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Objective: There is limited data regarding the use of diabetes technology such as continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a minority serving and safety-net hospital. We examined racial differences in the use of CGM and CSII in this setting.Methods: A retrospective review of 227 patients ≥ 18 years of age with T1D seen in the Endocrinology clinic at a safety-net hospital from October 2016 and September 2017 was completed. Statistical analysis assessed the likelihood of diabetes technology use among different races.Results: The mean age was 39, 59% male, mean duration of diabetes was 21 years, 30% overweight, 22% obesity, 80% English speaking, and 50% had government insurance. In terms of the distribution of race/ethnicity, 43% were Caucasian, 25% African American (AA), 15% Hispanic, 15% defined as other, and 2% Asian. Mean HbA1c ± standard deviation (SD) of any technology (either CGM or CSII or both) and non-technology users were 8.27 ± 1.58 and 9.49 ± 2.04, respectively. Patients who had government health insurance were found to have lower odds of using technology (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidential interval [CI], 0.25 - 0.74) compared to patients who had private health insurance. Overall, 26% of the patients used CSII with 43% of this population Caucasian, 10.5% AA and 14.2% Hispanic. The overall CGM use was 30% with 47% of users Caucasian, 14% AA and 22% Hispanic. In a multivariable logistic regression model that adjusted for insurance and language, AA or other were found to have statistically significant lower odds of using technology (AA OR 0.25 [95% CI 0.11 - 0.53] and other OR 0.33 [95% CI 0.12 - 0.89]) compared to the Caucasian group.Conclusion: Our study showed that the use of technology in the Caucasian group was statistically significantly higher than in the non-Caucasian groups except for the Asian group. After adjusting for insurance and language, AA and other demonstrated statistically lower rates of technology use. Racial differences in diabetes technology use were observed in our study as well as the association between technology use and lowered HbA1c. Given diabetes technology is a useful tool in reducing HbA1c and hypoglycemia, the barriers to accessing diabetes technology in non-Caucasian individuals should be addressed to decrease health disparities.

Racial Differences in Technology Use Among Type 1 Diabetes in a Safety-Net Hospital

Background: Pediatric obesity is a chronic disease with rising prevalence and limited treatment options; first-line intervention is lifestyle therapy, which is typically unsuccessful.1 Liraglutide (3.0 mg) as an adjunct to lifestyle therapy has provided weight loss and improved cardiometabolic risk factors in adults.2 Here we report the results of liraglutide 3.0 mg in adolescents with obesity who failed to respond to lifestyle therapy.Methods: A multinational, randomized, double-blind trial (NCT02918279) with a 12-wk run-in of lifestyle therapy, 4-8-wk dose escalation, 52-wk maintenance period and 26-wk follow-up off trial drug. Adolescents aged 12-<18 years with obesity, stable weight and suboptimal response to lifestyle therapy alone were randomized 1:1 to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3.0 mg (or maximum tolerated dose) or placebo (PBO), both as an adjunct to lifestyle therapy. Randomization was stratified by pubertal and glycemic (normal vs prediabetes/type 2 diabetes) status. Primary endpoint was change in BMI standard deviation score (SDS)3 from wk 0 to 56.Results: Of 125 adolescents randomized to liraglutide 3.0 mg and 126 to PBO, 101 and 100 completed treatment at wk 56, respectively; 99 in each arm completed the trial at wk 82. 40.6% were male; mean age 14.5 years; mean BMI 35.6 kg/m2; mean BMI SDS 3.17. Liraglutide 3.0 mg was superior to PBO for change in BMI SDS at wk 56 (estimated treatment difference [ETD] -0.22; 95% CI -0.37, -0.08; p=0.0022). In the liraglutide 3.0 mg vs PBO arm, 43.25% vs 18.73% (p=0.0002) and 26.08% vs 8.11% (p=0.0006) of adolescents had ≥5% and ≥10% reduction in baseline BMI at wk 56, respectively. A significant difference in change in BMI was seen for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs PBO: ETD -4.64%; 95% CI -7.14, -2.14; p=0.0003. A significant reduction in waist circumference with liraglutide 3.0 mg was shown at wk 56 (p=0.0126). Greater weight regain/rebound in BMI SDS at wk 82 was seen for liraglutide 3.0 mg vs PBO after drug discontinuation (ETD 0.15; 95% CI 0.07, 0.23; p=0.0002). There were no significant differences in blood pressure, fasting lipids, fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c at wk 56. No unexpected safety concerns and no severe hypoglycemia were reported. During treatment (0-56 wks), more adolescents in the liraglutide 3.0 mg (64.8%) vs PBO arm (36.5%) reported gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs), and 3 vs 5 adolescents, respectively, reported serious AEs. Mental health questionnaire results were similar in both arms at wk 56. No effect on growth or pubertal development was found.Conclusions: This trial demonstrates clinically meaningful4 weight loss in adolescents with obesity treated with liraglutide 3.0 mg as an adjunct to lifestyle therapy. The safety profile was similar to that observed in adults.References1. Ryder et al Obesity 2018;26:9512. Pi-Sunyer et al N Engl J Med 2015;373:113. EMA doc. ref. EMEA/402888/20084. Grossman et al JAMA 2017;317:2417

