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To boost student autonomy, traditional lectures have been replaced by a more active format integrating different student programs at the University of Cologne: Learning by Teaching (LbyT). The LbyT concept was researched and developed by using Action Research with the *teacher as reflective practitioner* model (1). The university faculty were simultaneously in the role of researchers as well as teachers exploring their own practices. Initial focus was on their role as teachers and the scope and sequence of student activities. In further development of the courses, the agency of the roles of mentors and tutors unfolded. We analyzed and present the evolution these developments by considering the individual roles. (2) (3) Beyond, we present experiences for tutoring concepts in the typical first semester courses in experimental physics for more than 10 years, where physics students can gain initial experience teaching small learning groups starting their studies.

AAPT SM 22

The unfolding roles of mentors and tutors in Learning-by-Teaching model

AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques. Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. This meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.



poster

The Departmental Action Leadership Institute (DALI) is an initiative that works with physics programs to implement institutional change within their departments. Each participating program sends two faculty members who attend ongoing DALI meetings for one year to learn and reflect on effective change practices. During that year, these change leaders facilitate local teams based on the Department Action Team (DAT) model. We present outcomes associated with individuals’ professional growth, based on survey data, comparing current states of change leaders’ abilities and their retrospective accounts prior to the DALI. These outcomes span areas such as change leaders’ self-efficacy in facilitating DATs, partnering with students, and joint data sense-making. These data also highlight aspects of DALI participants attribute their growth to, as well as what could be improved. We hope this talk serves as inspiration and lessons learned for others partnering with faculty to develop capacity for change in physics programs.

Growing as a change agent: Slowing down and facilitating teams

The practice of partnering with students on departmental projects and initiatives has grown within STEM and Physics programs. These collaborations between faculty and students span multiple contexts, from curriculum and classroom partnerships to institutional change efforts. While these partnerships produce more student-centered results and are able to engage a wider set of departmental stakeholders, they place students in complex roles in which they must navigate complicated systems. This presentation will attempt to summarize the literature student partnership initiatives and situate two ongoing research projects within this literature. The first concerns students who are members of Departmental Action Leadership Institute (DALI) affiliated Departmental Action Teams (DAT), working on institutional change within their programs. The second study is focused on undergraduates who take up the role of Network Fellows within the Access Network, an inter-institutional coalition that works towards a vision of a diverse, equitable, inclusive, and accessible STEM community.

Students' roles in faculty-student partnerships

Likert-style surveys are a widely used research instrument to assess respondents' preferences, beliefs, or experiences. This poster showcases a new methodology in which network analysis can be used to evaluate the interconnectedness of items in Likert-style surveys. The unique features of this approach are explored through an application of the methodology to the Aspects of Student Experience Scale (ASES) data set and a comparison of the results to principal component analysis. I show how a meaningful network based on student survey item response similarity is successfully created. I also demonstrate how modular analysis can be used in order to identify larger themes built from the connections between particular survey items. Our proposed methodology is widely applicable and provides a new way to investigate phenomena assessed by Likert-style surveys.

Network analysis of Likert-style surveys

Significant attention in the PER community has been paid to student cognition and reasoning processes in undergraduate quantum mechanics. Until recently, however, these same topics have remained largely unexplored in the context of emerging interdisciplinary quantum information science (QIS) courses. We conducted exploratory think-aloud interviews with 24 students in an upper-division quantum computing course at a large R1 university crosslisted in physics and computer science, as well as 5 graduate students in a similar graduate-level QIS course offered in physics. We classify and analyze students' responses to a pair of questions regarding the fundamental differences between classical and quantum computers, interpreting students' responses as a possible window into the underlying ontologies of quantum mechanics students develop through such coursework.

Investigating student interpretations of differences between classical and quantum computers

The application of various machine learning algorithms and techniques to the prediction of student performance in an introductory mechanics class is discussed (N = 2061 students). The dataset used for prediction includes institutional variables (GPA, credit hours) and in-class variables gathered from the first two weeks of class (homework and clicker scores). These variables are used to predict which students are at risk of failing the course (receiving a D or F). The effectiveness and implementations of random forest, logistic regression, and voting ensemble classification models are discussed. Various model optimization methods are explored including decision threshold tuning, model regularization, synthetic upsampling, and variable selection techniques. The best performing models achieved a balanced accuracy of around 80%.

