United States

Abstract—Since the circumferential and axial widths of permanent magnet (PM) pole and stator pole are very sensitive to the back electromotive force (EMF) of linear rotary PM motor with E-shape stator, it is difficult to obtain the optimization value by the traditional design method. The flux calculated model is built and the main flux and side flux variation laws of stator pole are derived by the Schwarz Christoffel method. The analyzed results are consistent with the results analyzed by 3-D finite element method.&lt;br/&gt;I.Introduction&lt;br/&gt;The calculation of the magnetic field distribution is very important in the motor design. The subdomain method and separation of variables method can be used to calculate the magnetic flux density of slotless segmented-Halbach permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine and single-cage induction machines [1][2], respectively. The flux calculation model of a linear rotary PM machine (LRPMM) with E-type stator (ES) structure is built by Schwarz Christoffel method (SCM), which can consider the side flux of the stator pole in circumferential and axial directions.&lt;br/&gt;II.Flux Calculation in the E-shape Stator pole of ES-LRPMM&lt;br/&gt;Fig. 1 shows the topology of ES-LRPMM. SCM is used to obtain the main flux and side flux of the stator pole by building finite-depth and infinite-depth stator slot models of the E-shape stator. Then the flux variation laws of stator pole are derived. Fig. 2 shows the main flux and side flux waveforms. It is seen that the angular velocity of the flux is equal to the angular velocity of the mover while it works in rotary motion, and it is equal to three times of the angular velocity of the mover when it works in linear motion.&lt;br/&gt;III.Conclusion&lt;br/&gt;In order to reduce the difficulty of the optimization of ES-LRPMM, the flux in the E-shape stator section is analyzed by SCM and the variation law of the flux is deduced and concluded. Taking the cogging torque, detent force, torque and thrust as the optimization objectives, the optimum value of the motor structure is obtained.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cd229eb1710e4141e3ba817a05decf7b.jpg)

Fig. 1. Topology of ES-LRPMM


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2d693b0b9002015642773ceacf064ff5.jpg)

Fig. 2. Main and side flux waveforms, (a) main flux, and (b) side flux of phase A compared with the sum of phase A, D, G stator side flux when it works in rotary or linear motion.

2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

Flux Analytical Calculation in the E-shape Stator Pole of Linear Rotary Permanent Magnet Motor

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INTERMAG 2021

Abstract—Since the circumferential and axial widths of permanent magnet (PM) pole and stator pole are very sensitive to the back electromotive force (EMF) of linear rotary PM motor with E-shape stator, it is difficult to obtain the optimization value by the traditional design method. The flux calculated model is built and the main flux and side flux variation laws of stator pole are derived by the Schwarz Christoffel method. The analyzed results are consistent with the results analyzed by 3-D finite element method. I.Introduction The calculation of the magnetic field distribution is very important in the motor design. The subdomain method and separation of variables method can be used to calculate the magnetic flux density of slotless segmented-Halbach permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine and single-cage induction machines [1][2], respectively. The flux calculation model of a linear rotary PM machine (LRPMM) with E-type stator (ES) structure is built by Schwarz Christoffel method (SCM), which can consider the side flux of the stator pole in circumferential and axial directions. II.Flux Calculation in the E-shape Stator pole of ES-LRPMM Fig. 1 shows the topology of ES-LRPMM. SCM is used to obtain the main flux and side flux of the stator pole by building finite-depth and infinite-depth stator slot models of the E-shape stator. Then the flux variation laws of stator pole are derived. Fig. 2 shows the main flux and side flux waveforms. It is seen that the angular velocity of the flux is equal to the angular velocity of the mover while it works in rotary motion, and it is equal to three times of the angular velocity of the mover when it works in linear motion. III.Conclusion In order to reduce the difficulty of the optimization of ES-LRPMM, the flux in the E-shape stator section is analyzed by SCM and the variation law of the flux is deduced and concluded. Taking the cogging torque, detent force, torque and thrust as the optimization objectives, the optimum value of the motor structure is obtained.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cd229eb1710e4141e3ba817a05decf7b.jpg)

Fig. 1. Topology of ES-LRPMM


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2d693b0b9002015642773ceacf064ff5.jpg)

Fig. 2. Main and side flux waveforms, (a) main flux, and (b) side flux of phase A compared with the sum of phase A, D, G stator side flux when it works in rotary or linear motion.

