United States

While CoPt and FePt magnets have high magnetic anisotropy (MAE) when chemically ordered into L10 structures, their components’ high criticality calls for a search for more sustainable systems. Ab initio modelling confirms the pivotal role of the tetragonal order for this useful permanent magnetic property [1]. L10-FeNi, found in meteoritic, tetrataenite samples, also has significant uniaxial anisotropy [2,3]. We report integrated modelling of ternary FeNi-based alloys of both the propensity for L10 order and the MAE. We study Fe50Ni40X10 alloys (X = Pt, Pd, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, Ta, W). Crucially, to guide material design, our modelling accounts for the physics that the same electrons which produce the MAE also glue the atoms into their places in the crystal structure. There are 3 steps: 1. The MAE is calculated for an ideal (prescribed) ferromagnetic (FM) L10 ordered material (top figure) - alternating Fe and Ni80X20 layers. These values, per formula unit (FU), are shown in the 5th column (col) of the table. 2. The atomic, short-range order (ASRO) in a high temperature, paramagnetic (PM), f.c.c. solid solution, Fe50Ni40X10 is calculated [4] to learn whether L10 order forms readily (col 2) and to determine the compositions of the alternating layers (col 3) if it does (lower figure). 3. The MAE of the ensuing L10 alloys are calculated (col 4). FM L10 Fe-Ni80Pt20 has a large MAE of 0.39 meV/FU but Fe-Ni80Al20’s value of 0.23meV/FU is significant and twice that of L10-FeNi. The chemical ordering, however, supported by the electrons of the materials, does not lead to these desired atomic arrangements and only the Pt, Pd, Al-doped alloys adopt any L10 order with sharply reduced MAEs (col 4). Comparison of the ASRO in PM and FM Fe50Ni50 solid solutions shows a way to circumvent this issue and explain the L10-order in meteoritic FeNi samples. Spin-polarized electronic structure is paramount to establish L10 order - PM Fe50Ni50 has no propensity whatsoever to adopt this order in sharp contrast to the alloy in a FM state which is predicted to order into the L10 structure below 670K [5].&lt;br&gt;
[Research performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Award Number DE SC0022168.]&lt;br&gt;
**References:**&lt;br&gt;[1] J. B. Staunton et al., https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.144411&lt;br&gt;
[2] R. S. Clarke and E. R. D. Scott, American Mineralogist 65, no. 7-8 (1980): 624-630.&lt;br&gt;
[3] N. Maat et al. Acta Materialia. 2020 Sep 1;196:776&lt;br&gt;
[4] C. D. Woodgate and J. B. Staunton, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.115124&lt;br&gt;
[5] V. Crisan et al., https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.014416&lt;br&gt;

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/83bf141eec93ae0b20c92d9b674cb7d5.png)&lt;br&gt;
Figure 1&lt;br&gt;
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Figure 2&lt;br&gt;

MMM 2022

Integrated ab initio computational modelling of magnetic anisotropy and L10 order in non critical transition metal magnets

