Korea, Republic of

Existing fake news detection methods aim to classify a piece of news as true or false and provide veracity explanations, achieving remarkable performances. However, they often tailor automated solutions on manual fact-checked reports, suffering from limited news coverage and debunking delays. When a piece of news has not yet been fact-checked or debunked, certain amounts of relevant raw reports are usually disseminated on various media outlets, containing the wisdom of crowds to verify the news claim and explain its verdict. In this paper, we propose a novel Coarse-to-fine Cascaded Evidence-Distillation (CofCED) neural network for explainable fake news detection based on such raw reports, alleviating the dependency on fact-checked ones. Specifically, we first utilize a hierarchical encoder for web text representation, and then develop two cascaded selectors to select the most explainable sentences for verdicts on top of the selected top-K reports in a coarse-to-fine manner. Besides, we construct two explainable fake news datasets, which are publicly available. Experimental results demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art detection baselines and generates high-quality explanations from diverse evaluation perspectives.

COLING 2022

A Coarse-to-fine Cascaded Evidence-Distillation Neural Network for Explainable Fake News Detection

probability theory

information theory

communication

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COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for the natural language processing and computational linguistics.

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technical paper

Even though many recent semantic parsers are based on deep learning methods, we should not forget that rule-based alternatives might offer advantages over neural approaches with respect to transparency, portability, and explainability. Taking advantage of existing off-the-shelf Universal Dependency parsers, we present a method that maps a syntactic dependency tree to a formal meaning representation based on Discourse Representation Theory. Rather than using lambda calculus to manage variable bindings, our approach is novel in that it consists of using a series of graph transformations. The resulting UD semantic parser shows good performance for English, German, Italian and Dutch, with F-scores over 75%, outperforming a neural semantic parser for the lower-resourced languages. Unlike neural semantic parsers, our UD semantic parser requires little training data, is easy to port to other languages, and is completely transparent.

Transparent Semantic Parsing with Universal Dependencies using Graph Transformations

We describe a novel approach to transcribing morphologically complex, local, oral languages. The approach connects with local motivations for participating in language work which center on language learning, accessing the content of audio collections, and applying this knowledge in language revitalization and maintenance. We develop a constraint-based approach to interactive word completion, expressed using Optimality Theoretic constraints, implemented in a finite state transducer, and applied to an Indigenous language. We show that this approach suggests correct full word predictions on 57.9% of the test utterances, and correct partial word predictions on 67.5% of the test utterances. In total, 87% of the test utterances receive full or partial word suggestions which serve to guide the interactive transcription process.

A Finite State Aproach to Interactive Transcription

The study of language variation examines how language varies between and within different groups of speakers, shedding light on how we use language to construct identities and how social contexts affect language use. A common method is to identify instances of a certain linguistic feature - say, the zero copula construction - in a corpus, and analyze the feature’s distribution across speakers, topics, and other variables, to either gain a qualitative understanding of the feature’s function or systematically measure variation. In this paper, we explore the challenging task of automatic morphosyntactic feature detection in low-resource English varieties. We present a human-in-the-loop approach to generate and filter effective contrast sets via corpus-guided edits. We show that our approach improves feature detection for both Indian English and African American English, demonstrate how it can assist linguistic research, and release our fine-tuned models for use by other researchers.

Corpus-Guided Contrast Sets for Morphosyntactic Feature Detection in Low-Resource English Varieties

Language documentation encompasses translation, typically into the dominant high-resource language in the region where the target language is spoken. To make data accessible to a broader audience, additional translation into other high-resource languages might be needed. Working within a project documenting Kotiria, we explore the extent to which state-of-the-art machine translation (MT) systems can support this second translation – in our case from Portuguese to English. This translation task is challenging for multiple reasons: (1) the data is out-of-domain with respect to the MT system’s training data, (2) much of the data is conversational, (3) existing translations include non-standard and uncommon expressions, often reflecting properties of the documented language, and (4) the data includes borrowings from other regional languages. Despite these challenges, existing MT systems perform at a usable level, though there is still room for improvement. We then conduct a qualitative analysis and suggest ways to improve MT between high-resource languages in a language documentation setting.

