United States

Semiconductors nanowires (NWs) with strong spin-orbital interaction, like InSb and InAs nanowires, are a leading platform for realizing future computing devices, such as Datta-Das spin-transistor1 and topological-superconductor quantum computing devices2 using Majorana zero modes. Coupling nanowires to electrical spin-selective contacts, therefore, is an important step as it can, on the one hand, provide a setting to study spin transport in quantum wires, and on the other hand could enable the realization of Majorana devices that do not require an applied magnetic field, by taking advantage of the magnetic exchange interaction or spin accumulation. Here, we will discuss our measurements on InSb NW devices with iron (Fe) electrical contacts3 (see Figure 1, scanning electron microscopy picture). Conductance measurements show conductance quantization and Fabry–Pérot interference, clearly demonstrating phase-coherent and ballistic electronic transport with spin-polarized currents. Our magnetoconductance study clearly demonstrates spin injection/ transport across the NWs by the observation of hysteretic spin-valve signals (Figure 2a). Moreover, we show that electrostatic gating tunes the observed hysteretic signal and reveals a transport regime where the device acts as a spin filter (Figure 2b). *Supported primarily by the Department of Energy under Award No. DE-SC-0019274. Nanowire growth was supported by the European Research Council (ERC HELENA 617256), and the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).References: 1. Datta, S. &amp; Das, B. Electronic analog of the electro-optic modulator. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.56, p.665–667 (2016) 2. Mourik, V. et al. Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices. Science., Vol.336, p.1003–1007 (2012) 3. Yang, Z. et al. Spin Transport in Ferromagnet-InSb Nanowire Quantum Devices. Nano Lett., Vol 20, p.3232-3239 (2020)

MMM 2020

Ballistic Spin Transport in InSb Nanowires with Strong Rashba Spin-Orbital Interaction

The 65th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MMM 2020) was held in a virtual form. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated uncertainty about international travel and the ability to gather in large groups, meant that the Steering Committee decided to cancel the face-to-face meeting that had been planned in Palm Beach, Florida November 2-6, 2020.

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Semiconductors nanowires (NWs) with strong spin-orbital interaction, like InSb and InAs nanowires, are a leading platform for realizing future computing devices, such as Datta-Das spin-transistor1 and topological-superconductor quantum computing devices2 using Majorana zero modes. Coupling nanowires to electrical spin-selective contacts, therefore, is an important step as it can, on the one hand, provide a setting to study spin transport in quantum wires, and on the other hand could enable the realization of Majorana devices that do not require an applied magnetic field, by taking advantage of the magnetic exchange interaction or spin accumulation. Here, we will discuss our measurements on InSb NW devices with iron (Fe) electrical contacts3 (see Figure 1, scanning electron microscopy picture). Conductance measurements show conductance quantization and Fabry–Pérot interference, clearly demonstrating phase-coherent and ballistic electronic transport with spin-polarized currents. Our magnetoconductance study clearly demonstrates spin injection/ transport across the NWs by the observation of hysteretic spin-valve signals (Figure 2a). Moreover, we show that electrostatic gating tunes the observed hysteretic signal and reveals a transport regime where the device acts as a spin filter (Figure 2b). *Supported primarily by the Department of Energy under Award No. DE-SC-0019274. Nanowire growth was supported by the European Research Council (ERC HELENA 617256), and the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).References: 1. Datta, S. & Das, B. Electronic analog of the electro-optic modulator. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.56, p.665–667 (2016) 2. Mourik, V. et al. Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices. Science., Vol.336, p.1003–1007 (2012) 3. Yang, Z. et al. Spin Transport in Ferromagnet-InSb Nanowire Quantum Devices. Nano Lett., Vol 20, p.3232-3239 (2020)

