United States

Introduction: Multiple studies have demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related outcomes in the United States, and disparities in opioid pain management among different races and ethnicities have also been thoroughly documented. However, few studies have evaluated these disparities in the postpartum setting. We evaluated racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum opioid prescription at a high-volume tertiary care center before and after standardized opioid prescription guidelines were implemented. 

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all vaginal deliveries between August 14, 2017 and September 17, 2017, before guideline implementation, and between April 9, 2018 and May 4, 2018, after guideline implementation. We categorized patients into: Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Other. From medical records we collected demographic information, pain score data, inpatient opioid consumption, and oxycodone prescribed (in morphine milligram equivalents [MME]) upon discharge. 

Results: 560 patients were included, 282 pre-intervention and 278 post-intervention. Opioids administered in the first 24 hours of postpartum admission were 12.6 MME pre-intervention and 6.70 MME post-intervention, and the amount of opioids prescribed for home use were 125 MME pre-intervention and 28 MME post-intervention. There were no statistically significant differences in these measures between racial-ethnic groups before or after the intervention, and there were no significant differences between racial-ethnic groups in how often post-intervention guidelines were followed. 

Conclusion: Standardized prescription guidelines successfully decreased both inpatient and outpatient opioid consumption while maintaining equity among racial groups. Future studies may explore disparities in cesarean section patients, as these patients typically require larger amounts of opioids. 


2022 AMA Research Challenge

Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum opioid prescription

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Ricardo Correa, MD, EdD
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Charles Lopresto, DO

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Welcome to the largest national, multi-specialty research event featuring research from 750 medical students, residents and fellows, and international medical graduates.


poster

Background 

Near-term follow-up after evaluation in the emergency room for minor ophthalmic concerns can impose logistical challenges for patients and ophthalmology practices. While ophthalmic telemedicine has been used for screening and triage, its feasibility and safety for follow-up after presentation to the emergency department (ED) has not been reported. This study describes the initial results of a novel, newly-implemented Virtual Emergency Department Follow-Up (VEDFU) clinic at Mass Eye and Ear (MEE), a tertiary eye care center in Boston, MA. 

Methods

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 145 clinical encounters from December 6, 2021 to July 1, 2022 in the VEDFU. Inclusion criteria included patients discharged from the MEE ED who required near-term follow-up for diagnoses deemed suitable for the virtual clinic, lived within Massachussets, and consented to virtual care. The primary outcome measures included mode of telemedicine encounter (video or phone call), missed appointment rate, documentation of clinical exam findings, clinical diagnoses, time interval between ED encounter and subsequent virtual follow-up, and referrals after initial telemedicine follow-up (stratified by urgency, subspecialty, and reason for follow-up). 

Results

A total of 145 visits scheduled in the EDFU were included. The mean age was 38.1 years (SD 14.2) and 78 (53.8%) were men. The no-show rate was 31.7%. The mean interval time between ED evaluation and virtual follow-up was 8.3 days (SD 3.9). Of the 99 completed visits, 15 were telephone calls and 84 were video visits. The most common diagnoses were conjunctivitis, chalazion, corneal abrasion, and subsequent encounter after removal of corneal foreign body. After virtual follow-up, 23 patients (23.2%) had subsequent referrals, and no patients returned to the ophthalmic ED.

Conclusion

A novel virtual follow-up program for ophthalmic ED patients enabled safe and timely telemedical re-examination for a range of minor indications without any patients necessitating return to the ED. To our knowledge, this is the first program of its kind and may serve as a model for other medical and surgical subspecialties with high rates of ED referrals, limited clinic availability, and diagnoses that can be managed safely through virtual visits. Larger, longitudinal studies are warranted to further validate ophthalmic telemedicine as an alternative avenue for post-acute near-term follow-up care.

A Novel Ophthalmic Telemedicine Program for Follow-Up of Minor Ophthalmic Emergencies

A cross-sectional analysis of harms reporting in systematic reviews evaluating laminectomy

