United States

**Abstract:**

Species invasions are major shapers of small insular ecosystems, due the frequent paucity of ecological interactions and low functional diversity of native island biota. Clipperton / La Passion (10°18′ N, 109°13′ W), a French overseas territory in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and the world&#39;s most isolated atoll (&gt;900 km from the closest land), has undergone multiple ecosystem shifts over the past centuries, driven by temporary human settlement and accidental species introductions. In the 1950s, these shifts led to the near extinction of the atoll&#39;s notoriously large seabird community, putatively linked to the presence of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Their removal in 1958 sparked a recovery of the marine avifauna, bouncing back from a few hundred breeders to more than 150,000 individuals today. In recent years, the atoll has been shown to host the world&#39;s largest known colony of masked boobies Sula dactylatra (~35,000 breeding pairs) along with growing numbers of brown boobies Sula leucogaster (8000 bp). However, the introduction of the black rat Rattus rattus in the early 2000s prompted a decline of native grazing crabs, causing a rapid increase of local plant cover and initiating the spatial redistribution of nesting habitats. We combined ground and aerial survey data collected over the 2000-2019 period to assess the size and spatial distribution of breeding seabird colonies on Clipperton island and monitor the recent spread of vegetated areas. Using metrics of habitat characterization, we observed an expected negative effect of plant cover and height (&gt;20cm) on the breeding of ground-nesting species. Overall, our results indicate that masked and brown boobies populations on Clipperton island have either remained stable or slightly grew in size from 2000 onward while the availability of ground-nesting habitats was continuously reduced by the rapid spread of creeping vines (Ipomoea pes-caprae, I. triloba) and sub-shrub plants (Sida rhombifolia). This study sets a baseline for discussing ecological processes at work since rat introduction and infer future habitat and demographic trends for breeding seabird populations on the atoll.

**Authors:**

Tristan Berr¹, Hélène De Méringo², Xénia Jost³, Christian Jost⁴, Pascal Dumas⁵, Éric Clua⁴, Robert Pitman⁶, Alexandre Millon⁷, Matthieu Le Corre⁸, Éric Vidal⁹

¹Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, ²Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d&#39;Écologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ³Independent, ⁴Centre de Recherches Insulaire et Observatoire de l&#39;Environnement, Université PSL, ⁵Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, ⁶Oregon State University, ⁷Aix Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité &amp; d&#39;Écologie, ⁸Université de la Réunion, ⁹Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

3rd World Seabird Conference

Tales of Clipperton: thriving boobies vs creeping vines on the world&#39;s most remote atoll

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rCc-s9eu6og" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JOLEP6uTMuc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>



Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Species invasions are major shapers of small insular ecosystems, due the frequent paucity of ecological interactions and low functional diversity of native island biota. Clipperton / La Passion (10°18′ N, 109°13′ W), a French overseas territory in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and the world's most isolated atoll (>900 km from the closest land), has undergone multiple ecosystem shifts over the past centuries, driven by temporary human settlement and accidental species introductions. In the 1950s, these shifts led to the near extinction of the atoll's notoriously large seabird community, putatively linked to the presence of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Their removal in 1958 sparked a recovery of the marine avifauna, bouncing back from a few hundred breeders to more than 150,000 individuals today. In recent years, the atoll has been shown to host the world's largest known colony of masked boobies Sula dactylatra (~35,000 breeding pairs) along with growing numbers of brown boobies Sula leucogaster (8000 bp). However, the introduction of the black rat Rattus rattus in the early 2000s prompted a decline of native grazing crabs, causing a rapid increase of local plant cover and initiating the spatial redistribution of nesting habitats. We combined ground and aerial survey data collected over the 2000-2019 period to assess the size and spatial distribution of breeding seabird colonies on Clipperton island and monitor the recent spread of vegetated areas. Using metrics of habitat characterization, we observed an expected negative effect of plant cover and height (>20cm) on the breeding of ground-nesting species. Overall, our results indicate that masked and brown boobies populations on Clipperton island have either remained stable or slightly grew in size from 2000 onward while the availability of ground-nesting habitats was continuously reduced by the rapid spread of creeping vines (Ipomoea pes-caprae, I. triloba) and sub-shrub plants (Sida rhombifolia). This study sets a baseline for discussing ecological processes at work since rat introduction and infer future habitat and demographic trends for breeding seabird populations on the atoll.