Liraglutide for Weight Management in Pubertal Adolescents with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Tumor-induced Osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare condition in which excess FGF23 produced by a tumor leads to renal phosphate wasting, impaired 1,25(OH)2D synthesis, osteomalacia, fractures, weakness, fatigue, and decreased mobility. In an ongoing open-label Phase 2 study (NCT02304367), 17 adults with TIO or cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS) were enrolled and received burosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against FGF23. Key endpoints were changes in serum phosphorus and osteomalacia as assessed from trans-iliac crest bone biopsies. This report excludes 3/17 subjects who did not have TIO: 2 subjects diagnosed with X-linked hypophosphatemia post-enrollment and 1 subject with CSHS. Serum phosphorus increased from baseline (BL; 1.60 mg/dL) and was maintained after titration, from Week (W) 22 (2.85 mg/dL, dosing cycle midpoint) to W144 (2.56 mg/dL, dosing cycle endpoint, p<0.0001). Serum TmP/GFR and 1,25(OH)2D also increased with burosumab. Eleven subjects underwent paired bone biopsies at BL and W48. Osteoid volume/bone volume decreased from a mean ± SE of 17.6% ± 5.9% at BL to 12.1% ± 4.7% at W48 (p=0.086). Mean ± SE osteoid thickness decreased from 16.5 ± 3.6 µm to 11.3 ± 2.8 µm (p<0.05). Using imputation (Dempster et al. 2012), mineralization lag time decreased from a mean ± SE of 1598 ± 420 days to 1032 ± 712 days (p=0.41). Osteoid surface/bone surface showed no change from BL (mean ± SE BL: 57% ± 9%, W48: 57% ± 7%). Of 249 areas identified with increased uptake on bone scan at BL, 68 (27%) and 81 (33%) were fully healed at W96 and W144, respectively; 56 (23%) and 32 (13%) were partially healed at W96 and W144, respectively. Mean (SD) Global Fatigue Score decreased from 5.6 (2.5) at BL to 3.5 (3.0) at W48, and to 3.8 (2.2) at W144 (both p<0.01). All 3 domains of the Brief Pain Inventory decreased with burosumab (W144 Pain Severity and Pain Interference p<0.05), indicating reduced pain. The SF-36 mean (SD) physical component summary score increased from 33 (10) at BL to 39 (10) at W48 (p<0.05) and to 41 (12) at W144 (p<0.01), indicating improved physical functioning. The mean (SD) number of sit-to-stand repetitions, an assessment of proximal muscle function, increased from 6.7 (4.2) at BL to 8.5 (4.2) at W48 (n=10; p<0.01). All subjects had ≥1 adverse event (AE). Two subjects discontinued: 1 to undergo chemotherapy to treat an AE of neoplasm progression and 1 failed to meet serum phosphorus dosing criteria and therefore received minimal burosumab dosing. There were 16 serious AEs in 7 subjects, all unrelated to drug. Of the 6 subjects with a serious AE of tumor progression/compression, 5 had a history of tumor progression prior to enrollment. There was 1 death, considered unrelated to treatment. In adults with TIO Syndrome, burosumab was associated with improvements in phosphate metabolism, osteomalacia, skeletal metabolism/fracture healing, physical functioning, fatigue, pain, and quality of life.