Background
In the field of orthopedic surgery, women have been historically underrepresented. In this analysis, we sought to determine the relative proportion of women amongst active orthopedic surgeons by graduation year and explore related trends.
Methods
Utilizing the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the investigators were able to acquire the Physician Compare National Downloadable File July 2022 dataset for active physicians who indicated “orthopedic surgery” as their primary specialty. Physicians were queried by graduation year, gender, and state of practice, of which duplicates were removed. Physicians who graduated within the past 7 years (from 2016-2022) were excluded from this analysis to retain only the attending physician population. This query yielded 21,320 orthopedic surgeons. Five-year intervals were used to measure the average proportion of female orthopedic surgeons.
Results
There were 1,477 (6.92%) female and 19,843 male (93.1%) practicing orthopedic surgeons in the United States with medical school graduation dates between 1953-2015. Between graduation years 2011-2015, 12.2% (421/3463) were female. From 2006-2010, 10.7% (346/3224) were
female; 2001-2005, 8.40% (160/2656) were female; 1996-2000, 6.02% (160/2656) were female; 1991-1995, 5.05% (135/2674) were female; 1986-1990, 3.52% (87/2475); 1981-1985, 2.47% (48/1945) were female; 1976-1980, 1.39% (15/1080) were female; 1971-1975, 2.14% (11/515) were female; 1966-1970, 0.93% (2/215) were female; 1961-1965 1.39% (1/72) were female; and before 1961, 0% (0/12) graduates were female. Additionally, geographic trends were recognized by state, with the highest proportions of active female orthopedic surgeons in Hawaii (14.1%, 12/85) and the District of Columbia (13.6%), and the lowest proportions in Nebraska (2.7%, 4/148) and Alaska (0%, 0/72) .
Conclusion
These basic results indicate the proportion of female orthopedic surgery graduates is increasing, yet longstanding gender inequities in orthopedic surgery training remain.

Increasing rates of active female orthopedic surgeons in the United States

In the field of orthopedic surgery, women have been historically underrepresented. In this analysis, we sought to determine the relative proportion of women amongst active orthopedic surgeons by graduation year and explore related trends.
Methods
Utilizing the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the investigators were able to acquire the Physician Compare National Downloadable File July 2022 dataset for active physicians who indicated “orthopedic surgery” as their primary specialty. Physicians were queried by graduation year, gender, and state of practice, of which duplicates were removed. Physicians who graduated within the past 7 years (from 2016-2022) were excluded from this analysis to retain only the attending physician population. This query yielded 21,320 orthopedic surgeons. Five-year intervals were used to measure the average proportion of female orthopedic surgeons.
Results
There were 1,477 (6.92%) female and 19,843 male (93.1%) practicing orthopedic surgeons in the United States with medical school graduation dates between 1953-2015. Between graduation years 2011-2015, 12.2% (421/3463) were female. From 2006-2010, 10.7% (346/3224) were
© 2022 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
female; 2001-2005, 8.40% (160/2656) were female; 1996-2000, 6.02% (160/2656) were female; 1991-1995, 5.05% (135/2674) were female; 1986-1990, 3.52% (87/2475); 1981-1985, 2.47% (48/1945) were female; 1976-1980, 1.39% (15/1080) were female; 1971-1975, 2.14% (11/515) were female; 1966-1970, 0.93% (2/215) were female; 1961-1965 1.39% (1/72) were female; and before 1961, 0% (0/12) graduates were female. Additionally, geographic trends were recognized by state, with the highest proportions of active female orthopedic surgeons in Hawaii (14.1%, 12/85) and the District of Columbia (13.6%), and the lowest proportions in Nebraska (2.7%, 4/148) and Alaska (0%, 0/72) .
Conclusion
These basic results indicate the proportion of female orthopedic surgery graduates is increasing, yet longstanding gender inequities in orthopedic surgery training remain.

Proportion of Female Orthopedic Surgeons by Year in the United States 

Background
Acoustic neuromas, also known as vestibular schwannomas, are benign tumors of the vestibulocochlear nerve typically presenting with hearing loss. More common in adults, these are also associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 in children. Once diagnosed via audiogram and MRI, options include conservative management, radiotherapy, or surgical resection. Prior studies have demonstrated disparities such as Black patients tending to be managed conservatively despite larger tumor size at diagnosis and having increased mortality when managed surgically. Given such disparities, this study aims to investigate further socioeconomic factors potentially impacting acoustic neuroma management to facilitate systemic healthcare changes for equitable outcomes.

Methods
Acoustic Neuroma patient data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and analyzed using binary logistic regression in SPSS 27.0. Demographic variables including sex, age, race, income, and county attributes were analyzed with respect to the dependent variable of initial management with surgery. Demographic groupings were determined using preset SEER coding and United States demographic data.

Results
This was a retrospective analysis of 19,624 patients diagnosed with acoustic neuroma from 2000 to 2019, which consisted of 9,426 males (48.1%) and 10,198 females (51.9%). Factors that predicted whether a patient’s initial treatment was surgery included age between 18 and 64 (p<0.001), race other than Black (p<0.001), income between $60,000 and $75,000 (p<0.001), and living in a county with a population less than one million (p<0.001).