technical paper

A variety of chemical and physical procedures could be used for synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. However, these methods are fraught with many problems with the use of toxic solvents, generation of hazardous by-products, and high energy consumption. Accordingly, there is a vital need to develop environmentally benign procedures for the synthesis of nanoferrites. A promising approach to achieve this objective is to exploit the array of biological resources in nature. Indeed, over the past several years, plants, have been used for production of low-cost, energy-efficient, and nontoxic metallic nanoferrites. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with plants. This innovation is particularly compensating as far as decreasing the poisonous quality caused by the conventionally integrated NPs. Aloe Vera leaf extract is a medicinal agent with multiple properties including an antibacterial effect. Moreover, the constituents of Aloe Vera leaves include lignin, hemicellulose, and pectins which can be used in the reduction of nanoferrites. The magnetic nanoferrites (Fe, Co, Ni) were prepared by an eco-friendly hydrothermal method using an Aloe Vera plant extract solution as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. Magnetic nanoferrites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, VSM and SEM. Cytotoxicity were obtained using the MTT assay. X-ray diffraction analysis also demonstrated that the size range of the nanoferrites exhibited average diameters of 7- 19 nm. Results showed that all the metallic nanoparticles are magnetic with values Fe= 52 emu/g, Co= 33 emu/g and Ni=7.1 emu/g. The magnetic nanoferrites exhibited high cell viability rate at high concentrations signifying their non-toxic property. The magnetic nanoferrites produced in this study by green synthesis methodology from leaf extract of Aloe Vera needs to be further evaluated and could find greater biomedical application.References: K. Schulze, A. Koch, B. Schopf and A. Petri, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 293, pp. 419-432, (2005). S. Das, C. Dickinson, F. Lafir and D. Brougham, Green Chemistry, Vol. 14, pp. 1322–1334, (2012). M. Ferrari, Nature Reviews Cancer, Vol. 5, pp.161-171, (2005). M. Venkatachalam, G. Parthasarathy and P. Gowthaman, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), Vol. 2, pp. 1570-1575, (2016). T. Neuberger, B. Schopf and H. Hofmann, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 293, pp. 483–496, (2005).

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4, CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 from Aloe Vera Extract for future Biomedical Applications

Magnetic order at the atomic scale has received considerable attention due to its potential application in spin transistors1-2, quantum computing3-4 , and ultra-dense memories5-6 . Although one dimensional (1D) magnetic systems have been intensely studied theoretically, the experimental determination of the extent and persistence of short- and long-range magnetic interactions, and how these interactions are affected by boundary conditions induced at the end of the chains remain unknown. We report structural and magnetic properties of ultra-short 1D iron chains subject to controlled boundary conditions. These iron chains are grown using iron phthalocyanine (FePc) thin films and FePc/ metal-free-phthalocyanine (H2Pc) superlattices (SLs), in which their length is precisely controlled by the thickness of the deposited FePc layers, and boundary conditions by electronic hybridization at the end of the chains. The electronic hybridization and local bonding environment is observable by element selective X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Ultra-short 1D iron chains between 7 and 200 atoms long become ferromagnetic below 5 K, and their magnetic response is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions imposed on the end atoms. The coercive field increases with the iron chain length with hybridized boundaries, whereas in chains not subject to hybridization the coercive field remains constant. A quantitative, semi-classical model based on the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction, provides an understanding of these observations, in good agreement with experimental results. Work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants No. 1804414 and 1805585. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.References: 1. S. Datta, B. Das, Appl Phys Lett 56 (7), 665-667 (1990) 2. I, Zutic, J. Fabian, S. Das Sarma, Rev Mod Phys 76 (2), 323-410 (2004) 3. V. A. Dediu, L. E. Hueso, I. Bergenti, C. Taliani, Nat Mater 8 (9), 707-716 (2009) 4. A. J. Leggett, S. Chakravarty, A. T. Dorsey, M. P. A. Fisher, A. Garg, W. Zwerger, Rev Mod Phys 59 (1), 1-85, (1987) 5. Sinitskii, A.; Fursina, A. A.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Higginbotham, A. L.; Natelson, D.; Tour, J. M., Appl Phys Lett 95 (25), 253108 (2009) 6. Sinitskii, A.; Tour, J. M., ACS Nano 3 (9), 2760-2766 (2009)