**Authors:**

Tristan Berr¹, Hélène De Méringo², Xénia Jost³, Christian Jost⁴, Pascal Dumas⁵, Éric Clua⁴, Robert Pitman⁶, Alexandre Millon⁷, Matthieu Le Corre⁸, Éric Vidal⁹

¹Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, ²Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Écologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ³Independent, ⁴Centre de Recherches Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Université PSL, ⁵Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, ⁶Oregon State University, ⁷Aix Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité & d'Écologie, ⁸Université de la Réunion, ⁹Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Tales of Clipperton: thriving boobies vs creeping vines on the world's most remote atoll

poster

**Abstract:**

Morphological and behavioural differences exist in many species. In rare instances these differences correspond to genetic differences at neutral molecular markers. On Kerguelen Island in the southern Indian Ocean, two species of seabirds, Kerguelen shag (Leucocarbo verrucosus) and gentoo penguin (<I>Pygoscelis papua), exhibit similar divergent behavioural and morphological patterns. Both species appear to have two main ecotypes based on foraging strategy. Colonies are either comprised of individuals who forage shallow waters or offshore in deeper waters. Differences in foraging strategy appear to be stable within a colony over time and correspond to morphological differences. On Kerguelen the differences between the ecotypes are so extreme that shags from 'inshore' colonies may be 60% lighter than individuals from 'offshore' colonies. To determine if these two foraging strategies have led to genetic differentiation, we used neutral markers to examine individuals from colonies containing the different ecotypes.

**Authors:**

Naomi Perkins¹, Juan Carlos Guevara-López², Charles-Andre Bost³, Theresa Burg¹

¹University of Lethbridge, ²Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, ³Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Microgeographic genetic differentiation in seabirds

**Abstract:**

Islands are biodiversity hotspots but are highly sensitive to disturbances, including the introduction of predatory mammals. While there have been considerable advances to the technology used to remove invasive mammals, little is known about the changes island communities experience during recovery. New Zealand - the world's largest seabird biodiversity hotspot - has cleared mammalian predators from >100 islands over several decades, providing a unique opportunity to quantify island recovery. Here, we examine seabird and vegetative changes at Pokohinu (Burgess) Island, predator-free for almost 30 years, of the Mokohinau Islands. In 2009, we documented seabird distributions, plant diversity, and soil depth across the island and performed smaller surveys in 2014 and 2019. We found an overall 62.5% increase in seabird burrow densities with a strong spatial overlap of species distributions. Diversity of plant species also significantly increased, possibly due to the increased abundance of seed-dispersing birds and the simultaneous expansion of invasive plant species. In addition, we performed burrow and vegetation surveys at other Mokohinau Islands that lack same extent of past human disturbance as Pokohinu, which is a retired lighthouse and farm. Seabird densities between islands were comparable but plant communities lacked many of the invasive species found at Pokohinu. Overall, our results suggest that vegetative cover might not be limiting nesting habitat availability within the Mokohinaus, as seabirds are able to utilize areas dominated by dense vegetation. We emphasize the importance of understanding vegetative succession during recovery periods which may help explain recolonization rates for more specialist species.

