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Neuro-symbolic reasoning has recently seen a revival as a promising way to bridge the gap between deep learning models that manipulate continuous spaces and the symbolic representations. Despite its promise, the term ``Neuro-symbolic&#39;&#39; remains nebulous and is used in various contexts, from systems that rely on having a rule-based sub-component to systems trained end-to-end using techniques like reinforcement learning. In this work, we conduct a survey of its various interpretations amongst researchers in the natural language processing (NLP) community along with a survey of prior work that focuses on Neuro-symbolic methods. We posit that Neuro-symbolic models are a host of techniques that allow dense continuous representations to be informed by more abstract discrete representations. Our work serves as a bird&#39;s eye view of this promising topic that opens avenues for future work.

NAACL 2022

Characterizing Neuro-symbolic Reasoning in NLP

neuro-symbolic deep learning natural langauge processing survey

## Welcome to NAACL 2022!
The Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) is taking place July 10-15, 2022 as a hybrid event, in Seattle, WA and online. We are happy to welcome all of you to conference! 
 
The main conference program features oral presentations, in-person and virtual posters and demo sessions, a plenary session for our best paper presentations and awards, keynote presentations, a plenary panel on the place of linguistics and symbolic structures in NLP, and an Industrial Track panel on Careers in NLP.
 
Posters (including Findings of NAACL 2022) and demos are grouped by areas for both the in-person and the virtual sessions. For the virtual component, the talks will be on Zoom and the posters and the demos will be in GatherTown. The Student Research Workshop and will have an oral session and a poster session.
 
The program also features 6 Tutorials and 26 Workshops.
 
 We wish you a wonderful conference!
 
[The NAACL 2022 Organizing Committee](https://2022.naacl.org/committees/organization/)

2022 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Neuro-symbolic reasoning has recently seen a revival as a promising way to bridge the gap between deep learning models that manipulate continuous spaces and the symbolic representations. Despite its promise, the term ``Neuro-symbolic'' remains nebulous and is used in various contexts, from systems that rely on having a rule-based sub-component to systems trained end-to-end using techniques like reinforcement learning. In this work, we conduct a survey of its various interpretations amongst researchers in the natural language processing (NLP) community along with a survey of prior work that focuses on Neuro-symbolic methods. We posit that Neuro-symbolic models are a host of techniques that allow dense continuous representations to be informed by more abstract discrete representations. Our work serves as a bird's eye view of this promising topic that opens avenues for future work.

workshop paper

Within the emerging research efforts to combine structured and unstructured knowledge, many approaches incorporate factual knowledge, e.g., available in form of structured knowledge graphs (KGs), into pre-trained language models (PLMs) and then apply the knowledge-enhanced PLMs to downstream NLP tasks. However, (1) they typically only consider \textit{static} factual knowledge, whereas, e.g., knowledge graphs (KGs) also contain \textit{temporal facts} or \textit{events} indicating evolutionary relationships among entities at different timestamps. (2) PLMs cannot be directly applied to many KG tasks, such as temporal KG completion. In this paper, we focus on \textbf{e}nhancing temporal knowledge embeddings with \textbf{co}ntextualized \textbf{la}nguage representations (ECOLA). We align structured knowledge, contained in temporal knowledge graphs, with their textual descriptions extracted from news articles, and propose a novel knowledge-text prediction task to inject the abundant information from descriptions into temporal knowledge embeddings. ECOLA jointly optimizes the knowledge-text prediction objective and the temporal knowledge embeddings, which can simultaneously take full advantage of textual and knowledge information. The proposed fusion method is model-agnostic and can be combined with potentially any temporal KG model. For training ECOLA, we introduce three temporal KG datasets with aligned textual descriptions. Experimental results on the temporal knowledge graph completion task show that ECOLA outperforms state-of-the-art temporal KG models by a large margin. The proposed datasets can serve as new temporal KG benchmarks and facilitate future research on structured and unstructured knowledge integration.

Enhanced Temporal Knowledge Embeddings with Contextualized Language Representations

To tailor a learning system to the student's level and needs, we must consider the characteristics of the learning content, such as its difficulty. While natural language processing allows us to represent text efficiently, the meaningful representation of mathematical formulas in an educational context is still understudied. This paper adopts structural embeddings as a possible way to bridge this gap. Our experiments validate the approach using publicly available datasets to show that incorporating syntactic information can improve performance in predicting the exercise difficulty.

Structural information in mathematical formulas for exercise difficulty prediction: a comparison of NLP representations

Recent advances in natural language processing and transformer-based models have made it easier to implement accurate, automated English speech assessments. Yet, without careful examination, applications of these models may exacerbate social prejudices based on gender and race. This study addresses the need to examine potential biases of transformer-based models in the context of automated English speech assessment. For this purpose, we developed a BERT-based automated speech assessment system and investigated gender and racial bias of examinees' automated scores. Gender and racial bias was measured by examining differential item functioning (DIF) using an item response theory framework. Preliminary results, which focused on a single verbal-response item, showed no statistically significant DIF based on gender or race for automated scores.

Using Item Response Theory to Measure Gender and Racial Bias of a BERT-based Automated English Speech Assessment System

Transactivity is a valued collaborative process, which has been associated with elevated learning gains, collaborative product quality, and knowledge transfer within teams. Dynamic forms of collaboration support have made use of real time monitoring of transactivity, and automation of its analysis has been affirmed as valuable to the field. Early models were able to achieve high reliability within restricted domains. More recent approaches have achieved a level of generality across learning domains. In this study, we investigate generalizability of models developed primarily in computer science courses to a new student population, namely, masters students in a leadership course, where we observe strikingly different patterns of transactive exchange than in prior studies. This difference prompted both a reformulation of the coding standards and innovation in the modeling approach, both of which we report on here.