Twisted Magnetism in Ultra-Short 1D Iron Chains with Hybridized Boundaries

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) semiconductors hold enormous potential for modern optoelectronic and ultra-low powered devices. By inducing long-range ferromagnetism (FM) in these semiconductors through the introduction of small amounts of a magnetic dopant, it is possible to extend their potential in emerging spintronic applications [1,2]. Our recent study showed that room temperature magnetism is achieved in V-doped WS2 monolayers [3], while still maintaining its characteristic optical properties. In this work we demonstrate light-mediated, room temperature FM, in V-doped WS2 monolayers. We probe this effect using the principle of magnetic LC resonance [4], which employs a soft ferromagnetic Co-based microwire coil driven near resonance in the radio frequency regime. Combining LC resonance, with an outstanding giant magneto-impedance effect, renders the coil highly sensitive to changes in the magnetic flux through its core. The V-doped WS2 monolayer is placed at the core of the coil where it is excited with a laser, while its magnetic permeability is probed by the coil. We found that the magnetic permeability of the monolayers is dependent on laser intensity, confirming light control of room temperature magnetism in this two-dimension material. Density functional theory calculations lead us to understand that this phenomenon is a consequence of an accumulation of excess holes in the conduction and valence bands, as well as carriers trapped in the magnetic doping states, which in turn mediates the magnetization of V-WS2 monolayers. These findings provide a promising route to exploit light-controlled FM in two-dimensional TMD based spintronic devices.References: [1] Dietl, T. A ten-year perspective on dilute magnetic semiconductors and oxides. Nat. Mater. 9, 965-974 (2010) [2] Dietl, T., Bonanni, A. & Ohno, H. Families of magnetic semiconductors – an overview. Journal of Semiconductors 40, 8 (2019) [3] Zhang, F., et. al. Monolayer Vanadium-doped Tungsten Disulfide: A Room-Temperature Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01965 [4] Ortiz Jimenez, V., et. al. A magnetic sensor using a 2D van der Waals ferromagnetic material. Sci. Rep. 10, 4789 (2020)

Light-mediated magnetism in atomically thin vanadium-doped tungsten disulfide semiconductors

Inducing magnetism in graphene has been an important challenge since its discovery. In the dilute regime, magnetic impurities are expected to couple to the Dirac electrons via the Kondo effect in a paramagnetic phase. In the less dilute regime, magnetic impurities in graphene may develop long-range magnetic order mediated by the conduction electrons via the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida (RKKY) interaction. Today, the Kondo and RKKY-exchange physics of Dirac electrons in graphene is still elusive while theory predicts competition between a non-trivial Kondo unscreened phase against a RKKY-coupled phase. Considerable experimental efforts have been devoted in this context, with the local magnetic moments originating from carbon vacancies, from adsorption and intercalation (of atoms, clusters or molecules), and from substitutional foreign atoms. Here, we report the incorporation of substitutional manganese (Mn) atoms into graphene as a model case of magnetic doping with transition metals. Ultra-low energy (ULE) ion implantation allows us to precisely tune the kinetic energy of Mn ions, providing control over the form of incorporation and concentration while preserving the structural and electronic properties of graphene [1]. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM) together with density functional theory (DFT), we identified and characterized point defects that are associated with substitutional-Mn in a carbon single vacancy (Fig.1). These results are complemented by synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), among others. The new insights provided by our work establish a framework for the controlled incorporation of magnetic dopants in graphene and other 2D materials, using ULE ion implantation.References: [1] P. Willke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, (2014), 111605