While CoPt and FePt magnets have high magnetic anisotropy (MAE) when chemically ordered into L10 structures, their components’ high criticality calls for a search for more sustainable systems. Ab initio modelling confirms the pivotal role of the tetragonal order for this useful permanent magnetic property [1]. L10-FeNi, found in meteoritic, tetrataenite samples, also has significant uniaxial anisotropy [2,3]. We report integrated modelling of ternary FeNi-based alloys of both the propensity for L10 order and the MAE. We study Fe50Ni40X10 alloys (X = Pt, Pd, Al, Ti, Mo, Nb, Ta, W). Crucially, to guide material design, our modelling accounts for the physics that the same electrons which produce the MAE also glue the atoms into their places in the crystal structure. There are 3 steps: 1. The MAE is calculated for an ideal (prescribed) ferromagnetic (FM) L10 ordered material (top figure) - alternating Fe and Ni80X20 layers. These values, per formula unit (FU), are shown in the 5th column (col) of the table. 2. The atomic, short-range order (ASRO) in a high temperature, paramagnetic (PM), f.c.c. solid solution, Fe50Ni40X10 is calculated [4] to learn whether L10 order forms readily (col 2) and to determine the compositions of the alternating layers (col 3) if it does (lower figure). 3. The MAE of the ensuing L10 alloys are calculated (col 4). FM L10 Fe-Ni80Pt20 has a large MAE of 0.39 meV/FU but Fe-Ni80Al20’s value of 0.23meV/FU is significant and twice that of L10-FeNi. The chemical ordering, however, supported by the electrons of the materials, does not lead to these desired atomic arrangements and only the Pt, Pd, Al-doped alloys adopt any L10 order with sharply reduced MAEs (col 4). Comparison of the ASRO in PM and FM Fe50Ni50 solid solutions shows a way to circumvent this issue and explain the L10-order in meteoritic FeNi samples. Spin-polarized electronic structure is paramount to establish L10 order - PM Fe50Ni50 has no propensity whatsoever to adopt this order in sharp contrast to the alloy in a FM state which is predicted to order into the L10 structure below 670K [5]. 
[Research performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Award Number DE SC0022168.] 
**References:** [1] J. B. Staunton et al., https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.144411 
[2] R. S. Clarke and E. R. D. Scott, American Mineralogist 65, no. 7-8 (1980): 624-630. 
[3] N. Maat et al. Acta Materialia. 2020 Sep 1;196:776 
[4] C. D. Woodgate and J. B. Staunton, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.115124 
[5] V. Crisan et al., https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.014416 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/83bf141eec93ae0b20c92d9b674cb7d5.png) 
Figure 1 
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Figure 2

technical paper

#### Welcome to the 67th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, MMM 2022!

The Conference was held from October 31 to November 4 and offers both in-person and on-demand content.

MMM 2022 is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a tutorial, and several special sessions. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Current-induced magnetization switching via spin-orbit torque (SOT) has been intensively investigated for conventional memory applications. With the emergence of multi-states devices that can be utilized in both memory and computing operations, research has pivoted to focus on all electrical-induced multiple resistant states to provide complementary hardware for unconventional computing [1]. SOT-based multi-state devices can mimic artificial synapses and neurons for unconventional computing due to their non-volatility, high scalability, and low power consumption. Artificial synapses are utilized for memory function, acting as junctions between pre-and post-neurons, these continuously being adjusted to tune the strength between two neurons. Artificial neurons integrate all the input stimuli and fire once the accumulated potential reaches a certain threshold. SOT manipulation of multiple magnetization states can be realized by controlling domain wall propagation and modulating domain wall nucleation to emulate synapses [2]. Domain wall propagation requires controllable pinning while domain nucleation can be effectively achieved by modifying the magnetic anisotropy energy. In this work, SOT-induced domain wall nucleation in Pt/Co system is demonstrated by engineering its interface to lower the anisotropy energy. A low magnetic anisotropy energy of 1.35×105 J/m3 has been achieved in Pt (5 nm)/Co (1.2 nm)/HfOx (2 nm)/Ti (2 nm) structure, as obtained from the hysteresis loops shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b). Electrical and Kerr microscopy measurements were carried out to determine the multiple resistance states. Figure 2(a) shows the Hall resistance Rxy change with magnetic field HOOP. Figure 2(b) shows the pulse current-induced multiple resistance; the insets show the domain images after sending a pulse current (I) from 6 to 9 mA. The results clearly indicate the multi-states in Pt/Co/HfOx/Ti system are driven by current, which is promising for synaptic memory-driven neuromorphic applications. 
**References** [1] Zhou, J., et. al., Adv. Mater. 33, 2103672 (2021).
[2] Jin, T., et. al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 52, 445001 (2019). 

