France

Cyberspace is often accused of dehumanizing interpersonal relationships. However, it is, in fact, the theatre of new forms of expression of emotions. Emotional reactions, which are by nature spontaneous, are here carefully formulated. In cyberspace, when the user has an emotional reaction and wants to communicate it to his interlocutor, he will automatically take into account the context in which he is expressing himself. He will, therefore, tend to modulate the expression of his emotions according to the person he is talking to, the type of conversation they are having and the means of communication they are using.
Computer-mediated communication has inevitably changed how the individual relates to the world and those around him. In particular, the notions of time and space have changed dramatically (Kramsch, 2009). The spatio-temporal shift, which characterises virtual interactions, allows users to hide their identity and the subjective motivation to communicate. In other words, users can create any kind of reality and identity through more or less truthful statements. Moreover, this discrepancy strongly influences the way interlocutors interact and express their emotions. Kramer et al. (2014) showed how an emotion expressed on Facebook influences the emotions of other users. Exposure to a large number of positive messages will lead users to post positive messages.
When the user interacts in cyberspace, the emotions he is feeling dissipate instantly, before he has time to express them in writing. This is because emotions only last a few milliseconds. Therefore, the user can, more or less voluntarily, decide how to verbalize his emotional reactions. Thus, virtual communication can be considered as emotive communication. Contrary to emotional communication, where the individual expresses his emotion at the very moment he feels it, emotive communication is characterised by the description of the emotion once it has dissipated (Plantin, 2011). In other words, emotive communication is closer to the notions of performance, rhetoric and persuasion (Arndt and Janney, 1991). Emotions can, therefore, be staged to influence the speaker’s reactions and behaviour.
This contribution aims at investigating three different types of hate speech produced and spread on the Internet: jihadist propaganda, anti-migrant and antisemitic messages. More precisely, the goal is to examine the way the expression of emotions (pathos) contribute to both creating a reliable and legitimate éthos, and reinforcing the arguments advanced by the speaker (logos) (Perelman and Olbrecht-Tyteca, 1988). Since in hate speech the other plays a crucial role, particular attention will be paid to the notion of otherness. Staszak (2008) defines otherness as “the results of a discursive process by which a dominant in-group (“Us”, the Self) constructs one or many dominated out-groups (“Them”, Other) by stigmatizing a difference – real or imagined – presented as a negation of identity and thus a motive for potential discrimination” (p. 2). According to Lagorgette and Larrivée (2004), when the target of hate speech (i.e., the other) is not the speaker’s addressee, the addressee is a witness of the target’s diminishment. Therefore, this may allow the speaker to either create or reinforce the coalition with the addressee, that is the in-group (Goffman, 1967). This contribution then questions the way the expression of both positive and negative emotions allows the user to distance the in-group from the out-group (Van Dijk, 2006). Furthermore, we will see how cyberspace influences the delimitation of the border drown between the in-group and the out-group. 
Three corpora were then collected: as far as jihadist propaganda is concerned, the study was conducted on the French jihadist online magazine Dar al-Islam. As far the anti-migrants and antisemitic discourses, the two corpora were collected from user-generated comments on YouTube. The reason is twofold: on the one hand, YouTube’s represents “a large repository of user-generated information” (Madden et al., 2013, p. 698); on the other hand, social networks would nurture the emergence of hate speech (Monnier and Seoane, 2019). In order to identify the specificities of each corpus as well as their differences and similarities, a qualitative discursive analysis was conducted. We will see how, in jihadist propaganda, the in-group is presented as a community chosen by God whose goal is to fight the disbelievers, whereas in both anti-migrants and antisemitic discourse, the in-group is perceived as a victim of the out-group. However, contrary to migrants, who are presented as inferior, Jews are seen as a powerful and rich community. By identifying and analysing both the differences and similarities of these three types of hate speech, this study aims at determining the core elements of the verbalisation of hate speech on the Internet.

Languaging Diversity 2021

The use of emotions in online hate speech: between discursive strategy and manipulation

computer-mediated communication

emotions

hate speech

## **The Linguistic Construction of Emotional Challenges in a Changing Society**


**Languaging Diversity** is the itinerating conference of the [I-Land Interuniversity Research Centre](https://www.unior.it/index2.php?content_id=14038&content_id_start=1&titolo=i-land-research-centre&parLingua=ENG), an international independent and interdisciplinary center for advanced studies in Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities with a focus on the key notions of identity and diversity, from a linguistic, cultural, and gender studies perspective, in and across cultures. 

Following the six successful events hosted by the Universities of Naples (2013), Catania (2014), Macerata (2016), Cagliari (2017), Antwerp (2018) and Teruel (2019), the seventh edition of the Languaging Diversity Conference (LD2021) will be organized by the University of Lille, France. Due to the COVID-19 ongoing pandemic, the event will be held exclusively online via the virtual conference management platform [Underline](https://underline.io/).