**Authors:**

Christy Wails¹, Gaia Dell'Ariccia², Todd Landers², Chris Gaskin³, Dave Towns⁴, Holly Jones¹

¹Northern Illinois Univeristy, ²Auckland Council, ³Northern New Zealand Seabird Trust, ⁴Auckland University of Technology

Keeping up with the tubenoses: Vegetative succession and seabird activity during passive island recovery

**Abstract:**

Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (MANWR) is the world's largest albatross colony and provides globally significant breeding grounds for over 20 avian species totaling more than 3 million birds in the North Pacific Ocean. Since 2015, invasive house mice (Mus musculus) have attacked and depredated hundreds of nesting adult albatross. Mouse eradication on MANWR is planned for the summer of 2020, but the broader ecosystem-level effects of this invasive species are largely unknown. Here, we investigate mouse diet in order to infer ecological impacts of mice and predict potential ecosystem response to mouse eradication. We combined eDNA metabarcoding/next-generation sequencing (NGS) and stable isotope analysis to construct house mouse diet composition. We collected (paired) fecal and hair samples from 318 mice across MANWR's Sand Island from April 2018 to May 2019. Mice were trapped approximately every 8 weeks among four distinct habitat types, so as to provide insight into temporal and spatial shifts. Preliminary results from NGS indicate that Laysan Albatross DNA occurs frequently in mouse diet, throughout the year and across habitats; mice also consume a diverse array of arthropods as well as plants, although the latter to a lesser degree. Stable isotope analysis reveals that mice have very high trophic positions, greater than that of Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) by more than 3%. Mouse trophic position does not vary seasonally, nor by habitat. Mice may preferentially consume seabird sources (likely through scavenging or preying on scavengers) for most of their diet; in turn, mouse diet could have implications for eradication operations in regard to bait palatability and availability of alternate food sources.

**Authors:**

Wieteke Holthuijzen¹, Elizabeth Flint², Jonathan Plissner², Coral Wolf³, Holly Jones⁴

¹University of Tennessee, ²U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ³Island Conservation, ⁴Northern Illinois University

Mice to eat you: uncovering the diet of invasive house mice

**Abstract:**

Fisheries are an important industry in the East Canadian Arctic as the sustainable development of the regions progresses. Each year millions of seabirds migrate to the region to breed and take advantage of the highly productive waters during the Arctic summer. While only a limited number of reports deal with Arctic fisheries seabird bycatch in Canada, published reports indicate that seabird bycatch in both the longline and gillnet fisheries for Greenland Halibut in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait is almost exclusively Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis). While population modelling suggests that this level of incidental take may be problematic for local populations, projected declines at the larger regional level are less severe. We present new data on the level of bycatch of northern fulmars in the eastern Canadian Arctic in relation to updated colony census performed in 2018 and 2020. It appears that while industrial offshore fishing in the region, which started in 2001, does not coincide with steep declines in fulmar populations in the region, there is an overall decline being observed at many of the colonies in the region suggesting that these populations may be vulnerable to further multiple stressors.

**Authors:**

Jennifer Provencher¹, Mark Mallory², Allison Anholt³, Brett Favaro³

¹Environment and Climate Change Canada, ²Acadia, ³Memorial University of Newfoundland

Seabird bycatch in the eastern Canadian Arctic

**Abstract:**

Phillip Island, Australia is home of one of the largest colonies of Little penguins, with over 32,000 breeding adults. Little penguins have been studied on the island since 1968. As sick and injured penguins were regularly found, a purpose-built Wildlife Clinic opened in the 1980s. Today, the Clinic cares for approximately 150 Little penguins annually, in addition to 300-400 other animals of over 60 different species. Rehabilitation success is often based on the number of animals successfully released from care. However, the fate of rehabilitated animals is hardly known or reported. Knowing the success of the rehabilitation efforts would allow for an assessment of the resources used as well as evaluating whether rehabilitated animals recover from the stress undergone while in care. Here we propose a more accurate indicator of success based on how many individuals are resighted after release. This study looked at how many adult Little penguins were resighted within a 12-year period (2005-2017) after being released from the Wildlife Clinic. The resight rates of Little penguins after rehabilitation was 49%, compared to 64% resight of control birds (penguins that were not rehabilitated), which was significantly different, χ2 (1, N = 107) = 5.50, p < 0.05. Although the difference between resights of the Clinic and the control birds was significantly high, almost half of the rehabilitated birds were sighted again in the breeding colony. Given the increasing number of diseases, incidents with human-penguin interactions and negative effect of climate on penguin food supply, the penguin rehabilitation efforts are worth doing.