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The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has hit and drastically changed the world during the last months. The severe consequences reveal the necessity of new tools and procedures to reduce the impact of future emergencies. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFA), better known as “rapid tests”, have been used to detect the infection. Now, when vaccination is the goal, they can be used to detect the body's immune response. Both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are produced against protein S, one of COVID-19 antigens. IgM is produced in the early stages of the infection whereas IgG takes longer but is more durable and could be the key to lasting immunity (Figure 1A-B). In this work, we propose a magnetic rapid serological test to detect and quantify the COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibodies in the blood (Figure 1C). Two different LFA have been designed to separate the antibodies against the RBD (a fragment of protein S). We tagged anti-human IgM and anti-human IgG with magnetic nanoclusters based on ferrite nanoparticles to make them detectable. These will produce a signal in the inductive sensor, specially designed to read LFA out [1][2]. The mapping technique uses an impedance analyzer synchronized with a micropositioner. The microstructural properties of the magnetic nanoparticles have been investigated by XRD, TEM, and AFM techniques while the magnetic properties have been assessed through NMR measurements and SQUID magnetometry. The detection and quantification of IgG and IgM are promising not only to identify exposed individuals but to generate quick data for rapid decision making. The authors would like to thank IEEE Magnetics Society for funding.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/715779147c9702ba564970a9c9ec0ab7.jpg)

Figure 1. A) SARS-COVID-2 structure and amplification of protein S. B) Serology response: IgM and IgG production. C) Schematic LFA with its components. D) Schematic configuration of the tests designed to quantify the IgM (left) and IgG (right). Created with BioRender.com.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/96c25f688cef533e93cd0c970f09d5f9.jpg)

Figure 2. Inductive measurement setup to accurately quantify the IgG and IgM.

A rapid magnetic serological test for COVID-19

Magnetic nanoparticles have been drawn much attention and discussion for their biomedical applications. Previously, we reported the relationship between AC magnetic susceptibilities and significant hyperthermia effect of several kind of magnetic nanoparticles [1,2]. However, in order to utilize biomedical treatment, biocompatibility and dispersibility are important factors. In this study, we prepared Ni-ferrite nanoparticles with diameter between 3 nm and 17 nm when magnetic properties were first investigated. Then several sizes of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were modified to magnetic nanoparticles to solve the above problems. Effective heat dissipation for magnetic hyperthermia treatment in AC field depends on the magnetic relaxation parameters. AC magnetic measurements were performed in order to estimate the heating effect of MNPs for hyperthermia treatment. The particle size of the samples were varied and examined. Fig.1 shows the temperature increase of PEGylated Ni-ferrite nanoparticles in a 150 Oe, 15 kHz field. As expected by magnetic measurements, the 17 nm- sample showed significant heating effect than other samples. The temperature rose to more than 42.5 degrees Celsius, a temperature at which cancer cells are greatly supressed. Using human breast cancer cells, toxicity of PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles and without modified particles was investigated. The PEGylated samples showed a 30% increase in cell viability, confirming the improved biocompatibility of PEG modification. Furthermore, PEG has hydrophilic property, and the hydrodynamic diameter in water was measured to be about one order of magnitude smaller (Fig.2). Thus, the improvement of dispersibility in water was confirmed. Thus, we successfully developed highly biocompatible and dispersible magnetic Ni-ferrite nanoparticles and these particles were expected to be agents for hyperthermia treatment.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8c03f65d99bad85130e5bdfb4866d428.jpg)

Fig1. Increase in temperature of various particle sizes of PEGylated Ni-ferrite nanoparticles.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/edde948e51fcce79c14a886ea2f45b3d.jpg)

Fig.2 Water dispersibility of samples with varying amounts of PEG modification.

Development of Biocompatible Ni-ferrite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia

With the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an increasing quest for more accessible, easy-to-use, rapid, inexpensive, and high accuracy diagnostic tools. Traditional disease diagnostic methods such as qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) require multiple steps, trained technicians, and long turnaround time that may worsen the disease surveillance and pandemic control. In sight of this situation, a rapid, one-step, easy-to-use, and high accuracy diagnostic platform will be valuable for future epidemic control especially for regions with scarce medical resources. Herein, we report a magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS, see Fig.1) platform for detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers: spike and nucleocapsid proteins.[1]This technique monitors the dynamic magnetic responses of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and uses their higher harmonics as a measure of the nanoparticles’ binding states.[2,3] By anchoring polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) onto MNP surfaces, these nanoparticles function as nanoprobes to specifically bind to target analytes (SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in this work) and form nanoparticle clusters. This binding event causes detectable changes in higher harmonics and allows for quantitative and qualitative detection of target analytes in liquid phase.[4] We have achieved detection limits of 1.56 nM (equivalent to 125 fmole) and 3.13 nM (equivalent to 250 fmole) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins, respectively, as shown in Fig.2. This MPS platform combined with one-step, wash-free, nanoparticle clustering-based assay method is intrinsically versatile and allows for the detection of a variety of other disease biomarkers by simply changing the surface functional groups on MNPs.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3d37e47db5c2cfb0d72184dca1783bf1.jpg)

