United States

Inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect (IREE) [1] refers to the spin-to-charge conversion at the interface/surface with strong spin-orbit coupling and broken symmetry. Ag/Bi related system is a prototype system for studying the IREE and has been hotly discussed but with a long-term controversy [2-5]. In a joint effort of both experiments and first-principles calculations, we reconcile almost all the published experimental data in literatures with controversial conclusions and provide a coherent picture on the pure spin transport between Ag/Bi and ferromagnets. We demonstrate a strong IREE at the interface between Ag/Bi with a ferromagnetic metal (FM) but not with a ferromagnetic insulator. This is in sharp contrast with the previously claimed IREE at Ag/Bi interface or inverse spin Hall effect dominated spin transport. In addition, a more than one order of magnitude modulation of IREE signal is realized for different Ag/Bi-FM interfaces, casting strong tunability and a new direction for searching efficient spintronics materials.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
**References**&lt;br&gt; [1] V. M. Edelstein, Solid State Commun. Vol. 73, p. 233 (1990).
[2] J. C. R. Sánchez, L. Vila, and A. Fert, Nat. Commun. Vol. 4, p. 2944 (2013).
[3] M. Matsushima, Y. Ando, and M. Shiraishi, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 110, p. 072404 (2017).
[4] D. Yue, W. W. Lin, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 121, p. 037201 (2018).
[5] J. H. Shen, Z. Feng, and X. F. Jin, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 126, p. 197201 (2021).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

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MMM 2022

A coherent picture on the pure spin transport between Ag/Bi and ferromagnets

Inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect (IREE) [1] refers to the spin-to-charge conversion at the interface/surface with strong spin-orbit coupling and broken symmetry. Ag/Bi related system is a prototype system for studying the IREE and has been hotly discussed but with a long-term controversy [2-5]. In a joint effort of both experiments and first-principles calculations, we reconcile almost all the published experimental data in literatures with controversial conclusions and provide a coherent picture on the pure spin transport between Ag/Bi and ferromagnets. We demonstrate a strong IREE at the interface between Ag/Bi with a ferromagnetic metal (FM) but not with a ferromagnetic insulator. This is in sharp contrast with the previously claimed IREE at Ag/Bi interface or inverse spin Hall effect dominated spin transport. In addition, a more than one order of magnitude modulation of IREE signal is realized for different Ag/Bi-FM interfaces, casting strong tunability and a new direction for searching efficient spintronics materials. 
**References** [1] V. M. Edelstein, Solid State Commun. Vol. 73, p. 233 (1990).
[2] J. C. R. Sánchez, L. Vila, and A. Fert, Nat. Commun. Vol. 4, p. 2944 (2013).
[3] M. Matsushima, Y. Ando, and M. Shiraishi, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 110, p. 072404 (2017).
[4] D. Yue, W. W. Lin, and C. L. Chien, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 121, p. 037201 (2018).
[5] J. H. Shen, Z. Feng, and X. F. Jin, Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 126, p. 197201 (2021). 

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poster

#### Welcome to the 67th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, MMM 2022!

The Conference was held from October 31 to November 4 and offers both in-person and on-demand content.

MMM 2022 is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a tutorial, and several special sessions. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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Spin pumping is one of the most common ways to generate the desired spin current in experiment. With much shorter timescales than in ferromagnets (FM), antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin dynamics can offer much more attractive properties for potential applications in ultrafast spintronics devices. In recent years, although the AFM sub-terahertz spin pumping has been sucessfully observed, there is still some debate over the existence of cross-sublattice spin pumping in AFM. Here, we start from the most general form of AFM spin pumping and phenomenologically derive its Onsager reciprocal effect--current induced torque. By symmetry analysis we argue that the off-diagonal elements of spin-mixing conductance in net magnetization m and Neel vector n basis must vanish for a collinear AFM. The anti-damping like torques and cross-sublattice torques are shown to be proportional to the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the diagonal spin-mixing conductance respectively. For a conclusive evidence, we explicitly derive a more general form of spin-mixing conductance by scattering matrix method. For a insulating compensated AFM interface, the asymmetric parts of the diagonal spin-mixing conductance vanishes, manifesting the absence of cross-sublattice torques and spin pumping in collinear AFM. 
**References** [1] Ran Cheng, Jiang Xiao, Qian Niu, and Arne Brataas. Phys. Rev. Lett.113,057601 (2014).
[2] Akashdeep Kamra and Wolfgang Belzig.Phys. Rev. Lett.119,197201 (2017).
[3] Roberto E. Troncoso, Mike A. Lund, Arne Brataas, and Akashdeep Kamra. Phys. Rev.B 103, 144422 (2021).
[4] Kjetil M. D. Hals Yaroslav Tserkovnyak and Arne Brataas. Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 107206 (2011).