**Focus **

The 7th edition of the Languaging Diversity Conference (LD2021) focuses on the emotional challenges that result from the social innovations of the last two decades, and on the way such experiences are expressed in discourse. Conference convenors invite papers and posters that investigate the intersection of emotion, communication and social change, also within the framework of digital communication. The contributions presented at the LD2021 conference will explore the expression of emotion(s) at the different levels of linguistic description (phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, semantic, pragmatic, discursive), and in texts and contexts related to traditional and digital genres in different domains, including (but not restricted to) health, medicine and science, media, politics, the law, academia, the world of corporate and institutional work, education and learning. 


**Conference convenors**

* Giuditta Caliendo, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Maarten Lemmens, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Mégane Lesuisse, Université de Lille & STL, France

 
**Scientific Committee**

* Giuseppe Balirano, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘l’Orientale’, Italy
* Henry Hernandez Bayter, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Stéphanie Caët, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Giuditta Caliendo, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Bert Cappelle, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Paola Catenaccio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
* Emmanuelle Canut, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Stefania D’Avanzo, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
* Ilse Depraetere, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Emilia Di Martino, Università degli Studi ‘Suor Orsola Benincasa’, Italy
* Antonio Fruttaldo, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘l’Orientale’, Italy
* Dariusz Galasiński, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Poland
* Kim Grego, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
* Siria Guzzo, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
* Geert Jacobs, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
* Samantha Laporte, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Maarten Lemmens, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Mégane Lesuisse, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Jeannette Littlemore, University of Birmingham, UK
* Julien Longhi, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, France
* Corinne Oster, Université de Lille & CECILLE, France
* Paolo Mairano, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Antonella Napolitano, Università del Sannio, Italy
* Maria Cristina Nisco, Università degli studi di Napoli ‘Parthenope’, Italy
* Annick Rivens Mompean, Université de Lille & STL, France 
* Margaret Rasulo, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
* Catherine Ruchon,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord -Pléiade, France
* Hans-Jörg Schmid, LMU München, Germany
* Jerome Tessuto, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy


[**Organizing Committee**](https://ld2021.sciencesconf.org/)

* Giuditta Caliendo, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Justin Duquesnoy, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Océane Foubert, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Lola Marinato, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Maarten Lemmens, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Mégane Lesuisse, Université de Lille & STL, France
* Sayf-Eddine Mohamed, Université de Lille & STL, France

**Keynote Speakers**

**Maïa Ponsonnet**
<iframe width=640 height=360 style="border:0;" scrolling="no" src="https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crQUbGV6Kgz" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe>

**Jeannette Littlemore**
<iframe width=640 height=360 style="border:0;" scrolling="no" src="https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/cr6i2TVX2d0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe>

**Andrea Scarantino**
<iframe width=640 height=360 style="border:0;" scrolling="no" src="https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crQUbEV6KgI" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe>

To access the **Languaging Diversity 2021** conference, please remember to [register.](https://ld2021.sciencesconf.org/registration) 

Languaging Diversity  is the itinerating conference of the I-Land Interuniversity Research Centre, an international independent and interdisciplinary center for advanced studies in Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities with a focus on the key notions of identity and diversity, from a linguistic, cultural, and gender studies perspective, in and across cultures. 

poster

Language – a means of communication used by humans within a society – enables people to interact to one another, to communicate emotions, and to develop emotions into specific categories.
The relationship between language and emotion has been explored in different research fields, such as psychology, anthropology, linguistics, neuroscience. However, little corpus-based sociolinguistic research on how speakers convey their emotions in formal contexts has been carried out (Schweinberger, 2019). At present, there is little scientific consensus on the definition of emotion. From a psychological perspective, it is often assumed that emotion categories hold a universal
essence; similarly, research on the emotion of lexicon argues that language is a representation of emotion categories which already exists (Lindquist & Barrett, 2008b). Whereas, anthropological research has revealed that the degree of emotional expressivity, verbally and non-verbally varies from culture to culture (cf. Wilce, 2009).
This paper examines emotions which are conveyed by lexicon. Typically, emotions conveyed by words can be either explicit – represented by their core meaning – or implicit – represented by connotations. We first define the psychological construct of ‘emotion’, and refer to the Conceptual Act Theory (cf. Barrett, 2017), according to which basic elements represent sensations from inside (affect) and outside the body (e.g. vision), categories experienced in a given culture, and executive attention (Lindquist & Barrett, 2012). We employ sentiment analysis to investigate the social stratification of emotions. The sentiment analysis we refer to is based on the Word-Emotion Association Lexicon source (Mohammad and Turney, 2013), which comprises 10,170 lexical items. These words were assigned scores on the bases of ratings gathered through the Amazon Mechanical Turk service (see Schnoebelen &
Kuperman 2010; Yu & Lee 2014; D’Onofio & Eckert, 2020 for discussion of the validity of use of Mechanical Turk for linguistic research). Commonly, most of the carried-out sentiment analysis only distinguishes between positive vs. negative emotions. Here, however, we explore the eight specific core emotions (anger, anticipation, fear, disgust, joy, sadness, surprise, and trust) in more detail by including them in the statistical model, which is described below.
We built a small-scale corpus from web-based newspapers which contain leading articles, editorials, and letters to the editors from The Cook Island News and The Cook Islands Herald. For the quantitative analysis, we use a mixed-effects logistic regression model with a binary dependent variable: emotional vs. non-emotional lexical items. The independent variables include (a) type of emotion (positive vs. negative vs. neutral), (b) the eight core emotions, (c) class word (e.g. nous,
adjectives, verbs), (d) sex of the author, (e) author, and (f) word-frequency. The latter is one of variables involved in language processing and is commonly studied in psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, corpus linguistics (Mickiewicz, 2019). To account for word-frequency we use the SUBTLEX-US corpus (Brysbaert & New, 2009). Both ‘author’ and ‘word’ will be included in the statistical model as random intercepts. 

