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Humans and mice with Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency remain protected from hyperglycemia despite chronic obesity and insulin resistance. We have observed that elevated glycosuria in MC4R deficient mice protects them from hyperglycemia. Moreover, our results indicate that circulating epinephrine may couple MC4R signaling with kidney glucose reabsorption. However, the direct role of epinephrine in regulating kidney glucose reabsorption remains unclear. We hypothesize that epinephrine is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis via kidney glucose reabsorption. To test this hypothesis, we performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) in phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (Pnmt) knockout (KO) mice that specifically lack epinephrine but have normal norepinephrine levels. Pnmt KO mice exhibited reduced insulin sensitivity compared to their Wild-Type (WT) littermates (Area under the curve for ITT: 9,700±256 vs. 8,482±417 mg/dL.min, p&lt;0.05). Paradoxically, we observed improved rather than impaired glucose tolerance in Pnmt KO mice compared to their WT controls (Area under the curve for OGTT: 32,546±1,592 vs. 40,058±1,918 mg/dL.min, p&lt;0.05). To ascertain if Pnmt KO mice, like MC4R deficient mice, show elevated glycosuria, we quantified their 24 urine glucose levels after oral glucose (250 mg) challenge. Indeed, Pnmt KO mice demonstrated elevated glycosuria compared to their WT littermates (Urine glucose: Baseline, 24.63±2.2 vs. 11.14±0.82 mg/dl; post glucose challenge: 67.83±5 vs. 16.09±1.13 mg/dl, p&lt;0.001), again validating the phenotype similar to that of MC4R deficient mice. To determine the glucose transporters involved in mediating elevated glycosuria in the Pnmt KO mice, we measured the levels of different renal glucose transporters using western blot. We found that GLUT2 was decreased by ~26% in Pnmt KO mice compared to their WT littermates. Levels of other glucose transporters were not changed, indicating that suppression of renal GLUT2 mediates elevated glycosuria in the epinephrine deficient mice. We validated the direct effect of epinephrine on GLUT2 levels in vitro using mouse primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Indeed, epinephrine selectively increased GLUT2, but did not affect other glucose transporters in the mouse kidney primary cells. Our findings establish the essential role of epinephrine in glucose reabsorption via the renal glucose transporter GLUT2. Therefore, modulating the renal adrenergic system, or, kidney-specific GLUT2 may afford alternative strategies to regulate glycosuria and ultimately mitigate diabetes.

ENDO 2020

Epinephrine Is Essential for Normal Renal Glucose Reabsorption via the Glucose Transporter GLUT2

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Humans and mice with Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency remain protected from hyperglycemia despite chronic obesity and insulin resistance. We have observed that elevated glycosuria in MC4R deficient mice protects them from hyperglycemia. Moreover, our results indicate that circulating epinephrine may couple MC4R signaling with kidney glucose reabsorption. However, the direct role of epinephrine in regulating kidney glucose reabsorption remains unclear. We hypothesize that epinephrine is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis via kidney glucose reabsorption. To test this hypothesis, we performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) in phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (Pnmt) knockout (KO) mice that specifically lack epinephrine but have normal norepinephrine levels. Pnmt KO mice exhibited reduced insulin sensitivity compared to their Wild-Type (WT) littermates (Area under the curve for ITT: 9,700±256 vs. 8,482±417 mg/dL.min, p<0.05). Paradoxically, we observed improved rather than impaired glucose tolerance in Pnmt KO mice compared to their WT controls (Area under the curve for OGTT: 32,546±1,592 vs. 40,058±1,918 mg/dL.min, p<0.05). To ascertain if Pnmt KO mice, like MC4R deficient mice, show elevated glycosuria, we quantified their 24 urine glucose levels after oral glucose (250 mg) challenge. Indeed, Pnmt KO mice demonstrated elevated glycosuria compared to their WT littermates (Urine glucose: Baseline, 24.63±2.2 vs. 11.14±0.82 mg/dl; post glucose challenge: 67.83±5 vs. 16.09±1.13 mg/dl, p<0.001), again validating the phenotype similar to that of MC4R deficient mice. To determine the glucose transporters involved in mediating elevated glycosuria in the Pnmt KO mice, we measured the levels of different renal glucose transporters using western blot. We found that GLUT2 was decreased by ~26% in Pnmt KO mice compared to their WT littermates. Levels of other glucose transporters were not changed, indicating that suppression of renal GLUT2 mediates elevated glycosuria in the epinephrine deficient mice. We validated the direct effect of epinephrine on GLUT2 levels in vitro using mouse primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Indeed, epinephrine selectively increased GLUT2, but did not affect other glucose transporters in the mouse kidney primary cells. Our findings establish the essential role of epinephrine in glucose reabsorption via the renal glucose transporter GLUT2. Therefore, modulating the renal adrenergic system, or, kidney-specific GLUT2 may afford alternative strategies to regulate glycosuria and ultimately mitigate diabetes.

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Circadian Regulation of Chromatin State Mediates Pancreatic Islet Incretin Response

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Epinephrine Is Essential for Normal Renal Glucose Reabsorption via the Glucose Transporter GLUT2

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