Absence of cross sublattice spin pumping and spin torques in collinear antiferromagnets: symmetry and microscopic theory

We numerically studied the spin transfer torque oscillation (STO) in a magnetic orthogonal configuration by introducing a strong biquadratic magnetic coupling [1]. The advantage of the orthogonal configuration is the high efficiency of spin transfer torque leading the high STO frequency, but it is difficult to maintain the STO in a wide range of electric current. By introducing a biquadratic magnetic coupling into the orthogonal structure, it became possible to expand the electric current region realizing the stable STO, resulting that a high STO frequency. In this report, we systematically compared STO properties between the orthogonal magnetization disks with and without the biquadratic magnetic coupling, that is, B12=0.0 and -0.6.
In our model, the orthogonal configuration is FePt 2 nm/spacer 2 nm/Co90Fe10, or Ni80Fe20, or Ni 2 nm. The time-domain magnetization precessions of the top layer Ni under current density J=0.5×107 A/cm2, 3.0×107 A/cm2, and 6.0×107 A/cm2 are shown in Fig.1 (a), (b) and (c). Only B12 was changed and A12 is set 0 for simplicity. In the case of the biquadratic magnetic coupling B12=0.0, the STO was observed only when J=0.5×107 A/cm2. Compared to this, in the case of B12=-0.6, the STO can be obtained in the wide range of J. This means that by introducing biquadratic magnetic coupling, we can expand the electric current region realizing the stable STO and increase the frequency. In Fig. 2, we show the STO frequency and the intensity as a function of the current density. First, even when the top layer is changed from Ni, to Ni80Fe20, or Co90Fe10, the current density region realizing the stable STO is widened by introducing the biquadratic magnetic coupling. In addition, we increased STO frequency and the intensity, meaning the stable STO. 
**References** [1] C. Liu, et al. IEEE Trans. Mag., 58 (2022) 172504.
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High Frequency Spin Torque Oscillation in Orthogonal Magnetization Disks with Strong Biquadratic Magnetic Coupling

Continued efforts toward both fundamental knowledge and application of spintronics rely on improved materials for converting spin to charge and vice-versa. We recently demonstrated that the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) [1] shows large spin-charge conversion and large spin Seebeck voltages of thermally-evaporated chromium thin films relative to sputtered platinum at room temperature. However, determining the exact nature and control of thermal gradients in LSSE experiments is imperative, especially at the interface [2,3]. In this work, we adopt the Hall bar geometry and current-driven heating [4,5] for LSSE experiments in a vacuum cryostat for better manipulation of thermal gradients. In figure 1, we show the LSSE signal for a 10 nm thin film of chromium (Cr) and 10 nm sputtered platinum (Pt) thin film both grown on a polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) substrate under the same experimental conditions using Peltier devices to establish a thermal gradient external to the sample. Figure 2 shows the local LSSE signal for a 10 nm Cr and 25 nm Pt Hall bar utilizing a local heating method via Joule heating in a controlled vacuum cryostat environment. The high resistance of the evaporated Cr leads to very large local LSSE voltages, indicating this easily prepared film holds promise for probing thermally generated spin current phenomena in a range of magnetic insulators. 
**References** [1] Bleser, Greening, Roos, et al. J. Appl. Phys. 131, 113904 (2022).
[2] Sola, A., Bougiatioti, P., Kuepferling, M. et al. Sci Rep 7, 46752 (2017).
[3] A. Sola et al. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1765-1773, June 2019.
[4] W.X. Wang, S. H. Wang, L. K. Zou, et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 182403 (2014).
[5] Michael Schreier, et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 242404 (2013). 
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Local spin Seebeck effect on polycrystalline YIG/thermally evaporated chromium bilayers