The emotionality of lexicon in Cook Islands English online news

Background
Although there is no proof that older people become infected by SARS-CoV-2 more than younger people do (WHO 2020), “[e]xisting literature suggests that age is an important predictor of poor outcomes among patients with COVID-19” (Mills, Kaye, Mody 2020: 1). This leads to older adults (globally agreed upon as people aged 60 years and older, WHO 2018) having converted into an even more vulnerable social group during the 2019- global pandemic. To the physical and psychological fragilities connected with ageing, an entire new set of issues has indeed added itself to their conditions, as the virus impacted on this population harder. One such problematic aspect is the economic disadvantage at which high numbers of seniors have found themselves to be, for instance in the United States of America, “according to estimates from the Elder Index, a county-level measure of the income needed by older adults to meet basic needs” (Li, Mutchler 2020: 478). Nursing homes and long-term care institutions, by definition inhabited by elderly citizens, also contributed to making them subject to early, sudden and repeated outbreaks of the disease (Chen, Chevalier, Long 2021). Yet another demographic datum is that the older population that was either killed or severely affected, at various levels, by COVID-19 was mostly represented by women (Peterman et. al. 2020). 

Aims and methods
Whether female seniors fell victim to the pandemic more than their male counterparts due to force majeure, since women over 60 are a statistically larger group than men (UN 2019), is one of the research questions this study intends to address. Another thesis will be explored, though, according to which “COVID-19 has exacerbated issues that already left older women at a significant disadvantage compared to men” (Zycher 2020). In order to investigate and evaluate the two differing positions, a discursive analysis of information about older females who have been and are being affected by the pandemic will be carried out. The depictions and representations of this specific social group shall be reconstructed and compared against hard data, from a perspective that definitely stems from Critical Discourse Studies (e.g. Wodak, Meyer 2015; Flowerdew, Richardson 2018), but will not hesitate to delve into research from other fields such as economics, sociology, health(care) and medicine, statistics and more, whenever necessary. Studies on ageing and (female) gender (e.g. Ylänne 2012, Anderson 2019) will necessarily also be consulted. 

Material
The relationship between older women and COVID-19 will be explored in English-language a) academic research; b) texts authored, edited, published, distributed or ultimately endorsed by governmental and supra-governmental organisations (the US, the UK and other English-speaking developed countries, the EU, the WHO, etc.); c) mass media news, when reporting data and information stemming from a) and b). Due to the ample variety of text types and genres considered, and to the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the time of writing is far from over, though it has entered the mass vaccination phase in early 2021, the texts for analysis are expected to be collected and thus scrutinised following quality- more than quantity-based criteria. 

Expected results and relevance
The research behind this proposal is currently work-in-progress. Results are expected to contribute, firstly, to ageing studies, at the beginning of the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030); secondly, to women-focused studies – a wording suggested as preferable to ‘Women’s Studies’, because it includes not only Women’s Studies as such but also Sex and Gender Medicine (Grego et al. 2020) and socio-economic disciplines when they focus on women. The latter, non-linguistic perspectives will of course be drawn upon only insofar as they prove functional to producing remarks on the discursive constructions and social critique conveyed by language. Methodologically, it is hoped this study may add itself to those contributing to the consolidation of trans-disciplinary approaches, which by today no longer need to be considered innovative and desirable but a necessity, if research is to address increasingly complex phenomena affecting people at a global level and creating and modifying social vulnerabilities at an unprecedented pace worldwide. 