Magnetic doping of graphene with substitutional manganese atoms

Ferromagnetic semiconductors (FMSs) are promising materials for spintronics applications because they are compatible with the highly established semiconductor technology. Although the prototypical FMS (Ga,Mn)As was intensively investigated, it shows low Curie Temperature (TC ≤ 200 K) with only p-type conduction [1]. Recently we have successfully grown Fe-doped III-V FMSs with high TC and both n-type and p-type conduction; p-type (Ga,Fe)Sb (TC = 400 K) [2] and n-type (In,Fe)Sb (TC = 385 K) [3]. In this work, we extend our study to a quaternary-alloy FMS, (In1-x-y,Gax,Fey)Sb. This new FMS allows us to widen the degree of freedom in designing the material properties, including lattice constant, band structure, carrier type and magnetic anisotropy. We investigate the epitaxial growth, transport and magnetic properties of (In1-x-y,Gax,Fey)Sb thin films with different Fe concentration y and Ga concentration x. The sample structure consists of (from top to bottom) InSb (2 nm) / (In1-x-y,Gax,Fey)Sb (15 nm) / AlSb (100 nm) / AlAs (6 nm) / GaAs (100 nm) on a semi-insulating GaAs(001) substrate, grown by low-temperature molecular-beam epitaxy (LT-MBE). Fig.1 shows an X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the (In0.74,Ga0.1,Fe0.16)Sb sample. The XRD and other characterizations including scanning transmission electron microscopy and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) indicate that the (In,Ga,Fe)Sb layers grown by LT-MBE maintain the zinc-blende crystal and band structure without any other second phases. Carrier concentrations and TC are estimated from Hall measurements and Arrott plots of the MCD intensity vs. magnetic field (MCD - H) curves, respectively. In (In0.84-x,Gax,Fe0.16)Sb samples (x = 2, 6, 8, 10%), the carrier type can be changed between p-type and n-type by changing x while high TC > 300 K is maintained [Fig.2]. These materials are promising for device applications such as spin diodes and spin transistors. This work was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 16H02095, 18H05345), the CREST Program (JPMJCR1777) and PRESTO Program (JPMJPR19LB) of JST, and the Spin-RNJ.References: [1] L. Chen et al, Nano Lett., Vol. 11, p.2584 (2011). [2] S. Goel et al, PRB., Vol. 99, p.014431 (2019). [3] N. T. Tu et al, APEX., Vol.12, p.103004 (2019).

Properties of quaternary-alloy ferromagnetic semiconductor (In,Ga,Fe)Sb

Two-dimensional magnetic materials are of great interest for fundamental science and advanced applications while dilute magnetic semiconductors captured worldwide interest by combining magnetism with electronics. MnGaN-2D is an ultimately-thin, 2D-DMS material, consisting of a dense, well-ordered layer of Mn, Ga, and N atoms. MnGaN-2D shows room-temperature ferromagnetism as previously demonstrated with spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy as a function of applied magnetic field. This was also predicted by first-principles theoretical calculations which reveal the origins of the ferromagnetism through its highly spin-split and spin-polarized electronic structure.[1] The SP-STM results are recently confirmed by SQUID magnetometry which reveals perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and a high spin-polarization of ∼79% at room temperature.[2] New results for this novel system also suggest the possibility of magneto-elasticity. Theoretical calculations reveal sensitivity of the spin polarization to lattice strain. Spin-orbit coupling is included in the calculations, which indicate either out-of-plane or in-plane anisotropy, dependent on the type of strain whether compressive or tensile. Clear evidence for both compressive and tensile local lattice strains is found by detailed analysis of atomic resolution STM images which reveal a wide, non-Gaussian range of lattice spacings (-18% to + 18% variations), unlike normal materials. Furthermore, scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, showing the spin-polarized filled states manganese peak, find fluctuations in the electronic position of the peak from spectrum to spectrum. The FSMP position is also found to fluctuate, depending on lattice strain, in the theoretical calculations, thus indicating a connection between electronic states and magnetic anisotropy in this RT ferromagnetic 2D layer.References: [1] Yingqiao Ma, Abhijit V. Chinchore, Arthur R. Smith, María Andrea Barral, and Valeria Ferrari, A Two-Dimensional Manganese Gallium Nitride Surface Structure Showing Ferromagnetism at Room Temperature, Nano Letters, Vol. 18, p. 158 (2018) [2] Yingqiao Ma, Diego Hunt, Kengyuan Meng, Tyler Erickson, Fengyuan Yang, María Andrea Barral, Valeria Ferrari, and Arthur R. Smith, Local strain-dependent electronic structure and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of a MnGaN 2D magnetic monolayer, Physical Review Materials, Vol. 4, p. 064006 (2020)

Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism and Strain-dependent Magnetic Anisotropy in 2D MnGaN

Spin transfer (ST) effect is a consequence of angular momentum conservation [1-3], one of the three fundamental conservation laws in nature. We use fully quantum simulations of scattering of spin-polarized electron wavepacket by a ferromagnet modelled as a 1d spin-1/2 chain [4], as illustrated in Fig.1, to show that energy and momentum conservation laws impose strong restrictions on the characteristics of magnetic excitations generated by spin transfer. We found that two groups of magnons are generated by ST in this 1d system, forward-propagating magnons with large energy Ef, and backward-propagating magnons with small energy Eb . Analysis shows that the backward-propagating magnons are generated by the reflected electron component, while the forward-propagating magnons -by the transmitted electron component, with the values of energy and momenta of the generated magnons determined by the changes of the corresponding characteristics of the electron wave [Fig.2]. We also show a converse effect – dependence of the scattered electron’s characteristics on the dynamical characteristics of the magnetic system. In particular, variations of magnetic anisotropy result in the variations of energy of the scattered electrons, and of the probability of electron reflection. For large anisotropy, electron reflection is completely suppressed, and only one group of magnons is generated. Our results demonstrate that quantum magnetism plays an important role in magnetoelectronic phenomena. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award # DE-SC0018976.References: 1. J. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1 (1996). 2. L. Berger, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353 (1996). 3. D. Ralph and M. Stiles, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 1190 (2008). 4. P. Mondal, et al, Phys. Rev. B 99, 094431 (2019).

Energy and momentum conservation in spin transfer.

Efficient spin injection into semiconductors remains a formidable and elusive challenge even after almost three decades of major scientific effort, studded by obstacles and only partial workarounds. Few years ago, I predicted the possibility of injecting massive ultrashort spin current pulses across a ferromagnetic metal/semiconductor interface [1-2]. We have now proved experimentally the prediction [3]. By injecting strongly out-of-equilibrium sub-picosecond spin current pulses across a bare ferromagnet/semiconductor interface, we have overcome the crippling problem of impedance mismatch and obtained a massive spin transfer. We demonstrated this by producing ultrashort spin current pulses into cobalt and injecting them into monolayer MoS2. The semiconducting MoS2 layer also acts as a selective converter of the spin current into a charge current, whose THz emission is then measured. As predicted, we measured a giant spin current, orders of magnitude larger than typical injected spin current densities in modern devices.References: [1] M. Battiato, K. Held, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 196601 (2016) [2] M. Battiato J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 174001 (2017). [3] L. Cheng et al., Nature Physics 15, 347 (2019).

Far out-of-equilibrium spin populations trigger giant spin injection into atomically thin MoS2