Spintronics is a prime candidate for information storage and logic devices due to its significant advantages over traditional CMOS technology, such as low-power consumption, non-volatility, and high endurance. Recently, spin-gapless semiconductors (SGSs) have been introduced for modern spintronics-based applications and are promising candidates for designing quantum computing, data storage, coding, and decoding. In SGSs, spin-polarized charge carriers or spin current are the primary functions of these magnetic materials [1]. SGS materials such as CoFeMnSi Heusler Alloy offer high spin polarization (64%), high Curie temperature (620 K), and low damping constant (0.0046) are all intriguing properties that can be used in room-temperature spintronic device applications [2]. SGS has unique features such as almost temperature-independent carrier concentration, and quantum linear magnetoresistance in a low-temperature range [3].
In this abstract, the effect of changing the sputtering power from 30W to 50W and 90W on an RF sputtered thin film of CoFeMnSi (CFMS) Heusler alloy with a nominal thickness of 30 nm with temperature-dependent electrical and magneto-transport properties has been studied. Fig. 1(a) shows Hall resistivity as a function of applied magnetic field for CFMS 90W (30nm) thin-film recorded at 10K, 50K, 100K, 200K, 250K, and 300K. Fig. 1(b) demonstrates the SGS behavior of the material in nearly temperature-independent carriers' concentrations with the same order up to 300K. Fig. 1(c) depicts magnetoresistance (MR) curves of 90W (30nm) CFMS thin film within the temperature range of 10K to 200K. The MR curves exhibit a linear field-dependent trend. In this temperature range, the observed MR is negative. The peak presence at zero magnetic fields signifies the localization and as we increase the field, the path contributing to localization is go out of the phase. 
**References** [1]. D. Rani, L, Bainsla, A. Alam, and K. G. Suresh, “Spin-gapless semiconductors: Fundamental and applied aspects”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 128, no. 22, 2020.
[2]. L. Bainsla, A. I. Mallick, M. Raja, A. K. Nigam, B. Varaprasad, Y. Takahashi, A. Alam, K. G. Suresh, and K. Hono “Spin gapless semiconducting behavior in equiatomic quaternary CoFeMnSi Heusler alloy”, Physical Review B, vol. 91, 2015.
[3]. X. L. Wang, “Proposal for a new class of materials: spin gapless semiconductors”, Physical review letters, vol. 100, 2008. 
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Study of Cobalt Based Spin Gapless Semiconducting Heusler Alloy Thin Film

We report a large spin-current generation from the interface of the Ti/Pt bilayer. By doing the spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR)1 in Ti(5)/Pt(1.5)/Py(5)/Pt(1.5) heterostructure, we observe a large enhancement of the damping-like torque that cannot be explained by the spin Hall effect (SHE) of Pt due to the cancellation of the spin-current generated from the symmetrically placed Pt layers on either side of the ferromagnet. We observe that the sign of damping-like torque generated in Ti/Pt/Py/Ti heterostructure is opposite as compared to Pt/Py bilayers which rule out the possibility of the conversion of orbital-current generated by Ti into the spin-current using the spin-orbit coupling of Pt2–5. This effect is reproduced for different thicknesses of Py (4 -8 nm). We confirm that this effect disappears when Pt is substituted by Cu. All these pieces of evidence together suggest a possible formation of the Rashba surface at the Ti/Pt interface due to their work function difference (approximately 1.3 eV). This could be a way to boost up the generated spin-current by exploiting the interfacial Rashba-Edelstein effect and bulk spin hall effect together for practical applications. 
**References** 1 L. Liu, T. Moriyama, D.C. Ralph, and R.A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 1 (2011).
2 D. Go, F. Freimuth, J.P. Hanke, F. Xue, O. Gomonay, K.J. Lee, S. Blügel, P.M. Haney, H.W. Lee, and Y. Mokrousov, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 1 (2020).
3 Y. Choi, D. Jo, K. Ko, D. Go, and H. Lee, ArXiv:2109.14847v1 1 (2021).
4 S. Lee, M.G. Kang, D. Go, D. Kim, J.H. Kang, T. Lee, G.H. Lee, J. Kang, N.J. Lee, Y. Mokrousov, S. Kim, K.J. Kim, K.J. Lee, and B.G. Park, Commun. Phys. 4, 3 (2021).
5 S. Ding, A. Ross, D. Go, L. Baldrati, Z. Ren, F. Freimuth, S. Becker, F. Kammerbauer, J. Yang, G. Jakob, Y. Mokrousov, and M. Kläui, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, (2020). 
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Large spin current generation from the Rashba surface at Ti/Pt interface

