Ireland

We consider the problem of pretraining a two-stage open-domain question answering (QA) system (retriever + reader) with strong transfer capabilities. The key challenge is how to construct a large amount of high-quality question-answer-context triplets without task-specific annotations. Specifically, the triplets should align well with downstream tasks by: (i) covering a wide range of domains (for open-domain applications), (ii) linking a question to its semantically relevant context with supporting evidence (for training the retriever), and (iii) identifying the correct answer in the context (for training the reader). Previous pretraining approaches generally fall short of one or more of these requirements. In this work, we automatically construct a large-scale corpus that meets all three criteria by consulting millions of references cited within Wikipedia. The well-aligned pretraining signals benefit both the retriever and the reader significantly. Our pretrained retriever leads to 2%-10% absolute gains in top-20 accuracy. And with our pretrained reader, the entire system improves by up to 4% in exact match.

ACL 2022

C-MORE: Pretraining to Answer Open-Domain Questions by Consulting Millions of References

dense retriever

open-domain qa

pre-training

# Welcome everyone to ACL 2022!

The 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics is taking place May 22-27, 2022 as a hybrid event, in Dublin and online. We are happy to welcome all of you to this anniversary edition with an almost 50-50 in-person and virtual participation. 
The main conference program features oral presentations, in-person and virtual posters and demo sessions, a plenary session for our best paper presentations and awards, three amazing keynote events and two new initiatives of invited talks: Spotlight Talks for Young Rising Stars (STIRS) and The Next Big Idea Talks. Posters (including Findings of ACL 2022) and demos are grouped by areas for both the in-person and the virtual sessions. For the virtual component, the talks will be on Zoom and the posters and the demos will be in GatherTown. The Student Research Workshop will have an oral session and a poster session as part of Poster Session 1. The program also features eight Tutorials and 28 Workshops. 

 
We wish you a wonderful conference! 
[**The ACL 2022 Organizing Committee**](https://www.2022.aclweb.org/organisers)
 
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The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing (NLP). 

workshop paper

Information retrieval is an important component in natural language processing, for knowledge intensive tasks such as question answering and fact checking.
Recently, information retrieval has seen the emergence of dense retrievers, based on neural networks, as an alternative to classical sparse methods based on term-frequency. These models have obtained state-of-the-art results on datasets and tasks where large training sets are available. However, they do not transfer well to new domains or applications with no training data, and are often outperformed by term-frequency methods such as BM25 which are not supervised. In this work, we explore the limits of contrastive learning as a way to train unsupervised dense retrievers and show that it leads to strong performance in various retrieval settings. On the BEIR benchmark our unsupervised model outperforms BM25 on 11 out of 15 datasets for the recall@100. Furthermore, when a few thousands random examples are available, fine-tuning our model on these examples significantly improves performance over BM25. The contrastive learning method used in this work also provides improvements on the BEIR benchmark when used as pre-training before fine-tuning on the MS~MARCO dataset. Finally, large annotated information retrieval datasets are generally not available in languages other than English. The development of alternatives to supervised training for information retrieval is therefore all the more crucial from a multilingual perspective. We show that the contrastive learning method used in our work enables to train multilingual retrievers reaching state-of-the-art performance.

Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning

In this work, we aim to capitalize on the unique few-shot capabilities offered by large-scale language models to overcome some of their challenges with respect to grounding to factual and up-to-date information. Motivated by semi-parametric language models, which ground their decisions in external retrieved evidence, we use few-shot prompting to learn to condition language models on information returned from the web using Google Search, a broad and constantly updated knowledge source. Our approach does not involve fine-tuning or learning additional parameters, thus making it applicable to any language model, offering like this a strong baseline. Indeed, we find that language models conditioned on the web surpass performance of closed-book models of similar, or even larger, model sizes in open-domain question answering. Finally, we find that increasing the inference-time compute of models, achieved via using multiple retrieved evidences to generate multiple answers followed by a reranking stage, alleviates generally decreased performance of smaller few-shot language models. All in all, our findings suggest that it might be beneficial to slow down the race towards the biggest model and instead shift the attention towards finding more effective ways to use models, including but not limited to better prompting or increasing inference-time compute.

