United States

Abstract Title:

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Nondiabetics: A Scoping Review

Authors:

Lachlan Shiver, Jonathan Serino, Nikitha Chandran, Carlos Bellido, Francis Walson, Diana Rancourt PhD, Dominic D’Agostino PhD

Background

The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus populations is supported by randomized clinical trials and retrospective studies that show improved A1c levels and reduced time spent in severe hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. This research demonstrates that CGM use is feasible in populations with diabetes and also can provide data that could be useful for non-FDA-approved medical purposes, including modifying physical activity and dietary behaviors and detecting complications following an ischemic event. We are conducting a scoping review to understand the different uses of CGM populations without diabetes and the extent to which the data support these other uses.

Methods

A scoping review is underway based on the 2020 JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases in April of 2022 to identify studies using CGMs outside of diabetes management. Case reports, review articles, and commentaries were excluded. Empirical studies investigating the reliability of CGM, studies that did not include hypotheses specific to CGM, and studies including only individuals with diabetes were excluded.

Results

Two independent raters identified 132 out of the of the initial 3,265 abstracts to be included in the review. Preliminary findings suggest that the most commonly studied uses of CGM were prevention of diabetes (n = 25), prevention and acute management of cardiovascular events (n = 20), management of congenital disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hyperinsulinism (n = 20), modifying physical activity and dietary behavior (n = 17), and management of blood glucose following bariatric surgery (n = 15). In-depth review of published findings is underway.

Conclusion

CGM use in metabolically healthy patients is a rapidly emerging field. Multiple studies support the use of CGMs in nondiabetic populations for a multitude of purposes across a broad range of ages and populations

2022 AMA Research Challenge

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Nondiabetics: A Scoping Review

EBR is the ideal course for those preparing for certification or re-certification, or for those seeking an intensive knowledge assessment. EBR 2021 is certified for 21 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ and ABIM MOC Points. 

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Ricardo Correa, MD, EdD
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Jessica Li, MD/PhD Candidate
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Charles Lopresto, DO

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Welcome to the largest national, multi-specialty research event featuring research from 750 medical students, residents and fellows, and international medical graduates.


Background: People with diabetes are at increased risk for complications from COVID-19 infection and are encouraged to get vaccinated. However, it has yet to be determined how mRNA vaccines affect blood glucose in people with Diabetes. The purpose of our study was to determine if people with Type I or Type II Diabetes developed a significant change in blood glucose as reported on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) devices within one week after receiving each dose of an mRNA vaccine. 

Methods: An IRB approved, retrospective review of 25 subjects data was obtained using their Dexcom® or FreeStyle Libre® CGM from 12/2020–05/2021. For seven days following each dose and seven days immediately preceding the dose (control), average, peak daily, peak postprandial, and fasting glucose was collected. Visual analog symptom scales estimated severity of symptoms following each vaccine dose. Age, BMI and concurrent medications were noted. Descriptive statistics, analyses of differences, mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used. Tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 denoted statistical significance.

Results: Median age was 75 years, with 76% male and average BMI of 29.5kg/m2. Before and after administration of each dose, significant increases were found in average daily glucose (154 vs 159, p<0.0001), peak glucose after breakfast (183 vs 190,p= 0.0159), after lunch (185 vs 203, p = 0.0002), after dinner (194 vs 204, p = 0.003,) and fasting daily glucose (137 vs 146, p = 0.0144,). There was a significant increase in average glucose levels (156 vs 167, p = 0.0185) following vaccination in the sixteen participants with side effects. There was also a direct correlation between usage of basal insulin and rise in average glucose following vaccination (p < 0 .0001). 

Conclusion: In a small group of subjects with diabetes, we have shown that mRNA COVID-19 vaccination results in modest, temporary elevations to average, peak and fasting glucoses for up to 1 week. Additionally, we found that changes in average daily blood glucose may correlate with the presence of side effects. Our findings help raise awareness of transient hyperglycemia and the need for more vigilant glucose monitoring following vaccination.

Effect of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines on Blood Glucose Levels in People with Type I or Type II Diabetes

Turner's syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality and is associated with either complete or partial loss of one X chromosome. The average age at the time of the diagnosis is around 15 years. It is well-established that patients suffer from multiple endocrinal disorders later in life with multisystem involvement. Our case series suggest a need to optimize the transition from pediatric to adult endocrine care in TS patients. It is essential to have a continuous and integrated approach to treating TS patients with a timely referral to the adult endocrine service to improve the quality of life and prevent complications.

Retrospective analysis of seven TS patients in an outpatient Adult Endocrine Clinic

Objective: To compare standardized quality measures between telemedicine and office in a largeintegrated health system.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study compared graded exposure to telemedicine (office-only, blended, and telemedicine-only) across 16 National Quality Forum HEDIS measures from 03/1/2020 - 11/30/2021. A historical 1.5-year (pre-pandemic) quality performance baseline was established across 200+ sites in Pennsylvania. Chi-squared tests determined statistically significant (P
<0.01) differences between exposure groups. Multivariable logistic regression controlled for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities.
Results: There were 523,874 patients meeting inclusion criteria (409,732 office, 112,199 blended, 4,943 telemedicine). Statistically significant performance differences favored blended-telemedicine in 11 of 16 (cardiovascular: blood pressure 7.84%; lipid panel 7.63%; diabetes: HbA1c, 6.06%; nephropathy testing 9.98%; prevention & wellness: cervical cancer 12.98%, breast cancer 17.90%, colon cancer 8.80%, tobacco intervention 13.29%, influenza vaccination 10.39%, pneumococcal vaccination 5.77%; behavioral health: depression screening 5.07%) and favored office-only in 3 of 16 (cardiovascular care: antiplatelet 6.55%, statin 1.75%; pulmonary: antibiotics in bronchitis, 2.08%). There were insignificant differences between office and blended groups for 2 of 16 measures (cardiovascular care: beta blocker 1.08%, P = 0.1741; diabetes: statin 0.93%, P = 0.0406).
Discussion: Telemedicine had a favorable impact on quality performance, especially in quality measures involving testing and preventive care. A blended telemedicine-office approach might promote higher value care. Further study could determine superiority and graded effect of telemedicine in specific clinical scenarios.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates telemedicine’s ability to enhance primary care capacity while sustaining or improving quality performance.