Burosumab Improves Biochemical, Skeletal, and Clinical Features of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia Syndrome

Vertebral fractures (VFx) are the most common type of fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). VFx are generally classified using the Genant grading system as mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), or severe (grade 3) according to their degree of compression visualized on spinal x-rays. Regardless of their severity, VFx are associated with significant morbidity and carry the highest subsequent fracture rate of any fragility fracture. We assessed the incidence of new VFx by Genant severity grade in the romosozumab (Romo) vs placebo (Pbo) or alendronate (ALN) arms of the FRAME and ARCH studies, respectively.In FRAME, 7,180 women with PMO were randomized 1:1 to receive monthly Romo 210 mg or Pbo for 12 months followed by biannual denosumab (DMAb) 60 mg (Romo→DMAb or Pbo→DMAb) for 12 months. In ARCH, 4,093 women with PMO and ≥ 1 fracture were randomized 1:1 to receive monthly Romo 210 mg or weekly oral ALN 70 mg for 12 months followed by ALN 70 mg (Romo→ALN or ALN→ALN) for ≥ 12 months. Throughout both studies, lateral radiographs of the spine were assessed for the presence and severity (mild, moderate, or severe) of VFx using the Genant grading at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of treatment.The incidence of new VFx was significantly lower among patients who received Romo during the 12-month double-blind treatment phase in both studies. Over 12 months, the incidence of new VFx was 0.5% Romo vs 1.8% Pbo (P<0.001) in FRAME and 3.2% Romo vs 5.0% ALN (P=0.008) in ARCH. Over 24 months, the incidence of new VFx was 0.6% Romo→DMAb vs 2.5% Pbo→DMAb (P<0.001) in FRAME and 4.1% Romo→ALN vs 8.0% ALN→ALN (P<0.001) in ARCH. Fewer new VFx were observed in the Romo arm of both studies across all fracture severity grades. Specifically, in FRAME, the incidence of mild VFx was 0.2% Romo vs 0.4% Pbo over 12 months and 0.2% Romo→DMAb vs 0.6% Pbo→DMAb over 24 months; the incidence of moderate VFx was 0.1% Romo vs 0.9% Pbo over 12 months and 0.2% Romo→DMAb vs 1.4% Pbo→DMAb over 24 months; and the incidence of severe VFx was 0.2% Romo vs 0.5% Pbo over 12 months and 0.2% Romo→DMAb vs 0.6% Pbo→DMAb over 24 months. Similarly, in ARCH, the incidence of mild VFx was 0.5% Romo vs 1.0% ALN over 12 months and 0.4% Romo→ALN vs 1.4% ALN→ALN over 24 months; the incidence of moderate VFx was 1.3% Romo vs 2.1% ALN over 12 months and 1.8% Romo→ALN vs 3.4% ALN→ALN over 24 months; and the incidence of severe VFx was 1.5% Romo vs 1.9% ALN over 12 months and 1.9% Romo→ALN vs 3.3% ALN→ALN over 24 months.In conclusion, Romo administered over 12 months to women with PMO resulted in reductions in VFx across all fracture severity grades compared with Pbo and standard-of-care ALN. The treatment effect of Romo continued after patients transitioned to an antiresorptive agent. These data will help to foster treatment decisions in postmenopausal women at high risk for VFx.