Internet-augmented language models through few-shot prompting for open-domain question answering

When a large language model produces undesirable output after deployment, recent semi-parametric methods have relied on a growing database of how a similar error was resolved in the past. This paper highlights current issues in retrieving similar errors from the database, and addresses these issues with a novel generation inspired retrieval technique, called GUD-IR (Generated UnDerstanding for explainable IR). On two existing datasets: SocialChem101 (ethical reasoning) and OBQA (science QA), we found that off-the-shelf modern retrieval methods fail to distinguish lexically dissimilar but semantically similar erroneous situations. On both the datasets, GUD-IR provides nearly 10% absolute precision gains in retrieval quality over strong baselines. Our approach is a step towards deploying semiparametric methods as a low-cost utility enhancement for very large pre-trained LMs.

GUD-IR: Generative Retrieval for Semiparametric Models

Despite the success of large pre-trained language models (LMs) such as Codex, they show below-par performance on the larger and more complicated programming related questions. We show that LMs benefit from the summarized version of complicated questions. Our findings show that superfluous information often present in problem description such as human characters, background stories, names (which are included to help humans in understanding a task) does not help models in understanding a task. To this extent, we create a meta-dataset from the frequently used APPS dataset for the program synthesis task. Our meta-dataset consists of human and synthesized summary of the long and complicated programming questions. Experimental results on Codex show that our proposed approach outperforms baseline by 8.13% on an average in terms of strict accuracy. Our analysis shows that summary significantly improve performance for introductory (9.86%) and interview (11.48%) related programming questions. However, it shows improvement by a small margin (~ 2) for competitive programming questions, implying the scope for future research direction.

Less is More: Summary of Long Instructions is Better for Program Synthesis

Recently introduced instruction-paradigm empowers non-expert users to leverage NLP resources by defining a new task in natural language. Instruction-tuned models have significantly outperformed multitask learning models (without instruction); however they are far from state of the art task specific models. Conventional approaches to improve model performance via creating large datasets with lots of task instances or architectural/training changes in model may not be feasible for non-expert users. However, they can write alternate instructions to represent an instruction task. Is Instruction-augumentation helpful? We augment a subset of tasks in the expanded version of NATURAL INSTRUCTIONS with additional instructions and find that these significantly improve model performance (up to 35%), especially in the low-data regime. Our results indicate that an additional instruction can be equivalent to ~200 data samples on average across tasks.

How Many Data Samples is an Additional Instruction Worth?

The state of the art in open-domain question answering (QA) relies on an efficient retriever that drastically reduces the search space for the expensive reader. A rather overlooked question in the community is the relationship between the retriever and the reader, and in particular, if the whole purpose of the retriever is just a fast approximation for the reader. Our empirical evidence indicates that the answer is no, and that the reader and the retriever are complementary to each other even in terms of accuracy only. We make a careful conjecture that the architectural constraint of the retriever, which has been originally intended for enabling approximate search, seems to also make the model more robust in large-scale search. We then propose to distill the reader into the retriever so that the retriever absorbs the strength of the reader while keeping its own benefit. Experimental results show that our method can enhance the document recall rate as well as the end-to-end QA accuracy of off-the-shelf retrievers in open-domain QA tasks.

