Spain

CoSimLex is a dataset that can be used to evaluate the ability of context-dependent word embeddings for modeling subtle, graded changes of meaning, as perceived by humans during reading. At SemEval-2020, task 3, subtask 1 is about ”predicting the (graded) effect of context in word similarity”, using CoSimLex to quantify such a change of similarity for a pair of words, from one context to another. Here, a meaning shift is composed of two aspects, a) discrete changes observed between different word senses, and b) more subtle changes of meaning representation that are not captured in those discrete changes. Therefore, this SemEval task was designed to allow the evaluation of systems that can deal with a mix of both situations of semantic shift, as they occur in the human perception of meaning. The described system was developed to improve the BERT baseline provided with the task, by reducing distortions in the BERT semantic space, compared to the human semantic space. To this end, complementarity between 768- and 1024-dimensional BERT embeddings, and average word sense vectors were used. With this system, after some fine-tuning, the baseline performance of 0.705 (uncentered Pearson correlation with human semantic shift data from 27 annotators) was enhanced by more than 6%, to 0.7645. We hope that this work can make a contribution to further our understanding of the semantic vector space of human perception, as it can be modeled with context-dependent word embeddings in natural language processing systems.

COLING 2020

Combining BERT with WordNet sense embeddings to predict graded word similarity changes

semantic space distortion

human perception of meaning

context-dependent word embeddings

stages 

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for natural language processing and computational linguistics. Often grouped within the field of artificial intelligence, but actually pre-dating the development of artificial intelligence, advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing are now some of the major drivers behind the use of artificial intelligence for commercial and social applications – for example, on-line search, machine translation and with voice-assisted conversational devices.

First established in 1965, the biennial COLING conference is held in diverse parts of the globe and attracts participants from both top-ranked research centers and emerging countries. Today, the most important developments in our field are taking place not only in universities and academic research institutes, but also in industrial research departments and in technological startups. COLING conferences provide opportunities for all these communities to showcase their exciting developments.

poster

Applying pre-trained transformer to select emphasis for written text in visual media [1]. We propose PointWise Regression and PairWise Ranking for the emphasis modeling. We also apply data augmentation and hand-craft features to boost the performance. We have a full investigation across different pre-trained transformers, such as ERNIE 2.0, XLM-ROBERTA, ROBERTA and ALBERT. And we finally take the 1st place in this competition.


Learning Word Emphasis Selection by Pre-trained Language Model

Memes have become an ubiquitous social media entity and the processing and analysis of such multimodal data is currently an active area of research. This poster presents our work on the Memotion Analysis shared task of SemEval 2020, involving the sentiment and humor analysis of memes. We propose a system which uses different bimodal fusion techniques to leverage the inter-modal dependency for sentiment and humor classification tasks. Out of all our experiments, the best system improved the baseline with macro F1 scores of 0.357 on Sentiment Classification (Task A), 0.510 on Humor Classification (Task B) and 0.312 on Scales of Semantic Classes (Task C).

Bi-Fusion Techniques for Deep Meme Emotion Analysis

This paper presents the team BRUMS submission to SemEval-2020 Task 3: Graded Word Similarity in Context. The system utilises state-of-the-art contextualised word embeddings, which have some task-specific adaptations, including stacked embeddings and average embeddings. Overall, the approach achieves good evaluation scores across all the languages, while maintaining simplicity. Following the final rankings, our approach is ranked within the top 5 solutions of each language while preserving the 1st position of Finnish subtask 2.

Contextualised Embeddings for Predicting the (Graded) Effect of Context in Word Similarity

The poster presents our work on Semeval Task 4. Aside from creating competitive English models, we evaluate different approaches to using the system in the Czech language. We also show how models from subtask B can be used to rerank and improve outputs of models in subtask C. Inversely, we demonstrate that accuracy of subtask C models on subtask B correlates better with human judgement than BLEU score, which was used for the official evaluation.

Multilingual commonsense

While Social media platforms can be valuable, they can also be exploited to promote negative views about an individual, race, or group with millions of people. There is thus an urgent need to develop mechanisms by which offensive language can be automatically detected in social media and managed in a timely manner.
We propose an ensemble approach that combines different levels of word embedding models and transfer learning from other sources of emotion-related tasks. The proposed system ranked 9th out of the 52 entries within the Arabic Offensive language identification subtask.