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All electrical Manipulation of Multiple Resistant States via Modifying Magnetic Anisotropy for Emulating Synaptic Memory

Magnetic skyrmions are “topologically protected” solitons, that have recently received increased attention due to their potential application as information carriers and for unconventional computing [1]. While the current-driven dynamics has been explored deeply, the theory of temperature gradient-induced dynamics - Skyrmion-Caloritronics [2] - is still at its early stages of development but it is particularly promising due to its low energy consumption.
In this work, we study the effects of thermal gradients on skyrmion motion in different systems (single-layer FM with interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (IDMI), multilayer, and synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs)) inspired by the experimental results of Ref. [2] and from a fundamental point of view. We observe that, when driven by the entropic torque, skyrmions in single layers move from the cold to the hot region with a finite skyrmion Hall angle (Fig. 1), while in multilayers they move in the opposite direction (from hot to cold region) (Fig. 2). The latter is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations (Fig. 3a in Ref. [2]). We demonstrate that this difference is due to the distinct scaling relations characterizing the two systems, and to the existence of a magnetostatic field gradient linked to the variation of saturation magnetization (MS) which cannot be neglected in magnetic multilayers. The numerical results are corroborated by a generalized Thiele’s equation developed for this scenario. Moreover, we show that the skyrmion Hall angle is completely suppressed in SAFs, similarly to the current-driven skyrmions [3,4].
Our results have fundamental implications in the future development of skyrmionic devices combining thermal gradients and SOTs where the proper temperature dependence of the parameters should be taken into account.
See Ref. [5] for founding statement. 
**References** [1] J. Zázvorka, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 658 (2019).

[2] Z. Wang, et al., Nat. Electron. 3, 672 (2020).

[3] X. Zhang, et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 10293 (2016).

[4] R. Tomasello, et al., J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 50, 325302 (2017).

[5] This work was supported by the Project No. PRIN 2020LWPKH7 funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and by the PETASPIN association (www.petaspin.com). JB acknowledges support from the Royal Society through a University Research Fellowship. E.R. acknowledges the economical support of the COST Action CA 17123 (MAGNETOFON) within the STSM program. We would like to acknowledge networking support from COST Action No. CA17123 “Ultrafast opto magneto electronics for nondissipative information technology.”

[6] W. Li, et al., Adv. Mater. 31, 1807683 (2019). 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5f492fdb99a4414723d8429930359fb7.png)

Skyrmion Caloritronics: a promising Strategy to manipulate Skyrmions

Magnetic topological textures could serve as powerful tools in the development of next-generation spintronics devices, especially in terms of stability and energy consumption. Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic solitons such as chiral domain walls or skyrmions were mostly under focus for the last decade. Beyond these 2D textures, a new interest has risen for more complex quasi-particles that display variations over the thickness, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) objects. Examples include different skyrmion phases [1], bobbers [2] or even hopfions [3]. In this work, we show how by engineering Pt/Co/Al based multilayers with variable Co thickness, we observe the signature of new textures, called skyrmionic cocoons [4] that are only present in a fraction of the magnetic layers. Interestingly, these cocoons can coexist with more standard ‘tubular’ skyrmions going through all the multilayer as evidenced by the existence of two very different contrasts in the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images recorded at room temperature (Fig. 1a). Moreover, the field dependence of skyrmionic cocoons has also been studied with Fourier transform holography measurements (FTH) with similar observations (Fig. 1b). FTH additionally puts forward various magnetic phase transitions as well as the existence of an attractive interaction between cocoons. The presence of these novel skyrmionic textures has also been investigated by micromagnetic simulations (Fig. 1c). The relaxed states can easily be identified with the different experimental contrasts: the columnar skyrmion tubes (resp. cocoons) corresponds to the strong contrast (resp. weak contrast). Thus, this coexistence of various magnetic textures in multilayers and the discovery of a novel magnetic texture are particularly interesting as they can open new paths for three-dimensional spintronics. 
**References** [1] A.O. Mandru et al. Nature communications 11,1 (2020)
[2] F. Zheng et al. Nature Nanotechnology 13, 451 (2018)
[3] N. Kent et al. Nature communications 12, 1 (2021)
[4] M. Grelier et al. arXiv: 2205.01172 (2022). 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b8a97625e75c0927f841711b49e2982a.png)