Fig.1. (a) Photograph of the MPS portable device with a smartphone application. The overall dimensions of device are 212 mm (L) × 84 mm (W) × 72 mm (H). (b) Photograph of the internal structures of the MPS device. (c) and (d) are the 3D models of the device.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1a1a222a873ba044453a3c65d935768d.jpg)

Fig.2. Concentration-response profiles of SARS-CoV-2 (a) spike and (b) nucleocapsid proteins.

Handheld Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS) for Rapid, One-step, Wash-free Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Liquid Phase

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) coils often are specific to deep brain or focal stimulation. A new technique is used which allows for deep and focal stimulation using temporal interference (TI). TI is a method that allows for steerability, focality, and depth of penetration. TI TMS operates based on the frequency difference of two different electric fields [1]. The TI stimulation frequencies would be in at 10kHz and is filtered by the brain’s inherent lowpass [4] behavior [2]. The frequency difference between the two induced electric fields results in an envelope which allows for a more focal stimulation. By using a coil assembly with several coils (as seen in figure 1), two areas of the brain could be selected and stimulated, focally for use in dual site TMS. Dual site TMS allows for the stimulation of two parts of the brain, which enforces or interferes with brain signals. Dual site TMS stimulation is currently done with two independent coils which are placed on the head and allows for error when placing [3]. The use of a single TI TMS coil for dual site stimulation could allow for a more focused and consistent stimulation for use with dual site TMS.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b4e1798b44486dc72cdc09d88679fc02.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ac996f625495b00087f051deb8cd6da7.jpg)

Temporal Interference for Dual Site Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Microplastics (MPs) in ocean environment are a kind of environmental pollution. Many papers have reported potential influences on the ocean and even terrestrial environment [1], [2]. MPs are plastic fragments with diameter smaller than 5 mm. Since chemicals easily stick to MPs, MPs work as a carrier of harmful substances such as Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl (PCB). Small fish or crustaceans eat the polluted MPs, and this may result in bad digestion or deterioration of health conditions. Since the number of MPs has been increasing [3], the development of MP collection method from the ocean is an urgent task towards the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [4]. Several methods for MP collection have been proposed, such as collections by floatation, ultrasonic, and filter. However, these methods are not capable of processing a large amount of seawater, and the collection is intermittently conducted. One promising solution is using a strong magnetic field and its high gradient, i.e., a magnetic separation [5]. When a strong magnetic field with high gradient is applied to water including MPs, MPs experience a large magnetic force compared to water. Meanwhile, recently, the performances of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets have been increasing. Currently, &gt;15-T class magnets are easily available, and they can be applied to MP collectors from ocean. In this research, we propose a conceptual idea of MP collector from ocean environment using a high field HTS magnet. Fig. 1(a) shows the schematic view of the proposed MP collector. To evaluate the performance, we developed a fluid simulation code based on a particle method, coupled with magnetic field analysis. Fig. 1(b) shows one simulation case where the magnetic field with constant gradient of 12.5 T/m was applied to the tank of MP collector. As shown in Fig. 2, the proposed device gathers approximately 90 percent of the injected MPs. The details related to the optimal magnetic field or force acting on the magnets are presented at the conference.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a117d6fb91ae4052000a9a62e3e7f635.jpg)

(a) Schematic view of proposed microplastic collector and (b) simulation result.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/82add84e06e8a750daaa6a14d37be3c2.jpg)

Simulated MP concentration and collection ratio.

Conceptual Design for Microplastic Collection Device from Seawater with High Field HTS Magnet

In previous works, we presented the results of the dynamics of the air-magnetic fluid interface under the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field of the moving ring magnet [1, 2]. A distinctive feature of the used magnetic systems is the presence of the magnetic levitation area, with the help of which it becomes possible to control the dynamics of non-magnetic inclusions in the magnetic fluid. This work presents the results of further studies, in which the experiments were performed in microchannels of various configurations with injection of a non-magnetic phase using the syringe pump. In addition to the dynamics of gas inclusions in a magnetic fluid in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, the behavior of non-magnetic droplets of various liquids is presented. The influence of the parameters of the magnetic field and the properties of a magnetic fluid on the dynamics of non-magnetic inclusions and the size of detached bubbles and drops is investigated. It was found that the feed rate of non-magnetic inclusions and external hydrostatic pressure do not affect the size of gas bubbles and non-magnetic drops detached from the levitating main volume. The ability to control the size of non-magnetic inclusions is shown using an external magnetic field and concentration of the magnetic fluid. The results presented in the work can be used to develop microfluidic counters and controlled dispensers of non-magnetic inclusions. The investigation was carried out with the support of part of the implementation of the state task for 2020 (No 0851-2020-0035).