Old, female and COVID-19+: issues of age and gender in the midst of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

In therapeutic encounters, patients from different ethnic backgrounds are required to communicate their emotions, often in a state of distress, to therapists who may not share their idea of therapy, and who patients feel have not shared their experiences, which may have led to their mental health state (Barden and Williams, 2007; Tribe, 2014). Due to the non-proficiency in the English language, some of these patients may not be able to communicate with therapists or express their emotions as they do in their first languages (L1) (Kennedy, 2015, Pavlenko, 2006). This is because the emotion words used to describe their distress not only depend on the personal experience, but in fact the meaning of distress is often culturally linked to the language of sorrow, which tends to feel emotionally weaker when interpreted into a foreign language (Lx) (Bamberg, 1997; Costa, 2010). As a result, therapists may fail to connect with patients or misinterpret the meaning of their emotional expressions. Therefore, this paper focuses on exploring how Pakistani, Somali and Yemeni (PSY) patients in Sheffield, UK use language to articulate their emotions, the emotional words or phrases they use to describe their emotions and how culture and/or religious beliefs may influence the expressions of such emotions or affect patients’ engagement with therapy. A qualitative interpretive approach using qualitative data collection methods including participant observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews has been used in order to understand the meaning of the intercultural communication encounter.  Results showed that the use of physical complaints to express emotional distress amongst PSY patients centred mainly on the description of the heart and how it impacts both on the mind and body (Haque and Keshavarzi, 2014), which appears to be based on Islamic teaching and reflect on their personal identities (Haque and Kamil, 2012). Participants were also found to use idioms of distress and rhetorical strategies such as metaphors, Quranic verses, and analogies that were shaped by the traditional norms and cultural and religious practices of each group to communicate their emotions (Blenkiron, 2005; Tair and Edward, 2006). These lexical items, which were layered with culturally different meanings, were not always adequately interpreted or understood by therapists. These lexical items drew attention to the complexity of communicating the emotions in cross-cultural therapeutic encounters, in which the communication can be quite a difficult task to achieve between patients and therapists.

The expression of emotions and their cultural ties to Pakistani, Somali and Yemeni patients' views of the world in cross-cultural therapy

The effects of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic have been wide reaching and the ways in which communication now takes place has fallen in line with such changes. The rise in use of telecommunication is prevalent within all fields of most note education, business and of course medicine. Indeed, the way in which patients now interact with doctors also most frequently takes place through teleconsultations, business meetings take place predominately online and teaching and learning follow the same trend. 

These changes in our everyday lives have brought with them an array of emotions and psychological challenges connected to themes of isolation, fear, illness as well as depression. The discursive representation of emotions has been studied in literature in line with emotions in the workplace (Ahuja, Heizmann & Clegg, 2019; Moisander, Hirsto & Fahy, 2016), student behaviour (Zsuzsa & Bendix Petersen, 2015) as well as mental health and illness (Sointu, 2016; Pavlova & Berkers, 2020). The current circumstances have also led the scientific community to recognise and investigate the challenges connected to adapting our lives and the effects of stress in this period with particular attention paid to the amount of time spent online (Horesh & Brown, 2020). 

Indeed, this has also opened up discussion into the perception of ourselves online in our new roles, new modes of interaction as well as our physical appearance. The representation of the latter has been relatively well explored discursively particularly in terms of social media. Studies have investigated discourses connected to beauty and physical appearance in a variety of ways with a particular focus on the female body as well as the concept of body image and even body dysmorphia (Aanesen, Notøy & Berg, 2020; Lewallen & Behm-Morawitz, 2016; Khanna & Sharma, 2017). The innovative and sudden introduction of such frequent remote communication has brought the concept of our own body-image under greater scrutiny. We now find ourselves faced with our own images on the screen for prolonged periods of time (a new vision of ourselves for many) and this has led to pause for reflection on the potential psychological and  even emotional consequences in some cases. This is turn seems to be leading to a greater interest and increase in requests for cosmetic surgery, the so-called “Zoom Boom” (Meeson, 2020). 

A key purpose of plastic surgery is restoring one’s physical appearance and/or function (following trauma or cancer) or enhancing it for aesthetic purposes in the case of cosmetic surgery. However, plastic surgery is an elective field of surgery and the current circumstances have led to many cancellations and rescheduling of surgeries. Aside from the backlog of patients that then ensues, the wait can also have a drastic impact on the patient’s psychological well-being. Despite this, patients wishing to enhance their physical appearance are still considering cosmetic surgery, where possible, as the current lockdown (and smart working) makes the healing time more feasible with less downtime and time away from work (Meeson, 2020). 