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are potential materials for exerting efficient spin-orbit torque (SOT) on the adjacent ferromagnetic (FM) layer due to their high spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and broken inversion symmetry at the interface [1]. An unconventional SOT is recently observed in WTe2/NiFe heterostructures due to low symmetry in WTe2 [2]. PtSe2 is one of the TMDs having high SOC [3]. In this work, we measured the effective spin Hall efficiency (SHE) in PtSe2/NiFe/Pt heterostructure using spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (STFMR). PtSe2 was synthesized by salinization of a sputtered Pt (3 nm) film. The growth of PtSe2 was confirmed using Raman measurements, which shows two peaks at 176 cm-1 (Eg) and 206 cm-1 (A1g). Subsequently, a 6 nm thick NiFe (Py) layer followed by Pt (3 nm) capping layer was deposited on PtSe2 using magnetron sputtering. For STFMR measurements, RF current of frequency varying from 3 GHz to 7 GHz was applied to the device in the presence of an external magnetic field (H). The mixing voltage (Vmix) across the device was measured and the symmetric & anti-symmetric components (VS, VA) of Vmix, linewidth (ΔH), and resonance field (Hr) were extracted (Fig.1) from the fitting of STFMR spectra. Effective SHE was calculated using the ratio of VS and VA and found to be increased 33% for PtSe2/Py/Pt compared to reference (Py/Pt). This change in SHE is due to the presence of PtSe2, which was further confirmed by making a stack with Pt/Py/Pt structure. STFMR signal of all three stacks has been compared in Fig. 1 (a). No clear signal was observed for Pt/Py/Pt which confirms the presence of SOT due to PtSe2. Damping parameter was extracted by the fitting of linewidth (ΔH) vs. frequency (f) curve (Fig. 2) and was found to be enhanced by 131% in the case of PtSe2/Py/Pt compared to its reference Py/Pt. Large enhancement in damping parameter indicates large spin pumping into PtSe2. These results indicate the suitability of using PtSe2 as a potential material for spin-orbit torque. 
**References** [1] Q. Shao et al., Nano Letter 16, 7514-7520 (2016)
[2] D. MacNeill et. al., Nature Physics, 13, 300-305 (2017)
[3] Marcin Kurpas and Jaroslav Fabian, Physical Review B, 103, 125409 (2017)
 
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Study of Spin Orbit Torque in PtSe2/NiFe/Pt Heterostructure