Skyrmionic 3D cocoons in magnetic multilayers

Spin based photovoltaic (PV) effect is novel research in energy harvesting area.Recently, spin-PV effect was demonstrated on magnetic tunnel junction-based molecular spintronics (MTJMSD).This prior work mainly focused on NiFe/AlOx/NiFe MTJ[1].To advance this field there is a critical need of investigating a wide range of magnetic materials.MgO insulator and CoFeB electrode-based MTJS are well established for showing high TMR ratio and heavily studied for computer memory operation.However,they have never been integrated into the molecular spintronics study.This study made effort to develop a fabrication method by which CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJ could be produced in the cross-junction form to facilitate transport and electrical measurements.To do so we had to overcome numerous fabrication challenges.First, we investigated the air stability of CoFeB using reflectance study as a function of temperature.We observed that CoFeB was stable in air up to ~100C.To produce stable and low leakage current tunnel junctions we iteratively investigated the role of multiple bottom electrode fabrication factors through Taguchi Design of experiment.We produced bottom electrode in such a way that thin films have optimum tapered edge geometry and ~0.15 nm Rq roughness.To produce exposed side edges for molecule spin channel attachment we deposited MgO and top electrode through photolithorgraphically produced cavity perpendicular to the bottom electrode. To convert MTJ into MTJMSD we electrochemically bridged the SMM molecules across MgO and conducted current-voltage study before and after molecule spin channel creation.Interestingly, SMM produced current suppression at room temperature by ~200% at 300mV. Also, we observed PV effect. This MTJ produced 0.08 open circuit voltage and 5.19E-9 saturation current under 1sun(1000 mW/cm2) light intensity. To investigate the mechanism, we perform KPAFM. The difference between electrodes before and after SMM bridging was 33 and 150 mV, respectively. Higher difference in KPAFM voltage signifies a large difference in electrode resistivity. KPAFM also suggests the observed PV effect is mainly from the impacted ferromagnetic electrode region and not due to the interaction of light at molecular channels. 
**References** 1- P. Tyagi and C. Riso, "Molecular spintronics devices exhibiting properties of a solar cell," Nanotechnology, vol. 30, p. 495401, 2019/09/19 2019.
2- P. Tyagi and C. Riso, "Magnetic force microscopy revealing long range molecule impact on magnetic tunnel junction based molecular spintronics devices," Organic Electronics, vol. 75, p. 105421, 2019/12/01/ 2019.
3-Heersche, H. B., De Groot, Z., Folk, J. A., Van Der Zant, H. S. J., Romeike, C., Wegewijs, M. R., ... & Cornia, A. (2006). Electron transport through single Mn 12 molecular magnets. Physical review letters, 96(20), 206801.
4- Jo MH, Grose JE, Baheti K, Deshmukh MM, Sokol JJ, Rumberger EM, Hendrickson DN, Long JR, Park H, Ralph DC. Signatures of molecular magnetism in single-molecule transport spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 2006 Sep;6(9):2014-20. doi: 10.1021/nl061212i. PMID: 16968018.
5- Bogani, L., Wernsdorfer, W. Molecular spintronics using single-molecule magnets. Nature Mater 7, 179–186 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2133 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bb83af362903215651cb39bde4aaea06.png)

Single Molecular Magnet (SMM) Producing Photovoltaic Effect(PV) on Magnetic Tunnel Junction