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bbf4b3226914678eaa7b1eb99bd0c3c3.jpg)

Data of video recording of the position of the interphase boundary of the volume of a nonmagnetic fluid in a magnetic fluid before, at and after the detachment of a nonmagnetic drop from it in an inhomogeneous magnetic field of a ring magnet

Dynamics of nonmagnetic inclusions in a microchannel with a magnetic fluid in an inhomogeneous magnetic field

1. Introduction Random numbers are an important resource in a science and engineering, such as numerical simulations, cryptography and machine learning. A Faster and simpler true random number generators (TRNG), which employs physical phenomena as a noise source, is needed. However, the TRNGs that is compact and faster than GHz is not realized yet. We focused on the magnetic-domain patterns in magnetic garnets as a noise source for TRNG. The magnetic domain can be generated repeatedly and chaotically, and converted to digital value at few Gbit/s by image sensors. The random numbers that generated from the labyrinth magnetic-domain patterns were passed the statistic randomness test (NIST SP800-22) [1]. In this study, other types of magnetic domains were investigated as the noise source. 2. Experimental Sputtered-polycrystalline bismuth substituted yttrium iron garnet (Bi:YIG) films on glass and gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrates, and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) holmium iron garnet (HoIG) film were investigated. About 3,000 magnetic domain images of each garnet were captured using a polarized light microscope, as shown in Fig. 1.The obtained images were processed to random sequence. The data process was composed of binarization, stable-pattern removal, bit-shift, and XOR. A hundred of the 10 Mbit sequences were generated and evaluated by the randomness test (NIST SP800-22) [2]. 3. Result and discussion A hundred of the 10 Mbit sequences were generated and tested. The results of the randomness test is shown in table 1. The NIST SP800-22 includes 15 periodicity tests. The p-value more than 0.01 indicates that the sequence is non-periodic (random). The pass rates on the table 1 is a ratio of the statistically random sequence. The pass rate more than 0.97 is passed the randomness test. The all samples passed almost of all tests. The low-score with the FFT test could be improved by optimization of the data processing. These results suggest that the random sequences could be generated from many types of magnetic domains.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bbfed28ef748ffa07826d0dfadee0b7a.jpg)

Fig. 1 Polarized microscope image of the garnet films

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2e23a6fc4c63ad65100ccc4c69f12268.jpg)

Table. 1 Result of SP800-22 for 100×10Mbit sequences

Number Generation from Different Types of Magnetic Domain Images

Aircraft propellers are a constant source producing excessive vibrations and noise due to aerodynamic loads imposed in flight. Such vibrations are transmitted to the cockpit and aircrews are inevitably exposed to the high levels of vibrations during flight. The prolonged exposure to severe vibrations due to extended missions can cause the discomfort and fatigue of the occupants, reducing the ability to make correct judgement and appropriate actions during the flight. One of effective way to provide comfortable work environment to occupants is to design a seat equipped with vibration absorbers that can isolate or reduce the unwanted vibration transmitted from the cockpit floor to occupant body. In this study, the adaptively tunable magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)-based vibration absorber was proposed for achieving better vibration reduction performance of a propeller aircraft seat. Since MREs are one of smart materials that can change their key physical properties by external stimuli, MRE-based vibration absorbers can provide both variable stiffness and damping by adjusting the magnetic field. As a result, MRE-based vibration absorbers have an adaptively tunable capability working at wider frequency range that can overcome the narrow operating frequency limitation of passive vibration absorbers. In this study, the simple but effective design of the MRE-based vibration absorber for a propeller aircraft seat was presented (Figure 1). In order to effectively concentrate the magnetic field generated from the electromagnet into the MRE pad areas, the electromagnetic analysis was also conducted by using a finite element method. Based on this analysis, the MRE-based vibration absorber was fabricated. The damper force characteristics of the MRE-based vibration absorber was experimentally evaluated by using an Instron material testing device. In order to confirm the tunability of the MRE-based vibration absorber, the frequency responses with respect to applied current inputs was experimentally obtained (Figure 2).