Microwave resonant (FMR) and Inverse Spin Hall effect (ISHE) in ferromagnetic materials have attracted high interest due to its significant contribution in spintronic devices [1]. Co-planar waveguide ferromagnetic resonance (CPW-FMR) technique is versatile tool to study the spin dynamics and its related parameters- saturation magnetization (Ms), spin mixing conductance (g↑↓), anisotropy field (Hk), geomagnetic ration (γ), Gilbert damping (α) and role of inhomogeneity (ΔH0) in magnetic thin films. In the present study, high frequency (5 GHz - 40 GHz) dependent FMR and FMR induced spin current (ISHE) measurement has been performed on DC magnetron sputtered Ni80Fe20 (10 nm) and Ni80Fe20 (10 nm) /Pt (5 nm) thin film stacking via CPW - FMR set up. RT field swept microwave absorption spectra of Ni80Fe20 thin films fig. 1(a) and FMR induced voltage spectra (ISHE) fig.1 (b) of thin films were recorded. The spin dynamics parameters such as α, (ΔH0 ), (g↑↓) are 7.61 x 10 -3 , 4.12 Oe and ~ 1.04 x 1020 m-2 respectively extracted via line shape analysis as shown in inset of fig.1(a). Other parameters- Meff, γ, Hk are deduced from the above detailed CPW- FMR studies using Kittle fit eq. [2] in f vs Hres curve as shown in inset of fig.1(a) are ~ 1.047 T, 1.61 x 10 11 s-1T-1 , 88.38 Oe respectively. The ability to pump the spins from Py layer to Pt layer interface has induced by one order from ~ 1019 m-2 to 1020 m-2 in our studies as compare to previous reported literatures [3-4], which is attributed to the highly homogeneity and low magnetic interfacial anisotropy present in Py/Pt thin film stacking. Frequency dependent induced voltage (VISHE) is symmetric in nature inactive of the detection of pure spin current and magnitude is higher (VISHE2GHz ~ 120 µV) which is in corroboration with damping and spin mixing conductance of Py/Pt thin film. The ISHE results are in agreement with the literature [5-6]. The thickness dependent study is under progress for the tuneable detection of pure spin current. 
**References** 1.I. Zutic , J. Fabian, and S. D. Sarma, Reviews of modern physics, 76(2), 323 (2004).
2.C. Kittel, Physical Review, 71(4), 270. (1947).
3.O. Mosendz et al, Physical Review B, 82(21), 214403 (2010).
4.S. Mizukami, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 226, 1640-1642 (2001)
5.R. Iguchi e al, Japanese journal of applied physics, 51(10R), 103004 (2012).
6.S. Martín-Rio, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 500, 166319 (2020). 
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High Frequency (5 GHz – 40 GHz) Microwave Resonant Absorption and Inverse Spin Hall Effect in Py/Pt Thin Film stacking

Non-reciprocal (NR) microwave components providing a unidirectional flow of energy are essential for signal processing. Spin waves (SWs) possess attractive
characteristics that make them commonly harnessed to design NR components. However these components are presently mainly ferrite-based and bulky; more compact and integrable
systems are desirable. Synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) films with strong dipole-dipole interactions have been proposed [1] as a versatile platform on which strongly NR behaviors could be
obtained at micron-scale physical dimensions in the frequency range of their eigen excitations. We have studied the NR behavior of SWs in Co40Fe40B20 (17 nm) /Ru (0.7 nm)/CoFeB (17 nm) SAFs using inductive propagative spin wave spectroscopy, analytical modeling and
numerical micromagnetics using the mumax3 solftware. The films were patterned in 20 micron-wide stripes used as SW conduits. Two inductive antenna separated by a variable distance
[2-8 microns, Fig. 1(a)] are used to generate and collect the spin waves by means of a 2-port vector network analyzer. We determine the forward and backward transmission parameters for
variable applied fields and variable field-to-wavevector orientations. When the SAF is in the scissors state, all directions show substantial frequency and amplitude non-reciprocities (Fig.
1), except when the wavevector is perpendicular to the applied field, where only NR amplitude is observed. We model this behavior by computing the dispersion relation of the acoustical
and optical spin waves of the SAF and their sensitivity to the radio frequency (RF) fields of the antenna, as well the inductive transduction back to the electrical domain. We will show how
the dispersion relations and the symmetries of the susceptibility tensor can be used to design optimally NR transmission parameters. 
**References** [1] Mio Ishibashi et al., Science Advances, 6, eaaz6931 (2020). 
![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f7dfce9480981a586fc0403aedb61d54.png) 
Fig. 1: (a) Device and geometrical conventions; (b) Reflection parameter of antenna 1, used to identify the frequencies of the acoustical and optical modes at k=0 (blue lines). (c) and (d)
forward and backward transmission parameters.