Magnetometers are used for navigation, the detection of submarines and underwater debris, archaeological and geological surveys, as well as in the exploration of our solar system and even in our mobile devices [1-2]. Recently, designs of solid-state quantum magnetometers have stimulated particular interest both for their small size [3], and for their potential to operate without any optical components or applied microwave fields [4].
In this work we model Optically/Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR/EDMR) of the Silicon vacancy in Silicon Carbide, a budding candidate for solid-state quantum magnetometry, using quantum master equations. The Silicon vacancy can be thought of as a S = 3/2 synthetic atom, and its spin states are sensitive to magnetic fields via the Zeeman effect. In ODMR, magnetic resonances of the Zeeman field are detected by extrema in the normalized photoluminescence signal when a transverse microwave field is applied. In EDMR, magnetic resonances of the Zeeman field are detected by extrema in the normalized current, generated when a conduction electron couples to the vacancy’s spin and is allowed to recombine with a valence hole in a spin-dependent manner. In both cases, the photoluminescence/current is calculated from the steady-state density matrix populations and compared to recent experimental results [5-7].
We acknowledge support from NSF DMR-1921877. 
**References** [1] Budker, D., Romalis, M., Nature Phys 3, 227–234 (2007)
[2] Ness, N.F., Space Sci Rev 11, 459–554 (1970)
[3] Kraus, H., Soltamov, V., Fuchs, F. et al., Sci Rep 4, 5303 (2014)
[4] Cochrane, C., Blacksberg, J., Anders, M. et al., Sci Rep 6, 37077 (2016)
[5] Kraus, H., Soltamov, V., Riedel, D. et al., Nature Phys 10, 157–162 (2014)
[6] Fischer, M., Sperlich, A., Kraus, H. et al., Phys. Rev. Applied 9, 054006 (2018)
[7] Cochrane, C., Kraus, H., Neudeck, P. et al., MSF 924 988-992 (2018)

Theory of a Single Si Vacancy in SiC as a Quantum Sensor of Magnetic Fields

Sputtering technique has been the choice for fabricating L10 FePt granular thin-film media for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). A variety of amorphous grain boundary materials have been studied extensively [1,2]. Among them, SiOx has been shown to facilitate columnar growth of FePt grains; however, its limitation on deposition temperature prevents high ordering. Amorphous carbon can yield high-temperature-enduring microstructure, however, with a limitation on grain height leveling to an aspect ratio ~1. Amorphous BN was also reported to affect the ordering of FePt [3]. In this paper, we report a study for creating a granular FePt-L10 film with crystalline BN grain boundaries that facilitate small grains with high aspect ratios and high ordering. By applying RF substrate bias with a substrate temperature of 700 oC, a microstructure of columnar FePt grains separated and wrapped around by hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) layers is produced, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The spacing of the lattice fringes in grain boundaries is ~0.34 nm, close to that of h-BN basal planes (0.331 nm). The electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) shows the π* peak at 191.8 eV in the B-K edge, confirming the formation of turbostratic h-BN. Fig.1(e) shows columnar grains with an aspect ratio of ~1.85. A similar nanostructure was observed in FePt-Carbon film deposited with RF substrate bias, in which the graphite phase was likely formed in grain boundary regions. The covalent binding within the honeycomb structured nanosheets imparts the grain boundary materials high stability at high temperatures. This study provides an extendibility of FePt-based granular media to utilize partial crystalline grain boundary materials to improve microstructure. It also presents more understanding of why carbon and BN can maintain good grain isolation at quite high temperatures. 
**References** 
[1] A. Perumal, Y.K. Takahashi, K. Hono, L10 FePt-C Nanogranular Perpendicular Anisotropy Films with Narrow Size Distribution, 1 (2008) 101301.
https://doi.org/10.1143/apex.1.101301. 
[2] C. Xu, B. Zhou, T. Du, B.S.D.C.S. Varaprasad, D.E. Laughlin, J.-G. Zhu, Understanding the growth of high-aspect-ratio grains in granular L10
-FePt thin-film magnetic media, APL
Materials. 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0089009. 
[3] B.H. Li, C. Feng, X. Gao, J. Teng, G.H. Yu, X. Xing, Z.Y. Liu, Magnetic properties and microstructure of FePt/BN nanocomposite films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy,
Applied Physics Letters. 91 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2798584. 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/07f5a5208e585f6f71b6c269715f7b17.png) 
Fig.1 (a) Plane-view HRTEM of FePt-hBN film, (b) FFT shows a ring pattern of h-BN (002), corresponding to a d-spacing of 0.33~ 0.35 nm; (c) and (d) grain size and center-to-center
pitch distance distributions; (e) cross-sectional TEM image of the 8-nm-thick FePt-hBN film grown on MgO seed layer. An order parameter of 0.84 was achieved with substrate
temperature around 700oC.