Therefore, this study poses the following research questions: 
•	What kinds of discourses exist surrounding choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery during a pandemic?
•	How has the pandemic impacted on emotional moods and levels of depression during lockdown leading to a greater awareness of our physical appearance and wish to enhance it? 
•	To what extent has telecommunication influenced the choice to undergo cosmetic surgery? 
•	Has the perception of one’s self been distorted through the digital image constantly under scrutiny through remote communication?

The corpus in question will be collected through the creation of an online ethnographic sociolinguistic questionnaire which will be distributed through social networks and email as well as semi-structured sociolinguistic interviews carried out in online cosmetic surgery focus groups. The study will combine sociolinguistic analysis (Milroy & Gordon, 2003) and corpus linguistics tools (Baker, 2010) employing a qualitative, quantitative and statistical analysis in order to investigate the abovementioned research questions. The lines of enquiry will explore the social variables of gender and age and a linguistic analysis will be carried out with particular attention to the ideological, psychological as well as metaphorical content.

Results are expected to reveal that the pandemic and the diffusion of remote communication is likely influenced by the psychological effects of lockdown, lower moods and a potential distortion of one’s own perception. 

References 
Aanesen, S. M., Notøy, R., & Berg, H. (2020). The Re-shaping of Bodies: A Discourse Analysis of Feminine Athleticism. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01751
Ahuja S, Heizmann H, Clegg S. (2019) Emotions and identity work: Emotions as discursive resources in the constitution of junior professionals’ identities. Human Relations. 72(5): 988-1009. doi:10.1177/0018726718785719
Baker, P., (2010). Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press. 
Horesh D, Brown A.D. (2020) Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma. 12(4): 331-335. doi: 10.1037/tra0000592 
Lewallen J, Behm-Morawitz E. (2016). Pinterest or Thinterest?: Social Comparison and Body Image on Social Media. Social Media + Society, 2 (1). doi:10.1177/2056305116640559
Khanna, A., & Sharma, M. K. (2017). Selfie use: The implications for psychopathology expression of body dysmorphic disorder. Industrial psychiatry journal, 26(1), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_58_17
Meeson, S. (2020). Why plastic-surgery demand is booming amid lockdown. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200909-why-plastic-surgery-demand-is-booming-amid-lockdown (Last accessed 27.02.2021)
Milroy. L. & Gordon, M. (2003). Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation. Blackwell Publishing. 
Moisander, J.K., Hirsto, H, Fahy K.M. (2016) Emotions in Institutional Work: A Discursive Perspective. Organization Studies. 37(7): 963-990. doi:10.1177/0170840615613377
Pavlova, A. & Berkers, P. (2020). Mental health discourse and social media: Which mechanisms of cultural power drive discourse on Twitter. Social science & medicine (1982), 263 doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113250
Sointu, E. (2016). Discourse, Affect and Affliction. The Sociological Review. 64(2): 312-328. doi: 10.1111/1467-954X.12334
Zsuzsa, M. & Bendix Petersen, E. (2015) Complicating ‘student behaviour’: exploring the discursive constitution of ‘learner subjectivities’  Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 20:1, 20-34, doi: 10.1080/13632752.2014.947097



The "Zoom boom" in cosmetic surgery: a corpus-based linguistic analysis

Contemporary research in the field of media and communication underlines the importance of ‘subcultures of consumption’ (Schouten and McAlexander, 1995), ‘brand communities’ (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001), or ‘consumer tribes’ (Cova, Kozinets and Shankar, 2007) in addressing potential buyers. These studies additionally acknowledge that one of the most important and successful strategies adopted in selling specific products is represented by the creation in buyers of a desire for belonging that “may be satisfied through social interaction surrounding products or services” (Mardon, Molesworth and Grigore, 2018, pp. 1-2). Such feeling of belongingness is based on the discursive creation of ‘tribes’ whose members are bound together by “shared emotions, styles of life, new moral beliefs and consumption practices” (Cova and Cova, 2001, p. 67). And nowadays, online platforms and social networking sites (SNSs) have increasingly provided digital ‘spaces’ where tribe members may construct and experience a collective identity which is conveyed predominantly via linguistic cues and genre constraints that allow members to recognise themselves and be recognised as belonging to that community and, most notably in the case of consumption practices, in the products that are being sold to them.
On the basis of this background, the present study wants to investigate the particular case of YouTube beauty gurus, an online consumer-centred community that focuses on beauty-related issues addressed via vlogs (García-Rapp, 2017; Riboni, 2017a, 2017b, 2020). In particular, the specific evaluative resources and generic constraints will be highlighted that define the contours of the linguistic practices adopted by the online beauty community embodied in the ‘emotion work’ (Hochschild, 1983) that manages and regulates viewers’ feelings so as to enhance interpersonal relationships, resulting in ‘emotional labour’, i.e. the commodification of feelings of belongingness. Therefore, the ensuing investigation will examine the generic structure and discursive ‘tribe’ construction found in beauty product reviews uploaded by the most popular and influential beauty gurus on YouTube. In analysing such data, special attention will be paid to the construction of digital landscapes for culture-specific communities of affective practice (Balirano, 2020) so as to better understand how people forge alignments and negotiate meanings through digital practices (Zappavigna and Martin, 2018, p. 4).