Electrical Evidence and Modeling of the Giant Non Reciprocity of Spin

The field of magnonics is emerging at blistering pace due to its promising room-temperature applications in logic-based devices at low-power consumption. In view of this,
the exploration of suitable ferromagnetic (FM) La0.67Sr0.33MnO3
(LSMO) and ferroelectric (FE) Pb(Mg0.33Nb0.67)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT) magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures is of
prime interest due to their intimate interface contact [1].
In the present work, a 50-nm-thick LSMO was grown on PMN-PT(001) and PMN-PT(111) single crystals by using pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial nature of LSMO is confirmed by
x-ray diffraction data. The static and dynamic magnetic response of LSMO/PMN-PT is studied by performing magnetization (M) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. Due
to strong ME coupling at the interface, the LSMO/PMN-PT(001) shows four-fold symmetry of magnetic anisotropy (MA) whereas LSMO/PMN-PT(111) shows isotropic behaviour (see
Fig. 1). The observation can be interpreted on the basis of coupling between the resultant polarisations of PMN-PT and the net M vector of LSMO [2]. To know the effect of ME-induced
MA on the magneto-dynamic response of LSMO, FMR measurements were carried. The FMR data are fitted with the Kittel’s equation and obtained the Gilbert damping constant (α),
which is a key parameter for spin-wave (SW) dynamics, is in the order of 10-2. As the LSMO/PMN-PT(001) is anisotropic in nature, α is found to be smaller along the hard axis than the
easy direction. On the other hand, the LSMO/PMN-PT(111) is isotropic in nature, so that the α remains same in all directions. In order to explore the electric (E-) field effect on the spin
dynamics, FMR data are collected for the LSMO/PMN-PT poled (E = ±10 kV/cm) samples, where a significant reduction in α values is seen. From these combined results, we conclude
that α depends strongly on MA of the films other than its surface roughness, defects, etc. [3]. Although more investigations are required, this particular work hints that it becomes possible
to realize E-field controlled SWs in FM/FEs to develop futuristic magnonic devices. 
**References** 
[1] D. Pesquera, E. Khestanova, M. Ghidini, S. Zhang, A. P. Rooney, F. Maccherozzi, P. Riego, S. Farokhipoor, J. Kim, X. Moya, M. E. Vickers, N. A. Stelmashenko, S. J. 
Haigh, S. S. Dhesi, and N. D. Mathur, Nat. Commun. 11, 3190 (2020). 
[2] G. Venkataiah, Y. Shirahata, M. Itoh, and T. Taniyama, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 102506 (2011).
[3] K. Yamada, K. Kogiso, Y. Shiota, M. Yamamoto, A. Yamaguchi, T. Moriyama, T. Ono, and M. Shima, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 513, 167253 (2020). 

![](https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/underline.prod/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c1bd026c1f887b198288b27847f93dc4.png) 
Fig.1. The polar plots of normalized remanent magnetization (Mr/Ms) of (a) LSMO/PMN-PT(001) and (b) LSMO/PMN-PT(111) heterostructures.

Variation of Gilbert damping constant via interface induced magnetic anisotropy in LSMO/PMN PT heterostructures

Understanding the interaction between magnons and phonons is the key for magnonic applications. In this work, we develop an optical reflectometry to investigate the population of magnons and phonons. Unlike the Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy [1, 2], where the sophisticated tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer and single frequency laser with sharp line width are necessary, we use a simple laser-based reflectometry to measure the Kerr rotation and reflectance which are sensitive to the magnon and phonon, respectively.
Using this optical technique, we study the spatial distribution of magnons and phonons in a thulium iron garnet (TmIG) under the temperature gradient generated by current induced Joule
heating. Both the magnon and phonon populations are decaying exponentially as a function of distance from the electrical heating line. We find that the characteristic decay length of the
population of magnons and phonons are different, indicating the non-equilibrium between magnons and phonons in TmIG. Moreover, the characteristic length of magnon population
decreases as increasing the heating power or decreasing the magnetic field, while that of phonon population is almost constant. The different characteristic length of magnon and phonon
population is attributed to the enhanced non-linear magnon scattering processes at high magnon population regime. Our work revealing the magnon-phonon non-equilibrium in TmIG will
motivate the magnonic researches where the role of the magnon-phonon interaction is crucial [3]. 
**References** [1] M. Agrawal., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 107204 (2013).
[2] K. An., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 107202 (2016).
[3] G.-H. Lee., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 152406 (2021).

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