Machine Translation Between High-resource Languages in a Language Documentation Setting

We present the first neural machine translation system for translation between the endangered Erzya language and Russian and the dataset collected by us to train and evaluate it. The BLEU scores are 17 and 19 for translation to Erzya and Russian respectively, and more than half of the translations are rated as acceptable by native speakers. We also adapt our model to translate between Erzya and 10 other languages, but without additional parallel data, the quality on these directions remains low. We release the translation models along with the collected text corpus, a new language identification model, and a multilingual sentence encoder adapted for the Erzya language. These resources will be available at https://github.com/slone-nlp/myv-nmt.

The first neural machine translation system for the Erzya language

This paper describes a procedure to link a Toolbox dictionary of a low-resource language to correct synsets, generating a new wordnet. We introduce a bootstrapping technique utilising the information in the gloss fields (English, national, and regional) to generate sense candidates using a naive algorithm based on multilingual sense intersection. We show that this technique is quite effective when glosses are available in more than one language. Our technique complements the previous work by Rosman et al. (2014) which linked the SIL Semantic Domains to wordnet senses. Through this work we have created a small, fully hand-checked wordnet for Abui, containing over 1,400 concepts and 3,600 senses.

Abui Wordnet: Using a Toolbox Dictionary to develop a wordnet for a low-resource language

Explainability is a crucial component of natural language processing (NLP) systems. Explanation is communication, and research on explainability is expected to address notions such as communicative goals and common grounding. Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) is an ideal field to contribute to such research. AWE refers to NLP tasks designed to support human learners by evaluating the quality of texts produced in educational contexts, such as written answers to questions, argumentative essays, etc., and providing constructive feedback. Since explanations are vital in educational assessment, pedagogical literature is rich with insights that can facilitate research on explainability in AWE systems. This talk will overview recent research trends, explore what style of explanations are pedagogically suitable and technologically feasible at each layer of language production, ranging from content planning to surface realization, and identify open research issues to encourage researchers to enter this emerging field.

Explainability in Automated Writing Evaluation

With the global population ageing rapidly, a key health concern lies in Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) – a common form being Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). NCDs are particularly prominent in older adults, which has an insidious onset followed by gradual, irreversible deterioration in memory, communication, thinking and other cognitive functions. Thus the detection of Alzheimer’s disease is crucial for timely intervention to slow down disease progression. This talk presents the background that motivated our interdisciplinary team (with researchers in engineering, geriatrics, linguistics, neurology, psychology and public health) to embark on this meaningful research topic. We will also present our recent research and development of spoken language technologies to analyze English and Chinese recordings from neuropsychological assessments for discriminating between healthy controls and participants with NCD. Encouraging experimental results support the viability of fully automatic screening. We will also describe ongoing research on naturalistic data collection and spoken language interface development for older adult users.

AI for dementia detection

Deep nets are great, and they would be even greater if they could collaborate with each other through a flexible communication protocol. Since many networks come equipped with language model interfaces--that is, they can process and produce tokens in English (or other languages)--it makes sense to look into natural language as a universal neural network communication protocol. The questions I would like to discuss in my talk, then, are the following: 
* What are the challenges we face in developing a universal language interface among deep networks?
* What do we currently know about the way in which deep nets are using language to interact in machine-to-machine communication scenarios?
* Which characteristics of human linguistic communication do we expect or wish machine-to-machine communication to possess? Should it be essentially the same as human-to-human (and human-to-machine) communication?

A Coarse-to-fine Cascaded Evidence-Distillation Neural Network for Explainable Fake News Detection

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Transparent Semantic Parsing with Universal Dependencies using Graph Transformations

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