Conclusion
This study indicates that multiple demographic factors predict the course of care for patients with acoustic neuromas. Noticeably, Black patients were treated more conservatively, as they were less likely to be treated with surgery. Other demographic variables in this study indicate that there are likely other factors that play a role in determining a patient’s clinical course, which may include clinical judgment, coexisting comorbidities, and access to non-surgical modalities of care. These findings can inform health system policy on potential shortcomings of care provided to at-risk populations.

Manuscript - Sounds Like Surgery: Socioeconomic and Demographic Predictors of Acoustic Neuroma Treatment

Objective: Biologic medications are novel therapeutics in the treatment of Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED), an etiology of Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL). The goal of this study is to review the currently available literature on the efficacy of biologic medications on autoimmune-mediated hearing loss and associated symptomology among patients with AIED. 

Methods: A systematic review of Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify studies investigating the impact of biologic medications on hearing outcomes. Bias assessment was independently conducted by three authors and studies were stratified based on risk of bias. 

Results: Of 174 unique abstracts screened, 13 articles met inclusion criteria for formal review. One randomized control trial, eight prospective cohort studies, and four retrospective cohort studies were included. Seven biologic medications, Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Golimumab, Rituximab, Anakinra, and Canakinumab, were identified targeting three unique molecular targets, TNF-a, CD20, and IL-1. 

Conclusion: The effects of biologic medications in treating SNHL was highly variable without clear efficacy of a drug or drug category, likely due to rarity of disease, multifactorial etiologies of AIED, and cohort heterogeneity. However, several medications alleviate symptoms associated with AIED, such as vertigo and tinnitus. While biologic medications may be promising therapeutics in AIED patients, the evidence is currently inconclusive. Large-scale randomized control trials and prospective cohort reviews are required to establish the efficacy of biologic medications in treating hearing loss. 


The use of biologics in the treatment of autoimmune inner ear disease

Introduction: Endoscopic surveillance guidelines for patients with repaired esophageal atresia (EA) rely primarily on expert opinion. Prior to embarking on a prospective EA surveillance registry, we sought to understand EA surveillance practices within the Eastern Pediatric Surgery Network (EPSN). 
Methods: An anonymous, 23-question Qualtrics survey was emailed to 181 physicians (surgeons and gastroenterologists) at 19 member institutions. Likert scale questions gauged agreement with international EA surveillance guideline-derived statements. Multiple-choice questions assessed individual and institutional practices.
Results: The response rate was 77%. Most respondents (80%) strongly agree or agree that EA surveillance endoscopy should follow a set schedule, while only 36% claimed to perform routine upper GI endoscopy regardless of symptoms. Many institutions (77%) have an aerodigestive clinic, even if some lack a multi-disciplinary EA team. Most physicians (72%) expressed strong interest in helping develop evidence-based guidelines. 
Conclusions: Our survey reveals physician agreement with current guidelines but weak adherence. Surveillance methods vary greatly, underscoring the lack of evidence-based data to guide EA care. Aerodigestive clinics may help implement surveillance schedules. Respondents support evidence-based protocols, which bodes well for care standardization. Results will inform the first multi-institutional EA databases in the United States (US), which will be essential for evidence-based care.
Key Words: Esophageal atresia, surveillance, esophageal disease


Assessing Current Esophageal Atresia Surveillance Practices in the Eastern Pediatric Surgery Network

Background
Preoperative marking is an essential safety practice to prevent ‘never’ events, including wrong site surgery. Moreover, the Joint Commission regulations of Universal Protocol require that patients be marked to indicate the operative site. Marking typically occurs with a pen or marker that may be disposable or reusable. Previous studies have demonstrated that methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can survive in the dark, moist, capped environment of the marking pen and thus, could plausibly be a nidus for transmission from patient to patient. The Joint Commission has established no increased risk of postoperative infection with these markings. With this study, we aimed to determine the colonization of surgical marking pens in the plastic surgery population.

Methods
Two marking pens from five different attending plastic surgeons at a single institution were cultured in standard fashion for aerobic and anaerobic growth. All pens were used repeatedly in office settings for performing patient markings. Those same ten marking pens were then used to mark incision sites on mock patients. Standard povidone-iodine prepping was then performed in a paint only fashion over the skin markings and cultures were again taken. A control group consisted of cultures from five sterile pens from the operating room. Each sterile pen was opened, uncapped, and then swabbed. All twenty-five cultures were analyzed in the hospital laboratory in a blinded fashion.

Results
The five control pens revealed no bacterial growth. Of the ten direct pen cultures, two samples grew coagulase-negative staphylococci and one culture contained pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ten-patient marked and prepped specimens showed 8 negative cultures and two with coagulase-negative staphylococci. Although pseudomonas was detected on standard pen culture, no pseudomonal growth was present in any of the samples after patient marking and prepping with povidone-iodine.