References
Balirano, Giuseppe 2020. Of Rainbow Unicorns: The Role of Bonding Queer Icons in Contemporary LGBTIQ+ Re-Positionings. Ocula 21 (22), 46–60. DOI:10.12977/ocula2020-7.
Cova, Bernard / Cova, Veronique 2001. Tribal Aspects of Postmodern Consumption Research: The Case of French In‐Line Roller Skaters. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review 1 (1), 67–76.
Cova, Bernard / Kozinets, Robert V. / Shankar, Avi 2007. “Tribes, Inc.: The New World of Tribalism”. In Cova, Bernard / Kozinets, Robert V. / Shankar, Avi (eds), Consumer Tribes. London/New York: Routledge, pp. 3–26.
García-Rapp, Florencia 2017. ‘Come Join and Let’s Bond’: Authenticity and Legitimacy Building on YouTube’s Beauty Community. Journal of Media Practice 18 (2-3), 120–137.
Hochschild, A. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Mardon, Rebecca, / Molesworth, Mike / Grigore, Georgiana 2018. YouTube Beauty Gurus and the Emotional Labour of Tribal Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research 92, 443–454.
Muniz, Albert M. / O’Guinn, Thomas C. 2001. Brand Community. Journal of Consumer Research 27 (4), 412–432.
Riboni, Giorgia 2017a. Between Professionalism and Amateurship: Makeup Discourse on YouTube. Lingue Culture Mediazioni 4 (1), 117–134.
Riboni, Giorgia 2017b. The YouTube Makeup Tutorial Video: A Preliminary Linguistic Analysis of the Language of “Makeup Gurus”, Lingue e Linguaggi 21, 189–205.
Riboni, Giorgia 2020. Discourses of Authenticity on YouTube: From the Personal to the Professional. Milan: Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto. 
Schouten, John W. / McAlexander, James H. 1995. Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of the New Bikers. Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1), 43–61.
Zappavigna, Michele / Martin, James R. 2018. #Communing Affiliation: Social Tagging as a Resource for Aligning around Values in Social Media. Discourse, Context & Media 22, 4–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2017.08.001.


The emotional labour of beauty standards: the case of YouTube beauty gurus

It has often been pointed out that metaphor is particularly important among linguistic expressions of evaluation. However, there have been very few studies investigating the relation between evaluation and metaphor, this is explored in this study in the context of online news reports. The aim of this study, conducted within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, is the analysis of the mechanisms of evaluation operating in metaphors related to the concept of ANGER. 
This corpus-assisted study explores the metaphorical representations of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 in a French news outlet. The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the rhetorically, cognitively and corpus-oriented approach to metaphor known as Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) developed by Charteris-Black (2004). 
The analysis aims to explore the attitudinal evaluation of the metaphorical representation of the emotion of ANGER in social movements. The results revealed that ANGER is mostly conceptualised as a force of nature, and that expressions of ANGER are evaluated as insecurity and dissatisfaction.

Anger in Social movements: Evaluative analysis of conceptual metaphors

The technological changes in the sphere of production that we have witnessed in the last 10 years have been of such significance as to be called “Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Industry 4.0), thus an important step beyond the “Digital Revolution” of the late 20th century. Innovations such as robotics, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and the development of algorithms, all point in the same direction: that of reducing human intervention in the production process to a minimum. 
Indeed, fears have emerged that artificial intelligence will create a huge reserve army of labour. The working and middle classes worry that computers and machines will end up taking their jobs and this will leave individuals and families with no possibilities of earning a leaving for themselves. These fears are very real and create growing anxiety among workers. 

Nonetheless, human labour is still needed in many different moments in the process of production and distribution of the goods that we consume. Thus, we are now in a situation in which human and artificial intelligence interact, with the latter taking up the role that once was of the line manager in the Fordist factory – dictating the speed and quality of work required – in many “traditional” industries, or directly as a substitute for the employers, as it is the case in the uberised ones, such as food delivery. This situation has serious implications for workers’ rights as well as for the construal of their identity as workers. Indeed, “workers governed by AI […] often fall through the cracks of employment legislation both with respect to their employment status as well as protections from discrimination and unfair dismissal.” (Walker et al., 2021, p. 29). 