**Authors:**

Paula Wasiak¹, Jodi Bellett¹, Rose Baulch¹

¹Phillip Island Nature Parks

Is it worth doing? Little penguin rehabilitation and release on Phillip Island

**Abstract:**

This poster aims to introduce The Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust (HSCT), a group formed from and by community members of a small seaside town in New Zealand's South Island: Kaikōura, whose scenic mountain backdrop is home to the rare and elusive Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) or tītī. Due to land use and predation pressures, the species nowadays survives in only two remaining wild colonies above 1200m asl and a third translocated colony on the Kaikōura Peninsula, where birds can breed safely behind a predator-proof fence. The already limited breeding habitat has recently been further reduced due to landslides and burrow collapse caused by the Kaikōura earthquakes in Nov 2016, which also killed an estimated third of the breeding population in the wild. The species is facing further pressure from being attracted to artificial lights of the Kaikōura township causing birds to crash land on roads where they often perish if not rescued in time. Next to members of the general public, the HSCT includes representatives of stakeholders such as the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC), landowners (McArthur family at Puhi Peaks Station and Tu Kete Trust) and Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura. Our aims are to encourage and support the conservation and sustainable management of the Hutton's shearwater to ensure flourishing populations of our Taonga (treasure) in the future, acknowledging the links between the mountains, the ocean, the sky and the people. We are working towards gaining greater ecological understanding of the species by facilitating research, mitigating threats, securing and managing the new colony and raising awareness of the 'plight of the tītī' through public outreach and education. While the HSCT has received support from DOC as well as a variety of local businesses and conservation groups over the years, we currently are in need of a new long-term sponsor to maintain as well as advance our vital conservation work. The poster will illustrate the different aspects of our work, weaving together the many strands of passionate and dedicated people doing their bit to look after their precious local seabird.

**Authors:**

Lorna Deppe¹

¹The Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust

The Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust: Community led conservation action

**Abstract:**

Within all higher organisms, lives a thriving ecosystem of microorganisms including, bacteria, viruses and fungi. These microorganisms are crucial for an animal's health, nutrition and physiology, playing an important role in digestion, protection against harmful pathogens, secretion and synthesis of essential vitamins, minerals and amino acids. So what microbes colonise the penguin gut and what functional pathways are involved? Previous studies using amplicon sequencing have assisted in the profiling of the microbial community within different penguin species. However, amplicon sequencing is restricted to a specific target region (bacteria, virus, and parasite) and due to the short read length is often unable to identify organisms to the species and genus level. This study used shotgun metagenomics to sequence the microbial community (including viruses) and the associated functional pathways of king, gentoo, macaroni and little penguins. Similar to previous studies species specific differences were observed between the four species. In addition a number of known pathogenic organisms were identified along with known avian and murine DNA viruses that have previously not been observed in penguins and 1 unknown virus. Over 2,600 functional pathways were identified in the study with significant differences between species overserved in approximately 2,000 pathways, with many of these pathways being present in little and macaroni penguins and absent in king and gentoo penguins

**Authors:**

Meagan Dewar¹, John Arnould², Peter Dann³, Phil Trathan⁴, Theo Allnutt⁵

¹Federation University Australia/IPECS, ²Deakin University, ³Phillip Island Nature Parks, ⁴British Antarctic Territory, ⁵Theo Allnutt Bioinformatics

Penguin Microbes

**Abstract:**

Identifying the species diversity of an ecosystem provides valuable insights into the impact of environmental changes, as well as ecosystem recovery. A large proportion of petrels and prions are listed as threatened, however, these species are often cryptic breeders and difficult to study. We assessed the value of incorporating DNA methods into field surveys to identify burrowing petrel species and distribution by using scats and feather samples collected near burrows as part of a monitoring program on Macquarie Island. A total of 330 samples were collected, with burrowing petrel DNA identified in 280 samples. Both scats and feathers yielded sufficient DNA to identify species. DNA from eight burrowing petrel species was identified across the island, including diving petrels and fairy prions that have rarely been detected on the main island. As well as species identification, this study found potential intra-specific genetic differences between the Macquarie Island population and voucher specimens previously collected on other sub Antarctic islands. This study highlights the utility of DNA methods to assess species diversity and distribution, and could be incorporated into future burrowing petrel studies to complement ground surveys.