Machine Learning Techniques for Classifying Physics Performance

This work is part of a multi-institution collaboration developing a fair, valid, and reliable research-based conceptual fluids assessment, the Fluids Conceptual Evaluation (FCE). The FCE will utilize two-tier multiple-choice items covering both fluids statics and fluids dynamics. Rasch analysis will be used to create different equivalent versions of the FCE, allowing instructors to give just the statics questions, just the dynamics questions, or a combination of both. In this poster we will describe the development of student-based distractors for the FCE. IPLA instructors interested in serving as a pilot test site should contact Project Lead Dawn Meredith.

Development of questions for the Fluids Conceptual Evaluation (FCE)

This work is part of a multi-institution collaboration developing a fair, valid, and reliable research-based conceptual fluids assessment, the Fluids Conceptual Evaluation (FCE). The FCE will utilize two-tier multiple-choice items covering both fluid statics and dynamics. Initially we developed 101 tier-1 questions covering 8 statics constructs and 9 dynamics constructs, with the intent of including 3 questions per construct in the final assessment. In the spring of 2021, we conducted 15 clinical interviews asking student volunteers selections from those questions. Analysis of interviews, and feedback from the interviewers, led to the revision, removal, and addition of several questions, which were used in the second round of interviews during the 2021-2022 academic year. In this poster we describe selected takeaways from this process, including some “dos and don’ts” for constructing robust questions. IPLS instructors interested in serving as a pilot test site for the assessment should contact Project Lead Dawn Meredith.

Refining Assessment Questions Based on Clinical Interviews

Creating a more equitable scientific community is an important goal in physics. To this end, one approach is addressing students’ views about the socially and culturally embedded nature of science (NOS) and increasing their awareness about the influence of subjectivity in physics. Identifying ways personal experience and values affect the culture of physics, may promote student self-efficacy and empower them to work towards greater social justice in physics. Prior studies reveal that without explicit instruction about the NOS, students tend to describe physics without reference to human influence. Adding to this, we explored undergraduate students’ ideas about the presence of subjectivity in physics in an introductory calculus-based physics sequence and with prospective elementary teachers in a physics course. We collected written responses on whether students viewed physics as objective or subjective. In this talk, we discuss how student responses describe subjectivity in physics and argue for explicit NOS instruction.

Addressing Subjectivity in Physics for Equity in Physics Education

The PhysPort Data Explorer (www.PhysPort.org/DataExplorer) is an online tool for physics instructors to analyze their research-based assessment data (including FCI, FMCE, BEMA, CSEM, CLASS, MPEX, and many more). Instructors upload their students' responses using our secure interface. The Data Explorer matches their pre/post data, scores it, compares it to national data, and graphs it in an interactive and intuitive manner. Instructors can look at results over time, breakdown by question or cluster, and comparisons between courses. Instructors can also upload data related to student demographics, academic record, or background, and look at their assessment results based on this information. We present the Data Explorer and discuss equity issues around analysis and interpretation of research-based assessment results, in order to support faculty in using data to reveal and address inequities, to more effectively support minoritized groups of students, and to minimize and eliminate harm.

Using the PhysPort Data Explorer to analyze research-based assessment results

Force symbols in University Modeling Instruction explicitly represent forces as detailed descriptions of interactions to facilitate (i) coordinating force with the system schema and (ii) learning force. For example, represents the gravitational force by Earth on ball, where “g” represents gravitational (i.e. the type of interaction), “E” represents Earth, represents “by” and “on”, and “B” represents ball. Although students are taught to say as “gravitational force”, audio data from student-led whole-class discussions shows that more than 40% percent of the time was referred to as “force gravity” instead. Analogous results were obtained for contact force symbols as well. Because language plays such a crucial role in learning physics, several years ago, as an experiment, the notation was changed from to to make it more closely match how it is to be read. Student use of “force gravity” and “force contact” dropped to less than 5% with this notation switch. Energy.

The unfolding roles of mentors and tutors in Learning-by-Teaching model

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