The issues of identity referred to above constitute a major problem for organising resistance to unfair practices in the “workplace”, but recently some new forms of organisation have started to emerge. 
A case in point is the attempt at organising the workforce of one of the most famous and powerful tech giants, Alphabet, which is the corporation that owns Google, among many other enterprises. Indeed, on January 4th, 2021 the new Alphabet Workers Union was launched to combine “the struggle for the soul of Alphabet with the broader working-class struggle in America and around the world” as the organisation states in its website (Alphabet Workers Union, 2021, p. Section Meet CWA). Issues of identity are addressed in the homepage of the union, with relational clauses (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) such as “we are empathetic workers”, and “we are technologists who trust each other” (Alphabet Workers Union, 2021, sec. Home), that attach emotions and feelings to the members of the Union. 
Using language that does not shy away from feelings is something unusual in the history of organised labour, so we could say that innovation in the production process has finally produced innovation in the language of union mobilisation and its communicative techniques. 

This paper aims at describing this new, emotional language of the Alphabet Workers Union as a form of resistance to the dehumanising rule of the algorithm. It is expected that, in the process, the anxieties and fears of the workforce will be highlighted and defined. At the same time, positive feelings and emotions attached to the re-humanising experience of pursuing a shared and collective goal are also bound to emerge.
The corpus analysed in the paper is made up of texts belonging to different genres so as to fully represent the social practice of union organising in all its semiotic aspects, from the most public to the ones used for internal communication (Askehave & Swales, 2001; Bhatia, 2008, 2015; Martin, 2014; Swales, 1990). The ideational and textual aspects of individual texts are analysed in depth through Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), while the analysis of the interpersonal aspect, i.e. the way in which social relationships are enacted through linguistic choices, is undertaken through the ‘appraisal’ paradigm developed by Martin and White (2005) as a system that accounts for the use of “semantic resources used to negotiate emotions, judgements, and valuations” (Martin, 2000, p. 145). 

References

Alphabet Workers Union. (2021). Alphabet Workers Union. Alphabet Workers Union. /
Askehave, I., & Swales, J. M. (2001). Genre identification and communicative purpose: A problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 22(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.2.195
Bhatia, V. K. (2008). Towards Critical Genre Analysis. In V. K. Bhatia, J. Flowerdew, & R. H. Jones (Eds.), Advances in Discourse Studies (pp. 166–177).
Bhatia, V. K. (2015). Critical Genre Analysis: Theoretical Preliminaries. HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 27(54), 9–20.
Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.). Hodder Education.
Martin, J. R. (2000). Beyond Exchange: APPRAISAL Systems in English. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson, Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (pp. 142–175). Oxford University Press.
Martin, J. R. (2014). Looking out: Functional linguistics and genre. Linguistics & the Human Sciences, 9(3), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v9i3.307
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge University Press.
Walker, M., Fleming, P., & Berti, M. (2021). ‘You can’t pick up a phone and talk to someone’: How algorithms function as biopower in the gig economy. Organization, 28(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420978831


Organising in the Industry 4.0: the rise of the "Empathetic Union"

                                                                           Abstract
This study considers a multilingual and culturally diverse post-Soviet country – Kazakhstan, where most of the population is bilingual or multilingual. In order to reverse the pre-colonial Russification, in the post-colonial period, the country has raised the status of Kazakh as the national language. However, Russian is kept as the language for inter-ethnic and regional communication, and English is adopted as the language of international communication. This small-scale study uses the concept of lifestyle diglossia (Saxena, 2014) to understand and explain the macro- & micro-level language practices in  ‘regulated spaces’ and ‘unregulated spaces’ (Sebba, 2009) through the following research questions: (1) What are the attitudes of the participants towards the languages in their language repertoire?; (2) What are their patterns of language use in different domains at macro-level?; and (3) What are their patterns of language use in digital communication at micro-level? The participants in the study were 19 family members of master’s students at Graduate School of Education. The participants were divided into three groups by age: Teenagers (10-19), Younger Adults (20-39), and Middle-aged Adults (40-59). Questionnaires conducted among the participants were consisted of eleven questions, that were employed to elicit macro-level data on language repertoire, language attitudes and language use in three different domains, such as family, friendship, and education. The micro-level language use data in different contexts of digital communication (viz., WhatsApp, Telegram and Instagram) were collected over a period of three weeks during the course Multilingual Society in the Spring’21. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit participants’ attitudes towards languages in their repertoires and their language choices in the social networks. The results of the study revealed a high competence in the Kazakh language use and a positive attitude towards it were on the rise among the youngest participants, notably by teenagers. However, mainly the Russian language was favoured and accepted as the most prestigious language among the younger adults and middle-aged participants. Although the respondents’ English language competence varies, the attitude towards learning it as a foreign language was positive among all three age groups. Moreover, the micro-analysis of digital communication revealed multi-modal code-switching among these languages. Besides, code-mixing, borrowings, neologisms, abbreviations, emoticons, and shortenings were mainly used by the respondents in their digital communication in all age groups. Based on the study results, the decision tree was drawn to depict language choice depending on the formal/informal settings, intimate/non-intimate topics, serious/non-serious issues and characterized the equal usage of all languages for different purposes. 