RF Biased sputtering induced formation of hexagonal boron nitride (h

Anisotropic assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are highly powerful for designing micro-actuators in various applications, from robotics to biomedicine. Despite great potential, the challenge remains of how to controllably fabricate them at the micro scale due to two limitations: i) the lack of high-remanence nanoscale magnetic materials, which would dictate the resolution and displacement of the actuator; and ii) the lack of robust method for the large-scale synthesis of such materials. In this work, iron cobalt (Fe-Co) magnetic nanochains are prepared with a novel strategy, where the nanochains are formed from dipole-dipole alignment of individual Fe-Co NPs in the absence of an external magnetic field. As opposed to the widely studied field-guided assembly, our spontaneous assembly reported here enables high-throughput fabrication of anisotropic Fe-Co chains. Experiments and simulations show that dipolar magnetism plays a key role in the resulting structures of the Fe-Co chains, whose morphology, width, and length can be tuned by varying the amounts of precursors and fluid rotating speed during the synthesis. The randomly-oriented Fe-Co chains show a remanent magnetization of 28 emu/g, increasing by a factor of 2 compared to the Fe-Co NPs with equal side lengths. Furthermore, this higher remanence in the nanochains is experimentally shown to be advantageous in the development of magnetic soft actuators with a much larger mechanical deformation response to an externally applied field. To demonstrate this point, anisotropic magnetic elastomer composites were fabricated and their mechanical deformation behavior tested in both bending and twisting actuation modes. Both cases showed, very large, visible deformations in low magnetic fields (&lt; 200 Oe). Thus, by developing high-remanence magnetic chains with enhanced yields, composite materials can be made to maximize their effectiveness as micro-actuators or as other device technologies.

Exploring Magnetic Nanochain Anisotropy for Flexible Composite Micro Actuators

The automotion of spin textures, where geometrical gradients are exploited to propagate localized magnetic states without the need of external stimuli, is a promising phenomenon for fast, low-power transmission of magnetic information, as previously demonstrated in planar nanowire systems [1]. Here, we show that automotion is an attractive mechanism in 3D nanowire circuits for the vertical interconnectivity of functional magnetic planes, alternative to the standard current-based spintronic effects normally employed to move spin textures. To showcase this new approach, we have prototyped 3D spiral nanowires by a combination of 3D-printing Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition and physical vapor deposition methods [2, 3]. The magnetic devices (Fig. 1) are made of Permalloy and are 3 Î¼m tall, 150 nm wide, presenting curvature gradients of 0.09 Î¼m-2. Due to the high directionality of the physical deposition process, they have average thickness gradients of -5.3nm/Î¼m; this very large thickness gradient results to be the dominating mechanism responsible for 3D domain wall automotion, as micromagnetic simulations indicate. We have directly imaged the automotion of domain walls in the 3D spirals using â€œshadowâ€ X-ray photoelectron microscopy [4]. In these experiments, we nucleate a pair of domain walls at different locations within the spirals using external magnetic fields, and directly observe the evolution of the system as the field is reduced until reaching zero value (Fig. 2). The experiments show the successful automotion of the walls along the 3D interconnectors, and its competition with the intrinsic pinning present in the devices at localized regions. This work thus proposes and successfully demonstrates the automotion of spin textures as a viable effect to create 3D interconnected magnetic devices [5].