Is Retriever Merely an Approximator of Reader? (I'm sorry for the multiple submissions; please use this one)

Language Models (LMs) become outdated as the world changes; they often fail to perform tasks requiring recent factual information which was absent or different during training, a phenomenon called temporal misalignment. This is especially a challenging problem because the research community still lacks a coherent dataset for assessing the adaptability of LMs to frequently-updated knowledge corpus such as Wikipedia. To this end, we introduce TemporalWiki, a lifelong benchmark for ever-evolving LMs that utilizes the difference between consecutive snapshots of English Wikipedia and English Wikidata for training and evaluation, respectively. The benchmark hence allows researchers to periodically track an LM's ability to retain previous knowledge and acquire updated/new knowledge at each point in time. We also find that training an LM on the diff data through continual learning methods achieves similar or better perplexity than on the entire snapshot in our benchmark with 12 times less computational cost, which verifies that factual knowledge in LMs can be safely updated with minimal training data via continual learning.

TemporalWiki: A Lifelong Benchmark for Training and Evaluating Ever-Evolving Language Models

Many recent studies on large-scale language models have reported successful in-context zero- and few-shot learning ability.
However, the in-depth analysis of when in-context learning occurs is still underexplored.
For example, it is unknown how in-context learning performance changes as the training corpus vary.
Here, we investigate the effects of the source and size of the pretraining corpus on in-context learning in HyperCLOVA, a Korean-centric GPT-3 model. 
From our in-depth investigation, we introduce the following observations: (1) in-context learning performance heavily depends on the corpus domain source, and the size of pretraining corpus does not necessarily determine the emergence of in-context learning, 
(2) in-context learning ability can emerge when a language model is trained on a combination of multiple corpora, even when each corpus does not result in in-context learning on its own,
(3) pretraining with a corpus related to a downstream task does not always guarantee the competitive in-context learning performance of the downstream task, especially in few-shot setting,
and (4) the relationship between language modeling (measured in perplexity) and in-context learning does not always correlate: e.g., low perplexity does not always imply high in-context few-shot learning performance.

On the Effect of Pretraining Corpora on In-context Few-shot Learning by a Large-scale Language Model

Dual encoders have been used for question-answering (QA) and information retrieval (IR) tasks with good results. There are two major types of dual encoders, Siamese Dual Encoders (SDE), with parameters shared across two encoders, and Asymmetric Dual Encoder (ADE), with two distinctly parameterized encoders. In this work, we explore the dual encoder architectures for QA retrieval tasks. By evaluating on MS MARCO and the MultiReQA benchmark, we show that SDE performs significantly better than ADE. We further propose three different improved versions of ADEs. Based on the evaluation of QA retrieval tasks and direct analysis of the embeddings, we demonstrate that sharing parameters in projection layers would enable ADEs to perform competitively with SDEs.

Exploring Dual Encoder Architectures for Question Answering

While large pre-trained language models accumulate a lot of knowledge in their parameters, it has been demonstrated that augmenting it with non-parametric retrieval-based memory has a number of benefits ranging from improved accuracy to data efficiency for knowledgefocused tasks such as question answering. In this work, we apply retrieval-based modeling ideas to the challenging complex task of multi-domain task-oriented semantic parsing for conversational assistants. Our technique, RETRONLU, extends a sequence-to-sequence model architecture with a retrieval component, which is used to retrieve existing similar samples and present them as an additional context to the model. In particular, we analyze two settings, where we augment an input with (a) retrieved nearest neighbor utterances (utterancenn), and (b) ground-truth semantic parses of nearest neighbor utterances (semparse-nn). Our technique outperforms the baseline method by 1.5% absolute macro-F1, especially at the low resource setting, matching the baseline model accuracy with only 40% of the complete data. Furthermore, we analyse the quality, model sensitivity, and performance of the nearest neighbor retrieval component’s for semantic parses of varied utterance complexity.

C-MORE: Pretraining to Answer Open-Domain Questions by Consulting Millions of References

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Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning

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Augmenting Document Representations for Dense Retrieval with Interpolation and Perturbation

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C-MORE: Pretraining to Answer Open-Domain Questions by Consulting Millions of References

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Next from ACL 2022

Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning

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Augmenting Document Representations for Dense Retrieval with Interpolation and Perturbation

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

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