Tunneling spin injection on graphene is possible by using different materials as barriers1–3. However, the growth of ultra-thin tunnel barriers leads to the creation of pinholes, which in turn causes direct ohmic contact and a large suppression of spin polarization. This occurs due to a fundamental limitation known as the resistance mismatch problem4, which limits spin injection when the resistance of an injector contact, , is lower than the spin resistance of the graphene channel, . This is the result of contact-induced spin relaxation, which greatly decreases the measured spin signals5. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative approach to grow ultra-thin tunnel barrier contacts made by oxidizing aluminium on top of previously functionalized graphene. We show that molecular functionalization of graphene allows the growth of smooth, high quality tunnel barriers, leading to contacts with increased spin injection efficiency and enhanced spin signals by one order of magnitude. The functionalization process consists on the laser activated physisorbtion of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) molecules on graphene. This laser controlled photoreaction enables us to control both the spatial location and the degree of functionalization, as visualized by Raman spectroscopy maps via the intensity ratio of and peaks (ID/IG). We assess the quality of the oxide barriers using atomic force microscopy, charge transport and spin transport measurements. These results open the path towards engineering spintronic devices with spatially controlled functionalization and efficient tunnel contacts.References: Tombros, N. et al, Nature 448, 571–574 (2007). Tombros, N. et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 2–5 (2008). Han, W. et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 167202 (2010). Schmidt, G. et al, Phys. Rev. B 62, R4790–R4793 (2000). Maassen, T. et al, Phys. Rev. B 86, 235408 (2012).

Spin Injection Enhancement via ultra-thin Oxide barriers into Molecularly Functionalized Graphene

The non-local spin valve (NLSV) is an important tool in spintronics, primarily due to its ability to isolate pure spin currents1. As such, NLSVs have been instrumental in spin transport measurements of a wide range of materials2. Yet, even in relatively simple systems, questions remain on the impact of interfaces, defects and impurities3–5. Of particular interest is an increase in the “spin-signal”, ΔRNL, under large magnetic fields (up to 9 T) in all-metallic NLSVs6, in stark contrast to the key tenet that ΔRNL is invariant under a magnetic field. This effect, which appears only for certain combinations of FM and normal metals, has been a long-standing mystery and, thus far, has been a challenge to describe with existing models. Our earlier works on similar materials have shown that a low temperature upturn in spin-relaxation rate, 1/τs, originates from magnetic impurity (MI) scattering near the NLSV interfaces5,7, underlining the importance of the Kondo effect in determining spin-relaxation, particularly in Cu devices. In this study we demonstrate MI scattering as the origin of the field enhancement of ΔRNL, and we provide a theoretical framework. By correlating the magnitude of the field enhancement, δRNL, with the NLSV material pairings, we ascertain that δRNL is only present in those materials that can host MI moments (Figure 1). Next, focusing on Cu/Fe NLSVs, we extract spin-transport parameters from the field-enhanced ΔRNL. Under zero-field, we observe the same increase in 1/τs at low temperatures (Figure 2), due to Kondo scattering from MIs, in agreement with our previous work5. Importantly, we show that this mechanism is quenched by a magnetic field and we successfully model the data using a magnetic-field-modified Kondo expression8. This work not only highlights a systematic overestimation of 1/τs in materials containing MIs, including a clear impact on Hanle spin relaxation measurements, but also provides a simple means to quantify and suppress this scattering mechanism.References: 1 F.J. Jedema, M.S. Nijboer, A.T. Filip, and B.J. van Wees, Phys. Rev. B 67, 085319 (2003). 2 I. Zutić, J. Fabian, and S. Das Sarma, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004). 3 H. Idzuchi, Y. Fukuma, L. Wang, and Y. Otani, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 022415 (2012). 4 E. Villamor, M. Isasa, L.E. Hueso, and F. Casanova, Phys. Rev. B 87, 094417 (2013). 5 L. O’Brien, M.J. Erickson, D. Spivak, et al., Nat. Commun. 5, 3927 (2014). 6 K. Výborný, G. Mihajlović, A. Hoffmann, and S.I. Erlingsson, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25, (2013). 7 J.D. Watts, L. O’Brien, J.S. Jeong, et al., Phys. Rev. Mater. 3, 124409 (2019). 8 V.I. Litvinov, Phys. Status Solidi 77, 71 (1976).

Ballistic Spin Transport in InSb Nanowires with Strong Rashba Spin-Orbital Interaction

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