Domain Wall Automotion for Three Dimensional Magnetic Interconnectivity

Artificially made, geometrically frustrated arrays of interacting magnetic nanostructures offer a remarkable playground for exploring spin ice physics experimentally [1-3]. Initially designed to capture the low-energy properties of highly frustrated magnets [4,5], artificial spin ices became in the past decade a powerful lab-on-chip platform in which to investigate cooperative magnetic phenomena and exotic states of matter. Since their introduction about fifteen years ago, the interest in artificial spin ice systems largely broadened, and the term now covers a wide range of physical phenomena and systems extending well beyond artificial ice-like magnets. Besides fundamental works, many studies were also conducted recently on the applicability of artificial spin ice geometries in magnetic architectures, in which the micromagnetic degree of freedom, spin wave excitations or topological magnetic pseudo-charges for example are envisioned as carriers for information transfer, storage and processing [6-8]. The richness of this fast evolving research field is certainly the variety of expertises and scientific backgrounds gathered within a single community, with scientists working in different, sometimes separated, areas of condensed matter magnetism, spreading from nanomagnetism and spintronics to frustrated magnetism and statistical mechanics. In this presentation, recent advances in the field will be overviewed and potential routes for future works will be discussed. 

**References:** 

[1] C. Nisoli, R. Moessner and P. Schiffer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1473 (2013). 
[2] N. Rougemaille and B. Canals, Eur. Phys. J B 92, 62 (2019). 
[3] S. H. Skjærvø, C. H. Marrows, R. L. Stamps and L. J. Heyderman Nat. Rev. Phys. 2, 13 (2020). 
[4] M. Tanaka et al., J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10J710 (2005); Phys. Rev. B 73, 052411 (2006). 
[5] R. F. Wang et al., Nature 439, 303 (2006). 
[6] S. Gliga, E. Iacocca and O. G. Heinonen, APL Mater. 8, 040911 (2020). 
[7] M. T. Kaffash, S. Lendinez and M. B. Jungfleisch, Phys. Lett. A 402, 127364 (2021). 
[8] J. C. Gartside et al., Nat. Nanotech. 17, 460 (2022).

Artificial spin ice: a rich platform for condensed matter magnetism

Spin–orbit torques provide electrical control of magnetization dynamics in nanoscale heterostructures. Interfaces play a crucial role in these torques from creating the transfer of spin current to the magnetization or generating spin currents and spin accumulations. Spin-orbit torques tend to be localized to the interface because spin currents tend not to penetrate deep into ferromagnets unless the spins are aligned with the magnetization. However, describing a spin-orbit torque as interfacial generally implies that the spin-orbit coupling responsible for the torque is at the interface. That such torques might be important should not be a surprise given the importance of interfacial magnetocrystalline anisotropies and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to differentiate between interfacial spin-orbit torques and those that originate away from the interfaces. There is no difference in the symmetries of the torques. In addition, changes in other properties can complicate the interpretation of thickness-dependent studies. Never-the-less, in looking to optimize spin-orbit torques, it is useful to understand the role of interfaces. In this talk, I describe the mechanisms that give rise to interfacial spin-orbit torques, discuss where they might be important, and speculate on the role they might play in the commercialization of devices based on spin-orbit torques. 

**References:** 

V. P. Amin, P. M. Haney, and M. D. Stiles, J. of Appl. Phys. 128, 151101 (2020). 
V. P. Amin, J. Zemen, and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 136805 (2018). 
V. P. Amin and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. B 94, 104420 (2016). 
V. P. Amin and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. B 94, 104419 (2016).

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