An Ensemble of Different Word Embeddings and Emotion Transfer Learning for Arabic Offensive Language Identification in Social Media

This paper describes our system submitted to task 4 of SemEval 2020: Commonsense Validation and Explanation (ComVE) which consists of three sub-tasks. The challenge is to directly validate whether the system can recognize natural language statements that make sense from those that do not and also require to generate reasonable explanation. Based on BERT architecture with the multi-task setting, we propose an effective and interpretable “Explain, Reason and Predict” (ERP) system to solve the three sub-tasks about commonsense: (a) Validation, and (c) Explanation, (b) Reasoning, following the order of the competition. Inspired by cognitive studies of common sense, our system ﬁrst generates a reason or understanding of the sentences and then choose which one statement makes sense, which is achieved by multi-task learning. The rational experiment validates our assumption and boosts performance. During the post-evaluation, our system has reached 92.9% accuracy in subtask A (rank 11), 89.7% accuracy in subtask B (rank 8), and a BLEU score of 12.9 in subtask C (rank 9).

CommonSense Explanation, Reasoning and Prediction with Multi-task Learning

Given the semantics of words captured by temporal word embeddings in different time periods, we investigate the use of unsupervised methods to detect when the target word has gained or lost senses.
To this end, we define a new algorithm based on Gaussian Mixture Models to cluster the target similarities computed over the two periods. We compare the proposed approach with a number of similarity-based thresholds. We found that, although the performance of the detection methods varies across the word embedding algorithms, the combination of Gaussian Mixture with Temporal Referencing resulted in our best system.

Gaussian Mixtures Cross Temporal Similarity Clustering

Task 12 of SemEval 2020 consisted of 3 subtasks, namely offensive language identification (Subtask A), categorization of offense type (Subtask B), and offense target identification (Subtask C). This paper presents the results our classifiers obtained for the English language in the 3 subtasks. The classifiers used by us were BERT and BiLSTM. On the test set, our BERT classifier obtained a macro F1 score of 0.90707 for subtask A, and 0.65279 for subtask B. The BiLSTM classifier obtained a macro F1 score of 0.57565 for subtask C. The paper also performs an analysis of the errors made by our classifiers. We conjecture that the presence of a few misleading instances in the dataset is affecting the performance of the classifiers. Our analysis also discusses the need for temporal context and world knowledge to determine the offensiveness of a few comments.

Comparison of BERT and BiLSTM in Detecting Offensive Language

We present a novel rule-based, language independent method for determining lexical entailment relations using semantic representations built from Wiktionary definitions. Combined with a simple WordNet-based method our system achieves top scores on the English and Italian datasets of the Semeval-2020 task “Predicting Multilingual and Cross-lingual (graded) Lexical Entailment” (Glavas et al., 2020). A detailed error analysis of our output uncovers future directions for improving both the semantic parsing method and the inference process on semantic graphs. reported in this document.


Lexical entailment with semantic graphs

We present our submitted systems for SemEval-2020 Task 8 titled "Memotion Analysis". For this task we used a multimodal architecture to determine the emotion expressed in a meme. Our architecture utilizes both textual and visual information present in a meme. To extract image features we experimented with pre-trained VGG-16 and Inception-V3 classifiers and to extract text features we used LSTM and BERT classifiers. Both FastText and GloVe embeddings were experimented with for the LSTM classifier. The best F1 scores our classifier obtained on the official analysis results are 0.3309, 0.4752, and 0.2897 for Task A, B, and C respectively. In our study, we found that combining both textual and visual information expressed in a meme improves the performance of the classifier as opposed to using standalone classifiers that use only text or visual data.

Combining BERT with WordNet sense embeddings to predict graded word similarity changes

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Learning Word Emphasis Selection by Pre-trained Language Model

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Combining BERT with WordNet sense embeddings to predict graded word similarity changes

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Next from COLING 2020

Learning Word Emphasis Selection by Pre-trained Language Model

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Separating Argument Structure from Logical Structure in AMR

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