**Authors:**

Julie McInnes¹, Jez Bird², Bruce Deagle³, Polanowski Andrea³, Justine Shaw²

¹University of Tasmania, ²University of Queensland, ³Australian Antarctic Division

Detecting cryptic burrowing petrels recovery post eradication in a remote landscape

**Abstract:**

Bioacoustics is increasingly being used to quantify the migration timings of avian species--with rises in vocal activity inferring arrival dates. Progress in this field may help inform the management of seabirds, whose phenologies are shifting due to climate change. However, there remains certain obstacles in analysing acoustic data. For one, the density of vocalisations in seabird colonies makes it difficult tease apart acoustic patterns in the soundscape, meaning call recogniser models can often be unreliable. Classification of individual vocalisations may be possible through machine learning, however building these models requires considerable effort and expertise. To resolve such issues, the outputs of acoustic indices may be used as proxies for vocal activity. Our research tests two commonly used indices in bioacoustics--the Normalised Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) and the Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI)-- on short-tailed tailed shearwater (STSH) acoustic data. We find that the ACI is a better predictor of STSH vocalisations when additional noise in the soundscape is minimal (e.g., wind, rain, penguin vocalisations), however, the NDSI is more robust to these disturbances. To provide a full picture of the soundscape of a STSH colony, future research should empirically test the rate in which STSH vocalisations increase during migratory arrival.

**Authors:**

Harrison Talarico¹, Jennifer Lavers²

¹University of Tasmania, ²Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS)

Using acoustic indices to detect the vocalisations of a burrow-nesting seabird, the short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris)

**Abstract:**

Seabirds use a diversity of marine habitats and thus offer scientists unparalleled access to these dynamic environments in the surface ocean. In addition to movement and biological data, biologging devices carried by seabirds can be used to collect in situ environmental data, effectively transforming seabirds into distributed environmental sampling platforms. Continued miniaturization of biologging devices, integration of multiple sensors, and customizable programming are all needed to facilitate collection of these ancillary data. To provide proof of concept and to refine environmental sampling via biologging devices we deployed three types of GPS-GSM biologging tags on Brandt's cormorants in the Columbia River estuary (Oregon, USA) in summer 2019 (n=20). We characterized dive shape in order to identify benthic dives - to be used as depth soundings. We tested the feasibility of measuring wave height, period, and direction with tags equipped with 3-axis accelerometers and magnetometers when birds rest on the water's surface. Similarly, we estimated surface currents from consecutive GPS locations. From a small subset of dives we measured water temperature and the temperature difference at the air-sea interface, exemplifying the utility of integrating a fast-response temperature sensor onto biologging tags for marine animals. Combined, this suite of oceanographic parameters can be assimilated with satellite data products to increase the skill of numerical models in assessing environmental conditions in littoral regions around the globe.

**Authors:**

Rachael Orben¹, Dylan Winters¹, Adam Peck-Richardson¹, Greg Wilson¹, Dorukhan Ardag¹, Tuba Özkan-Haller¹, Donald Lyons¹, James Lerczak¹

¹Oregon State University

Tales of Clipperton: thriving boobies vs creeping vines on the world's most remote atoll

Next from 3rd World Seabird Conference

Microgeographic genetic differentiation in seabirds

Similar lecture

Methodological improvements in uncertain classification of individual-level demographic measurements: Improving reliability of inferences from citizen-science and field data

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES