the ovaries and high AMH concentrations correlate with PCO morphology. The presence of three different definitions and four different phenotypes of PCOS indicates heterogeneity of the syndrome. Our goal was to examine if phenotyping based on serum AMH can help to understand the mechanisms underlying the clinical heterogeneity. 
METHODS: 
Subjects: The EPIC EMR was used to retrospectively review the charts of 123 patients who were referred to the PCOS clinic at the UC Davis Medical Center. Patients who did not meet the Rotterdam Criteria for PCOS, who were on were on hormonal contraception, or diagnosed with a different pathology (i.e. congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pituitary tumor, premature ovarian failure) were excluded. The remaining 92 patients were included in the final analysis. Variables: Anthropometric data (age, BMI), sex/adrenal steroids (testosterone, SHBG, bio-available-T, free-T, DHEA-S,17OHP), pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, prolactin) and metabolic (HgA1C, total-cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride) were collected.
RESULTS: 
The distribution for AMH was skewed to right and therefore a rank-based quartile classification was used. AMH concentrations (ng/mL) in these quartiles were: 1st: 2.4±1.3 (n = 31); 2nd: 5.2±0.6 (n = 14); 3rd: 7.8±0.9 (n = 24) and 4th: 18.9±10.7 (n = 23). Age did not differ among groups. The following variables differed significantly (p < 0.05) in the highest AMH group (4th) when compared with the other quartiles (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) using non-parametric pairwise tests: BMI: Highest AMH group was thinner (BMI:27.1±5.9) vs. (range:28.9±6.2 to 30.5±6.5); had higher testosterone (ng/dL): (52.6±27.8) vs (29.6±13.4 to 34.9±17.7); had higher free-testosterone (ng/dL): (8.0±6.8) vs. (4.9±±2.7 to 5.4±3.0); had higher 17OHP (ng/dL): (86.7±58.8) vs. (36.8±22.2 to 46.2±39.2); had higher HDL-C (mg/dL): (56.7±13.6) vs. (44.4±5.8 to 46.4±8.7).
CONCLUSIONS:
The phenotyping based on serum AMH concentrations demonstrated that the PCOS women with highest serum AMH differ from the rest: They are thinner, have higher androgen levels. They appear to have more favorable metabolic profiles. AMH-based phenotyping may help to understand the differences between various clinical presentations of PCOS, and potentially guide the treatment approaches. 


poster

Global gene expression and DNA methylation analyses show that metabolic pathways linked to insulin resistance are dysregulated in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, gene expression does not always translate to alterations in protein levels and changes in biological function. Therefore, we have taken a nontargeted approach, to reveal novel proteins associated with PCOS pathophysiology. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies from 10 women with PCOS and 10 controls were subjected to global proteomic and phosphosite analysis. Differently expressed proteins (DEPs) between cases and controls were based on p<0.05 and a fold change >50%. 15 DEPs were found in adipose tissue and the upregulated proteins play a role in immune system processes including, HLA class I histocompatibility antigen and immunoglobulins. We identified 34 DEPs in skeletal muscle. Proteins involved in muscle contraction and actin filament organization pathways were downregulated and expression of myosin heavy chain I, which is specific for type I, or red fibres, was decreased in PCOS. A higher proportion of type I fibers leads to better insulin responsiveness but androgens may diminish highly oxidative and insulin-sensitive type I muscle fibres. Upregulated proteins were enriched in immunometabolic pathways. For example, perilipin- 1 expression, which is localized in intramuscular adipocytes, was increased in PCOS and may reflect lipotoxicity. 

Proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue from women with PCOS

Management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with PCOS

Distinct genetic architectures of PCOS subtypes

This presentation reviews the latest evidence concerning the association of COVID-19 in women with PCOS. Topics within it will include whether women with PCOS are known to be at greater risk for COVID-19 and whether they are at a higher likelihood of severe disease.

Risk of SARS-COV-2 infection and PCOS

Vanden Brink H1,2,3*, Burgert TS2, Barral R4,5,6, Gadiraju, M5, Lujan ME1*

1Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; 
2Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA; 
3Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; 
4Adolescent Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA; 
5University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; 
6 University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA

Introduction: Assessment of ovarian features are discouraged in the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescence owing to a lack of normative data and historically poor image quality via transabdominal ultrasonography. However, we have recently shown that ovarian morphology is adequately resolved via transabdominal ultrasound in adolescents and that follicle number and ovarian size reflect circulating AMH within the first gynecological year. Whether ovarian features at this early gynecological stage predict menstrual cycle status at two-years post-menarche (2YR-PM) is unknown. 

Methods: Menstrual records of 19 adolescent females who were evaluated at 6-10 months post-menarche (PM) were collected as a part of a prospective cohort study. Menstrual cycle status was determined at 2YR-PM as regular (three previous inter-menstrual intervals within 21-45 days) or irregular (at least one of the three previous inter-menstrual intervals <21 or >45 days). At 6-10 months PM, participants underwent a fasting blood draw, anthropometry, bioimpedance, and a transabdominal ultrasound of the ovaries. Differences in reproductive and metabolic features at 6-10 months PM were contrasted in those who were regular versus irregular at 2YR-PM via Mann-Whitney U-Tests. Whether reproductive features assessed at 6-10 months PM predicted menstrual cycle status at 2YR-PM was determined via logistic regression analyses.

Results: At 2YR-PM, 6/19 adolescents met the criteria for regular menstrual cycles and 13/19 met the criteria for irregular menstrual cycles. There were no differences in the metabolic profile nor in clinical or biochemical measures of androgens status at 6-10 months PM between those who ultimately achieved regular vs irregular menstrual cycles (P>0.05). However, adolescents with irregular menstrual cycles at 2YR-PM had higher LH concentrations (4.8 [3.5-5.5] vs 3.0 [2.4-3.8] mIU/mL; P=0.025), AMH (5.6 [5.1-7.3] vs 3.0 [1.6-4.5] ng/mL, P=0.023), and tended to have higher numbers of antral follicles 2-5mm in diameter (FNPO 2-5mm) (19 [14-25] vs 10 [7-16], P=0.06) at 6-10 months PM. The likelihood of regular menstrual cycles at 2YR-PM decreased with higher AMH (Odds Ratio 0.49 [0.24-0.98], P=0.01), LH (OR: 0.33 [0.13-1.09], P=0.019) and tended to decrease with greater FNPO 2-5mm (OR: 0.89 [0.76-1.03], P=0.05) at 6-10 months PM. 

Conclusion: Ovarian features and serum LH may serve as early, clinically feasible biomarkers of future persistent menstrual irregularity with defective folliculogenesis preceding metabolic and androgenic derangements  in the timeline to aberrant reproductive maturation. Whether adolescents with persistent menstrual irregularity meet criteria for PCOS will be determined upon conclusion of the cohort study.  

Funding: National Institutes of Health (R21-HD095372), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Postdoctoral Fellowship #171268). 


Reproductive features captured within the first gynecological year predict persistent menstrual irregularity at two years post-menarche

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition with endocrine-metabolic dysfunction, and is highly heritable. Yet, there is limited research on how offspring are affected, and the age of onset, if any. We established a cohort of women with PCOS and matched controls along with their offspring to evaluate the effects of maternal PCOS on the offspring, as well as any differential impact between boys and girls. 
Methods: Among Chinese women from our PCOS registry (diagnosed based on the 2003 Rotterdam diagnostic criteria), we invited those who have children to participate in a follow-up study, and evaluated both the mothers and their sons (PCOSs) and daughters (PCOSd). For controls, we recruited women from the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study, who did not have PCOS or GDM, together with their sons (Cs) and daughters (Cd), for comparison. All offspring aged 15-25 years were included in the current analysis, and all have undergone a detailed assessment with questionnaire, anthropometric assessment, a standardized 75g OGTT for glycemic status evaluation and biochemical tests. Difference between groups were evaluated using independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, while Chi-square (X2) or Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables. 
Result: A total of 21 PCOSs and 18 PCOSd (mean age 19.86 ± 3.98 and 18.33 ± 2.30, respectively) as well as 26 Cs and 45 Cd (mean age 17.27 ± 0.67 and 17.58 ± 0.84, respectively) were recruited to date. We noted a high prevalence of menstrual irregularity in PCOSd when compared with Cd (PCOSd: 8/18 (44.4%) vs Cd: 7/44 (15.9%), p<0.005). We also found that the frequency of elevated androgen levels was 8/18 (44.4%) and 11/33 (33.3%) in PCOSd and Cd, respectively (p=0.433). PCOSd were significantly more centrally obese than Cd (PCOSd: 5/18 (27.8%) vs Cd: 2/45 (4.4%), p=0.007). Yet, such significant difference was not observed when comparing between PCOSs and Cs. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia (PCOSs: 13/21 (61.9%) vs Cs: 9/21 (42.9%), p=0.217; PCOSd: 3/18 (16.7%) vs Cd: 5/34 (14.7%), p=0.852), hypertension (none for both PCOSs and Cs; PCOSd: 1/18 (5.6%) vs Cd: 1/45 (2.2%), p=0.465) and metabolic syndrome (AHA/NHLBI) (PCOSs: 3/21 (14.3%) vs Cs: 0/26; Pd: 2/18 (11.1%) vs Cd: 0/45) in both gender between offspring of mothers with and without PCOS. There is a trend towards higher frequency of glucose abnormalities when comparing PCOSd vs Cd (PCOSs: 2/21 (9.5%) vs Cs: 1/21 (4.8%), p=0.549; PCOSd: 4/18 (22.2%) vs Cd: 2/34 (5.9%), p=0.079), although there was no significant difference.
Conclusion: PCOSd have increased risk of menstrual irregularity and central obesity compared to Cd. No difference in cardiometabolic traits were observed between PCOSs and Cs. Our preliminary results shed some light on the potential long-term cardiometabolic burden on PCOSd. 


Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic risk in offspring of mothers with PCOS

Natural history of PCOS

In women with PCOS receiving controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), follicular fluid and granulosa cells are dysfunctional, with hundreds of transcripts, proteins, lilpids and metabolites that differ significantly from controls with non-ovarian causes of infertility. However,  there is no evidence that oocytes are compromised: the proportion of metaphase II oocytes, the rate of development to blastocyst and the prevalence of aneuploid embryos are unchanged. Endometrial proteome is altered but receptivity is not affected in IVF treatments, where the implantation rates of single 'ideal' blastocysts are similar in PCOS and controls. During ovarian stimulation for IVF, protocols that use pituitary downregulation with GnRH antagonist followed by triggering with GnRH agonist are safer (lower incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome) and equally effective (same pregnancy rates) compared with long protocols that use GnRH agonist for pituitary downregulation and hCG for ovulation triggering. FSH receptor gene polymorphisms may affect ovarian response to exogenous FSH, but the clinical usefulness of this information to plan IVF treatments of women with PCOS is still uncertain. For women with PCOS treated with IVF, frozen embryo transfer is better than fresh embryo transfer. When preparing the endometrium for frozen embryo transfer, pituitary downregulation with GnRH agonist does not increase the odds of a live birth. Progestins are better than COC to induce menses before starting an IVF cycle in women with PCOS. Insulin sensitizers or weight reduction do not seem to improve IVF outcomes.

IVF and PCOS

PCOS is though to stem from prenatal exposures and seems to translate into increased comorbidity risk. The health insults, however, vary depending on the age. The presentation will go through the health risks related to PCOS over the lifespan.

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