References:
Saxena, M. (2014). ""Critical diglossia"" and ""lifestyle diglossia"": Development and the interaction between multilingualism, cultural diversity and English. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2014(225), 91-112. 
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2013-0067  
Sebba, M. (2009, June 18-20). Unregulated spaces. Plenary lecture at the conference on “Language Policy and Language Learning: New Paradigms and New Challenges”. University of Limerick, UK. 

A Small-Scale Study: Patterns of Language Choice in Families in Multilingual Kazakhstan

The reborn subculture is widely perceived as macabre and unsettling, as online communities, as well as newspaper articles, blogs, and posts on social media, are generally prone to label collectors as ‘freaks’, and their reborns as ‘creepy’ and ‘nightmarish’. However, handling a hyper-realistic baby doll has been proven to significantly improve the psychological state of people who have dementia, depression, mood, and anxiety disorders, preventing moments of relapse and promoting feelings of attachment (Pezzati et al. 2014). Similarly, simulacra babies are sometimes proposed as a non-pharmacological coping mechanism to help parents overcome the traumatic experience of miscarriage, stillbirth, and child loss, protecting vilomahs from grief-induced depression, and other types of emotional and psychological distress related to mourning. 

Drawing on corpus-based approaches to text analysis, this paper investigates the synthetic relationships that collectors entertain with their baby dolls through an opportunistic corpus made up of online content. Studying the occurrence of specific keywords in discourses around the reborn subculture will highlight how ideologies on the trope of alternative and non-reproductive parenthood are developed and construed in discourse. Furthermore, a Qualitative Content Analysis of the data will show how the reborn subculture intersects with discourses on disability, and address Doll Therapy as a healing process for people who are grieving or are affected by (mental) health conditions.
The lack of linguistic research in this field may be a clear index of the taboo that this topic represents, which makes it urgent and interesting to put it under a magnifying glass. 



Reborn dolls, dementia, disability, and grief: the linguistic construction of synthetic parenting as non-pharmacological therapy

Language is important in inculcating cultural identities and forge one’s identity. Through one’s verbal or written interaction, the form of utterance or interlocution and the content or one’s choice of words will reflect complex and rich backgrounds of one’s national, strata or individual identity (Joseph, 2004). In the realm of second language acquisition (SLA) or foreign language learning (FLL), the conceptual link between identity and language acquisition in terms of pragmatics, discourse and sociolinguistics are greatly discussed (Anwaruddin, 2012; Edwards, 2009; Hernández, 2017; Morgan and Matthew, 2011; Pavlenko, 2006; Tamimi Sa’d, 2017; Menard-Warwick, 2005). A positive sense of identity obtained through English learning is also beneficial in motivating students to practice their agencies, facilitating not only the efficiency and effectiveness of learning but their social skills (Teng and Teng, 2019). Within the domain of language acquisition, one’s develop new idea and knowledge to add in their realm of identity. As a response to the current situation, over 1.7 billion of students worldwide has been affected due to school closure and the shift towards distance learning and blended learning in response to Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The impact of COVID-19 has affected education, social dynamics and caused unknown drawbacks to LGBT and students of non-Icelandic origins. As proposed by Doshi (2011), risk is assessed by anticipation of severity and precaution should be calibrated to risk. With that in mind, the aim of this research is to investigate the clashes and intersections of gender, race and ethnicity  within the domain of language acquisition after the pandemic in Iceland. 

	 In really understanding the challenges faced by LGBT and students of non-Icelandic origins, a mixed-method research will be conducted. Although the primary goal of this research is to find a big number of sample size to form a reliable and generalisable result (Kang and Wu, 2019; Adjerid and Kelley, 2018), a more realistic non-probability samples will be selected from the university students and secondary students until data saturation is reached (Strauss and Korbin, 1990). Should there be a need for primary students to participate, a new survey form will be obtained to cater to the level of the students. By using both quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect and analyse data a more pragmatic paradigm can be generated (Tashakori and Teddlie, 2008). To answer this exploratory question, an in-depth semi-structured interviews and questionnaires will be administered twice over twelve months to understand the experiences and the consistencies of students’ experiences in a gradual manner. As the existing literature to date points to the need of questionnaire measure focused on the unique minority stress experience faced by LGBT and students of non-Icelandic origins, modifications on an existing scale should be done. In order to revise the existing stress scale, a qualitative focus group and interviews should be generated. The scale will then undergoes pilot testing through web-based survey or through Google Forms. 


The use of emotions in online hate speech: between discursive strategy and manipulation

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