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/916bf925ae3a3874b07730e6331d4772.jpg)

Figure 1. MRE-based vibration absorber for a propeller aircraft seat

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4ece2ead9c2a1228811bea21fba1ab33.jpg)

Figure 2. Frequency responses of the MRE-based vibration absorber

Adaptively Tunable Magnetorheological Elastomer-Based Vibration Absorber for a Propeller Aircraft Seat

Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is an important means of detecting the existence and localization of magnetic targets [1-2]. With the improvement of magnetic sensor technology, MAD has very large application prospects [3]. The traditional magnetic signal processing method cannot greatly improve the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) while also restoring the target’s characteristic [4]. Our research about Full Magnetic Gradient Orthonormal Basis Function [5] solves the problems of the low SNR of the magnetic anomaly signal, the influence of the sway of the magnetic gradiometer platform. But it can only detect the existence of the target and cannot obtain the characteristics of the target. In this paper, based on the full magnetic gradient tensor which contains huge spatial magnetic field information, we analyze the factor of each component in the target magnetic abnormal signal. A target’s moment direction estimation method has been proposed, the flowchart is shown in Fig. 1(a). This method can estimate the target magnetic moment direction in 3-D Cartesian coordinates with a resolution of 30°. We have simulated 100 sets of targets with different magnetic moment sizes and distances, and the accuracy of the estimation of the target magnetic moment direction is 100% (Fig.1 (b)). The SNR is increased by 25.8 times on average (Fig.1 (c)). We put the magnetic moment of the target in 6 different directions and conducted 10 experiments in each direction (Fig.2 (a)). The original signal and the processed signal are shown in Fig. 2(b). The accuracy of the target magnetic moment estimation and the improvement of the SNR are shown in Fig. 2(c). Compared with the traditional signal processing method, the proposed method can estimate the magnetic moment direction of the target while greatly improving the SNR and the performance is not affected by the shaking of the sensor carrier. These are very helpful properties for the fast and large-scale detection of magnetic anomalies, such as aeromagnetic prospecting, medical micro-robot positioning.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/bf68a5cc9966d2332fdd9e999ddbe513.jpg)

Fig.1. (a) Flowchart. (b) Accuracy of simulation experiment. (c) SNR after processing

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/2bca62b102c9aba3182ee4d796ca8b0e.jpg)

Fig.2. (a) Experimental device. (b) Original and processed signal. (c) Result of field experiment.

Magnetic Moment Direction Estimation Method Based on Full Magnetic Gradient Orthonormal Basis Function

Chiral molecules are the building blocks of most biomolecules and underlie many biochemical processes. A novel phenomenon called Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) has emerged in recent times wherein electron polarization in chiral molecules translates to spin polarization [1]. It has been observed in DNA, proteins etc.[2]. Due to lack of inversion symmetry in chiral molecules a Rashba type spin orbit coupling (SOC) arises, which causes spin-filtering in chiral molecules. Here, we seek to model CISS in a 2-D channel material with a square lattice within the NEGF formalism, by adding an imaginary component originating from SOC to the Hamiltonian. This is motivated by the idea of chiral artificial receptors for enantioselective electronic noise sensors, capable of distinguishing between enantiomers [3]. The channel, assumed to be chiral, has a chiral electric field from the atoms present, the direction of which is used to probe the chirality of the channel. The chiral molecules break structure inversion symmetry but preserve time reversal symmetry, and so to break the degeneracy of the electrons a direction of propagation must be chosen [4]. The results in Fig. 2 show us that on selecting a direction of propagation by applying a bias we do get a particular spin polarization. The polarization gets reversed on changing the chirality of the channel. The spin polarization in the 2-D channel attests to its chiral nature, which can be utilized to sense chiral molecules. In an attempt to explore CISS in another work, we have included CISS into electron-phonon coupling and studied its effect on inelastic electron tunneling.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/14fc154d8c83a7e59b3ee6140fbeac08.jpg)

Fig. 1(a) A 2D channel with the spin-orbit coupling; γ is the on-site energy βx, βy are the nearest neighbour coupling in x and y direction respectively. (b) The mirror image of the chiral field used to probe the chirality in the channel.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cebc1edc4387fb3cf5bf284472d85f70.jpg)

Fig. 2(a) The transmission of up-spin and down-spin electrons in the channel of right-handedness. The spin polarization in the channel due to difference in the up-spin and down-spin transmission, P= (Tup – Tdown )/(Tup + Tdown), P reverses on changing the chirality.(b) The plot of electron concentration in the channel (sign implies the spin of the electron).

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A rapid magnetic serological test for COVID-19

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