Romosozumab Treatment Lowers the Incidence of New Vertebral Fractures Across All Fracture Severity Grades Among Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

Purpose: Treatment with denosumab (DMAB) decreases bone resorption and fracture risk. Following discontinuation, bone resorption increases, bone mass is lost and fractures have been reported. The aim of the study was to investigate if an infusion of zoledronic acid (ZOL) can prevent increases in bone turnover and bone loss in patients previously treated with DMAB and if the timing of the ZOL infusion is important. Methods: The study was a 2-year randomized, open label, interventional study in patients with osteopenia after DMAB treatment for an average of 4.6 years. ZOL was administrated 6 months (6M group, n=20) or 9 months (9M group, n=20) after the last DMAB injection or when bone turnover was increased (OBS group, n=20). Patients in the OBS and the 9M groups were monitored closely and if p-carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) increased > 1.26 ug/l (50% above the range for postmenopausal women and elderly men), if BMD decreased > 5% at the lumbar spine or total hip, or if a patient suffered a low energy vertebral or hip fracture, ZOL was administered. In the OBS group, ZOL was administered no later than month 6. The patients were monitored with DXA 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment. ZOL was re-administered if BMD decreased > 5% at the lumbar spine or total hip or if CTX increased above 1.26 ug/l. We report the outcome 12 months after the initial ZOL infusion. The study is ongoing. Results: A total of 60 postmenopausal women and men with a mean age of 67.7 (range 51-85) years were enrolled in the study. In the OBS group 1, 2, 6, 1 and 0 patients fulfilled the CTX or BMD criteria for treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months after baseline. The remaining 10 patients were treated at month 6. In the 9M group 2 patients fulfilled the CTX criteria for ZOL treatment at month 2. A total of 10, 5 and 5 patients in the 6M, 9M and OBS groups, respectively were re-retreated. In the 6M group CTX decreased initially, but increased rapidly thereafter, and 6 months after ZOL, CTX was 0.60±0.08 g/L (mean±SEM). CTX increased rapidly in the 9M and OBS Groups before ZOL, was suppressed by ZOL but increased again thereafter; CTX was 0.47±0.05 μg/L and 0.47±0.05 μg/L 6 months after ZOL in the 9M and the OBS groups, respectively. Mean CTX was within the premenopausal reference range 12 months after ZOL in all 3 groups. From study baseline to twelve months after ZOL BMD at the lumbar spine had decreased by 4.8±0.7%, 4.1±1.1%, and 4.7±1.2% in the 6M, 9M and OBS groups, respectively (p≤0.002 for all without differences between groups) and at the total hip by 2.6±0.5%, 3.2±0.8%, and 3.6±0.8% in the 6M, 9M and OBS groups, respectively (p≤0.001 for all without differences between groups). The decline in BMD was more pronounced in the months before ZOL in the 9M and OBS groups whereas the decline was steadier in the 6M group. Conclusion: Treatment with ZOL irrespective of the timing did not fully prevent loss of BMD in patients with osteopenia.

Treatment with Zoledronic Acid Subsequent to Denosumab Cannot Fully Prevent Bone Loss

Background: The Phase 3 fliGHt Trial evaluated children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) of a broad range of baseline demographics and treatment durations who switched from daily growth hormone (hGH; somatropin) therapy to once-weekly TransCon hGH. TransCon hGH is an investigational long-acting prodrug consisting of 3 components: hGH, an inert carrier that protects it, and a linker that temporarily binds the two. When injected into the body, at physiologic pH and temperature, unmodified hGH is gradually released in a predictable manner.Methods: All subjects initiated open-label once-weekly TransCon hGH 0.24 mg hGH/kg/week irrespective of prior daily hGH dose. Subjects 3 to 17 years old must have been treated with daily hGH for 13 to 130 weeks; subjects 6 months to 3 years old may have been treatment-naïve or treated with daily hGH for ≤130 weeks. The primary objective was to assess safety and tolerability over this 26-week trial. Efficacy measures included annualized height velocity (AHV), height standard deviation score (SDS), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) SDS.Results: Of the 146 enrolled subjects, 98.6% completed the trial. Mean age at baseline was 10.6 years (range: 1, 17). The majority (97.9%) were treatment-experienced with a prior daily hGH mean dose of 0.29 mg/kg/week (range: 0.13, 0.49); 3 subjects were treatment-naïve and <3 years old. Just over half the subjects (56.8%) experienced a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), with only 4.1% of subjects experiencing a TEAE considered related to study drug. No TEAE led to discontinuation of study drug. The type and frequency of TEAEs reported were similar to the published adverse event profile of daily hGH therapies. Mean hemoglobin A1c remained 5.2% at baseline and Week 26. No neutralizing antibodies were detected; low-titer anti-hGH binding antibodies were detected in 2.8% of subjects. Growth outcomes were as expected for this treatment-experienced heterogenous population, with a least-squares mean (LSM) AHV of 8.7 cm/year (95% CI: 8.2, 9.2) at Week 26 and LSM height SDS change from baseline to Week 26 of +0.25 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.29). In the age-defined subgroups, mean observed AHV at Week 26 ranged from 8.2 to 16.2 cm/year and mean observed height SDS change from baseline to Week 26 ranged from +0.23 to +0.96. Of note, the linear relationship between average IGF-1 SDS and TransCon hGH doses demonstrated in previous treatment-naïve trials was preserved in this population of treatment-experienced children who had dose titrations.Conclusions: TransCon hGH treatment outcomes, including AHV and height SDS, were as expected across a diversity of ages, disease characteristics, and treatment experiences, reflective of a real-world setting. Dose titrations of TransCon hGH demonstrated a predictable IGF-1 response. Switching to TransCon hGH resulted in a similar adverse event profile to daily hGH therapy.