Taking Transactivity to the Next Level

Mental distress like depression and anxiety contribute to the largest proportion of the global burden of diseases. Automated diagnosis systems of such disorders, empowered by recent innovations in Artificial Intelligence, can pave the way to reduce the suffering of the affected individuals. The development of such systems requires information-rich and balanced corpora. In this work, we introduce a novel mental distress analysis audio dataset DEPAC, labeled based on established thresholds on depression and anxiety standard screening tools. This large dataset comprises multiple speech tasks per individual, as well as relevant demographic information. Alongside, we present a feature set consisting of hand-curated acoustic and linguistic features, which were found effective in identifying signs of mental illnesses in human speech. Finally, we justify the quality and effectiveness of our proposed audio corpus and feature set in predicting depression severity by comparing the performance of baseline machine learning models built on this dataset with baseline models trained on other well-known depression corpora.

DEPAC: A Corpus for Depression and Anxiety Detection from Speech

The mental health risks of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnified for medical professionals, such as doctors and nurses. To track conversational markers of psychological distress and coping strategies, we analyzed 67.25 million words written by self-identified healthcare workers (N = 5,409; 60.5% nurses, 39.5% physicians) on Reddit beginning in June 2019. Dictionary-based measures revealed increasing emotionality (including more positive and negative emotion and more swearing), social withdrawal (less affiliation and empathy, more "they" pronouns), and self-distancing (fewer "I" pronouns) over time. Several effects were strongest for conversations that were least health-focused and self-relevant, suggesting that long-term changes in social and emotional behavior are general and not limited to personal or work-related experiences. Understanding protective and risky coping strategies used by healthcare workers during the pandemic is fundamental for maintaining mental health among front-line workers during periods of chronic stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tracking Mental Health Risks and Coping Strategies in Healthcare Workers’ Online Conversations Across the COVID-19 Pandemic

In this shared task, we focus on detecting mental health signals in Reddit users' posts through two main challenges: A) capturing mood changes (anomalies) from the longitudinal set of posts (called timelines), and B) assessing the users' suicide risk- levels. Our approaches leverage emotion recognition on linguistic content by computing emotion/sentiment scores using pre-trained BERTs on users' posts and feeding them to machine learning models, including XGBoost, Bi-LSTM, and logistic regression. For Task-A, we detect longitudinal anomalies using a sequence-to- sequence (seq2seq) autoencoder and capture regions of mood deviations. For Task- B, our two models utilize the BERT emotion/sentiment scores. The rst computes emotion bandwidths and merges them with n-gram features, and employs logistic regression to detect users' suicide risk levels. The second model predicts suicide risk on the timeline level using a Bi-LSTM on Task-A results and sentiment scores.
Our results outperformed most participating teams and ranked in the top two in Task-A. In Task-B, our methods surpass all others and return the best macro and micro F1 scores.

Emotionally-Informed Models for Detecting Moments of Change and Suicide Risk Levels in Longitudinal Social Media Data

Transformer-based models have shown promising performance in numerous NLP tasks. However, recent work has shown the limitation of such models in showing compositional generalization, which requires models to generalize to novel 
compositions of known concepts. In this work, we explore two strategies for compositional generalization on the task of kinship prediction from stories: (1) data augmentation and (2) predicting and using intermediate structured representation (in form of kinship graphs). Our experiments show that data augmentation boosts generalization performance by around 20% on average relative to a baseline model from prior work not using these strategies. However, predicting and using intermediate kinship graphs leads to a deterioration in the generalization of kinship prediction by around 50% on average relative to models that only leverage data augmentation.

Compositional Generalization for Kinship Prediction through Data Augmentation

This paper presents our system used to participate in task 11 (MultiCONER) of the SemEval 2022 competition. Our system ranked fourth place in track 12 (Multilingual) and fifth place in track 13 (Code-Mixed). The goal of track 12 is to detect complex named entities in a multilingual setting, while track 13 is dedicated to detecting complex named entities in a code-mixed setting. Both systems were developed using transformer-based language models. We used an ensemble of XLM-RoBERTa-large and Microsoft/infoxlm-large with a Conditional Random Field (CRF) layer. In addition, we describe the algorithms employed to train our models and our hyper-parameter selection.

An Ensemble of Transformer Based Models for Complex Named Entity Recognition Task

Current natural language interaction for self-tracking tools largely depends on bespoke implementation optimized for a specific tracking theme and data format, which is neither generalizable nor scalable to a tremendous design space of self-tracking. However, training machine learning models in the context of self-tracking is challenging due to the wide variety of tracking topics and data formats. In this paper, we propose a novel NLP task for self-tracking that extracts close- and open-ended information from a retrospective activity log described as a plain text, and a domain-agnostic, GPT-3-based NLU framework that performs this task. The framework augments the prompt using synthetic samples to transform the task into 10-shot learning, to address a cold-start problem in bootstrapping a new tracking topic. Our preliminary evaluation suggests that our approach significantly outperforms the baseline QA models. Going further, we discuss future application domains toward which the NLP and HCI researchers can collaborate.

Characterizing Neuro-symbolic Reasoning in NLP

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