Conclusion
Our findings reaffirm that marking pens may be vehicles for bacterial transmission and expands upon previous studies by describing the presence of bacterial colonization on marking pens even after surgical site preparation with povidone-iodine.

Surgical Marking Pen Contamination: Writing a postoperative infection into your preoperative plan

Background:
Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has become commonplace in reconstructive surgery despite incomplete FDA safety and efficacy clearance and high cost. Further, it has been the focus of approximately 500 plastic surgery publications since its wide adaptation. An aim of this investigation was to describe external factors associated with the rise of ADM usage over the past two decades. Attention was paid to report individual ADM-related academic output and correlation with industry funding or public interest in the costs of plastic surgery. 

Methods:
All PubMed indexed studies focusing on ADM, in eleven plastic surgery journals, were included (n=534). Data on industry funding to the 17 authors with five or more first and last author publications were extracted from the Open Payments Database. To measure public interest, Google Trends in “plastic surgery cost” and “breast surgery cost”-related searches were queried. Relationships between publication quantity, author industry funding, and public interest were analyzed by Pearson’s Correlation and linear regression.

Results:
ADM-focused studies were published at an approximate rate of 4/year from 2000-09 with a precipitous peak to 71 publications in 2012 and subsequent normalization to approximately 36/year. The 17 most-published authors produced eight qualifying publications on average [5-17]. These individuals grossed a total of $19million industry dollars overall with $17M (89%) in non-consulting compensation from ADM-producing companies (NC-ADM). 

Median/quartile individual total compensation and NC-ADM compensation were $194K/$320K/$1.25M and $17K/$210K/$1.1M respectively. These variables showed strong correlation with individual publication rate [r=0.662 & r=0.647, (p<0.01*)] with a linear regression coefficient of $110K per NC-ADM publication (p< 0.01*). Authors disclosed funding in a mean of 65+/-26% of their work with strong correlation between disclosure and NC-ADM (r=0.576, p=0.02*). Google trends in searches for “breast surgery cost” have risen precipitously in strong correlation with ADM-related publications (r=0.671, p<0.01*). 

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates significant correlations between ADM-related publication, industry funding, funding disclosure, and public interest. Education in the potential for such relationships and the importance of objectivity in operative protocol design is necessary. Continued analysis for potential biases in evidence and transparency in publication are critical when adopting new techniques and technology.

The Rise of Acellular Dermal Matrix: Cost Consciousness, Industry Payments, and Publication Productivity

Background: Renal colic represents a leading cause of emergency department (ED) presentation nationally, yet most require neither hospital admission nor surgical intervention. While not historically considered an ambulatory care-sensitive condition—a condition for which effective outpatient management may prevent admission—we hypothesize that urinary stone disease may share many features, such as high prevalence in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. No research currently exists on the frequency and characteristics of preventable ED visits for renal colic. We investigated factors associated with potentially avoidable ED visits and their economic burden.

Methods: Patients presenting to the ED for index renal colic events were selected using Florida and New York all-payer data from the 2016 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Databases. Avoidable visits were defined as those that did not result in intervention, admission, or referral to an acute care facility. Utilizing multivariable logistic and linear regression, researchers discerned patient and facility factors predictive of avoidable ED presentations and associated costs.



Results: Of 167,102 renal colic-related ED encounters, 68.2% met pre-determined criteria as potentially avoidable, with cumulative costs totaling $229,269,273.77 over one year. Associated factors included Hispanic ethnicity (Hispanic vs. white: OR 1.12, 95%CI 1.02-1.24: p=0.02) and rural care settings (rural vs. large metropolitan OR, 1.41 95%CI 1.26-1.59: p=0.001). Conversely, increased comorbidities (Elixhauser score ≥3 vs. 0: OR 0.02, 95%CI 0.02-0.02: p<0.001), lower education (≥13% less than high school level education vs. <9.7%: OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.63-0.86: p<0.001), female gender (female vs. male: OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.73-0.79: p<0.001), and Medicare/Medicaid beneficiary status (Medicare vs. private: OR 0.64, 95%CI 0.60-0.67: p<0.001)/(Medicaid vs. private: OR 0.70, 95%CI 0.66-0.75: p<0.001) were protective against avoidable visits. Experiencing an avoidable visit was associated with more renal colic-related ED encounters (OR 4.01, 95%CI 3.69-4.36; p<0.001).

Conclusion: Several non-clinical factors are associated with potentially avoidable ED encounters for renal colic. Given the frequency of presentations that we posit may have been safely managed in outpatient or urgent care settings, our findings support investment into outpatient diagnostic and procedural alternatives to inpatient care, instead diverting patients to lower-acuity care settings. If appropriately targeted, standardization of care may reduce spending without compromising care.

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Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum opioid prescription

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