Phase 3 FliGHt Trial: Experience of Switching from Daily Growth Hormone Therapy to Once-Weekly TransCon HGH in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency

Background: Somatrogon (hGH-CTP) is a long acting recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; somatropin) in development for once weekly treatment of children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Somatrogon contains the amino acid sequence of hGH and three copies of the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) derived from human chorionic gonadotropin. A 12 month phase 2 trial of once weekly Somatrogon vs daily Genotropin in children with GHD demonstrated that 0.66 mg/kg/wk of Somatrogon had a similar benefit - risk profile as 0.24 mg/kg/wk of Genotropin. The open label extension of this phase 2 study has generated an additional 5 years of longitudinal efficacy and safety data with this dose. This report summarizes top line results from a pivotal phase 3 global trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02968004) designed to investigate the non-inferiority of once weekly Somatrogon hGH-CTP compared to daily hGH after 12 months in treatment-naive prepubertal children with GHD. Methods: The Phase 3 trial enrolled 224 subjects who were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either once weekly Somatrogon hGH-CTP (0.66 mg/kg) or once daily Genotropin (0.24 mg/kg/wk) for 12 months. Randomization was stratified by geographic region, peak GH level and age. The primary endpoint of the study was height velocity (HV) at month 12; secondary endpoints included HV at month 6, change in height SDS at month 6 and 12, IGF-1 and IGF-I SDS, immunogenicity, and safety. Results: At baseline, the mean (SD) age and height SDS of the somatrogon (N=109, 75.2% male) and Genotropin (N=115, 68.7% male) groups were 7.83 (2.66) and -2.94 (1.29) and 7.61 (2.37) and -2.78 (1.27), respectively. One subject in each group discontinued during the 12 month study, and 95% of the completers continued into an open-label extension study. At month 12, mean HV was 10.12 cm/yr in the Somatrogon group and 9.78 cm/yr in the Genotropin group, with the treatment difference of 0.33 cm/year favoring Somatrogon. The lower bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval of the treatment difference was -0.39, which was higher than the pre-established non-inferiority margin and demonstrated non-inferiority of once weekly somatrogon vs daily Genotropin therapy. Height velocity at month 6 (10.60 cm/yr vs 10.04 cm/yr), change in height SDS at months 6 (0.54 vs 0.48) and 12 (0.92 vs 0.87) were likewise numerically higher in the Somatrogon-treated cohort. The majority of adverse events were mild to moderate in severity (somatrogon: 78.9%, Genotropin: 79.1%) and, overall, weekly somatrogon was generally well-tolerated and comparable to daily Genotropin. Conclusion: Top-line results from the pivotal phase 3 trial demonstrate that Somatrogon (hGH-CTP) given once weekly by sc injection is non-inferior to Genotropin (hGH) given once daily and that once weekly somatrogon administration was generally well-tolerated in patients with pGHD.

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