Comparable Quality Between Telemedicine and In-Office Primary Care 

Introduction: Gallbladder cancer is the most common biliary tract cancer and is a fatal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of only 18%. The Incidence of gallbladder cancer is 0.26% for women and 0.25% for men globally. It is unclear how the burden of this disease differs between nations. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study database, we studied the trends in mortality, Incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from gallbladder cancer between 1990-2019 in European Union (EU) 15+ nations, which constitutes a comparable group of countries for observation analyses.

Methods: We extracted data from the GBD Study database between 1990 - 2019 based on the International Classification of Disease, including Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (ASIR), Mortality (ASMR), Mortality-to-Incidence (MIR) ratios, as well as DALYs for gallbladder cancer. Joinpoint regression analysis was carried out for the evaluation of trends. EU15+ countries is a readily comparable group of 19 countries with similar healthcare infrastructure. We also computed the male-to-female ratio to evaluate the difference in burden between the two genders.
Results: ASIR decreased globally (-2.54% males, -20.93% females) as well as for EU15+ countries except for males in Norway +6.1%, Greece+18.1% and Denmark +27.4%. At the same time, Incidence decreased by approximately 8 times in females than in males. ASMRs also decreased globally (-5.42% males, -22.47% females) by approximately 4 times higher in females. Similarly, ASMR decreased for all EU15+ countries except Greece (+14.5%) for males. Along with Incidence and mortality, MIR also decreased globally (-2.96% males, -1.95% females) and for EU15+ countries except for Sweden (+9.7% males, +28.9% females). We also observed a decreasing trend in DALYs globally for both genders (males -9.3%, females -24.2%). Amongst EU15+ countries, DALYS decreased for all countries except for males in Greece (+13.3%). 
Conclusion: Overall, Incidence, mortality, and DALYs due to gallbladder cancer have decreased globally and in most EU15+ countries. However, countries like Greece have shown discordant trends. Interestingly, the burden of gallbladder cancer has significantly decreased for females with a disproportionate decrease for males. Further studies will help evaluate these discordant trends in detail.

A comparison of the burden of gallbladder cancer between the European Union 15+ countries, 1990-2019: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: Liver failure (LF) is associated with a high mortality rate, requiring a liver transplant as the definitive treatment. The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) is a non-biologic system that removes toxic metabolites from the bloodstream by providing extracorporeal support while waiting for a liver transplant. Conflicting pieces of evidence from multiple studies are present regarding the outcome of MARS therapy. We evaluated the effect of MARS therapy on patients with liver failure by measuring the changes in their laboratory parameters. 

Methods: In this retrospective cohort analysis, we evaluated 44 patients, by comparing relevant laboratory variables measured before and after MARS therapy. Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. The primary outcome was an improvement in laboratory parameters following MARS therapy. 

Results: Most of our study cohort were females (63.64%) and white (72.72%). The predominant causes of liver failure were NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) (22.73%) and alcoholism (22.73%). At admission, the mean Child-Pugh score was 11.45 (SD: 1.97), and the mean SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score was 10.95 (SD: 3.65). The mean number of MARS sessions was 4.32 (SD: 2.28) and the mean duration for patients on MARS therapy was 4.64 days (SD: 2.44).
Our analysis demonstrates a statistically significant improvement in mean serum bilirubin, ammonia, urea, creatinine, ALT, and AST levels following MARS therapy. The mean model for end-stage liver disease (MELD-Na) scores also significantly improved. 59.09% of our total patient population survived the hospital stay and 40.91% died in hospital, with 73.07% of the survivors eventually receiving a liver transplant. 94.74% of the patients with whom we were able to bridge MARS therapy until liver transplant, had survived through the follow-up period.

Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that MARS improves the liver-failure-associated laboratory parameters and may be effective therapy as a bridge to liver transplant.


A Retrospective Study on the Effect of Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System in Patients with Liver Failure

Acute Pancreatitis related to COVID-19 Infection. A Systematic Review and Analysis of Data.

Association of Statins with the Onset and Progression of Non-Alcoholic
Fatty Liver Disease in Veterans with Diabetes: A Retrospective Propensity
Score-Matched Cohort Study

Association of Statins with the Onset and Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Veterans with Diabetes: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

With a 5-year survival rate of just 20%, esophageal cancer is a disease that must have improved early diagnostics and characterization, obtainable at a moderate cost within an endoscopy suite setting.
In an effort to address this need, including enhanced evaluation of diseases of the esophagus and pharynx, we developed and demonstrated on cadavers a new AI-based experimental 3D endoscope, E3D (Esophagoscope-3D), a slender (~1 cm diameter) endoscope capable of obtaining 3D images inside the mouth and esophagus.
Team members from Pensievision, Inc. built the endoscope hardware and wrote the AI-based image processing software, while MUSC team members guided the device’s development to meet clinical requirements and conducted cadaver tests to evaluate feasibility and demonstrate 3D sensitivities. During cadaver testing, E3D successfully accessed the esophagus via the cadaver’s contracted 1 cm diameter esophagus entrance. We were then able to generate the first macroscopic (~2cm field-of-view) 3D image ever to be collected of the esophagus using an imaging endoscope.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Nondiabetics: A Scoping Review

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