United States

**Abstract:**

Personality has been shown to influence reproductive performance and there is new evidence showing that personality is linked to pair-bond formation and development in birds. Personality predicts divorce rates in humans but whether personality is linked to divorce in wildlife species is still an open question. With access to 54 years of individual-based monitoring of a wandering albatross (Diomeda exulans) population in sub-Antarctica, we investigated whether the probability of divorce is linked to personality. We posited that shy males have a higher divorce rate in line with the &quot;forced divorce&quot; hypothesis whereby the intrusion of a third individual who outcompetes one member of the pair forces the divorce. Bold individuals may have a greater propensity to take risks and invest in current reproduction while shy individuals are showing greater behavioral plasticity to avoid risky conditions, and may not jeopardize their future survival for risky current breeding conditions. Consequently, bold males may be more likely to retain their partner in face of an intruder, while shy males are more likely to be outcompeted by an intruder. As expected, we showed that personality affects divorce: shy males have a higher divorce rate than bold males, but there was no such relationship in females. The lack of any significant relationship between female personality and divorce suggests highly sex-specific personality effects, that may be related to a male-skewed population whereby the rarer sex: the females have a greater chance to find a mate. Therefore, personality can have important implications in investigating the dynamics of pair-bond relationships, the evolution of mating strategies, and consequential lifetime outcomes in monogamous species.

**Authors:**

Ruijiao Sun¹, Stephanie Jenouvrier¹, Samantha Patrick², Christophe Barbraud³, Karine Delord¹, Henri Weimerskirch¹

¹Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, ²University of Liverpool, ³Centre d&#39;Etudes Biologiques de Chizé

3rd World Seabird Conference

Shy males are more likely to divorce in wandering albatross

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Personality has been shown to influence reproductive performance and there is new evidence showing that personality is linked to pair-bond formation and development in birds. Personality predicts divorce rates in humans but whether personality is linked to divorce in wildlife species is still an open question. With access to 54 years of individual-based monitoring of a wandering albatross (Diomeda exulans) population in sub-Antarctica, we investigated whether the probability of divorce is linked to personality. We posited that shy males have a higher divorce rate in line with the "forced divorce" hypothesis whereby the intrusion of a third individual who outcompetes one member of the pair forces the divorce. Bold individuals may have a greater propensity to take risks and invest in current reproduction while shy individuals are showing greater behavioral plasticity to avoid risky conditions, and may not jeopardize their future survival for risky current breeding conditions. Consequently, bold males may be more likely to retain their partner in face of an intruder, while shy males are more likely to be outcompeted by an intruder. As expected, we showed that personality affects divorce: shy males have a higher divorce rate than bold males, but there was no such relationship in females. The lack of any significant relationship between female personality and divorce suggests highly sex-specific personality effects, that may be related to a male-skewed population whereby the rarer sex: the females have a greater chance to find a mate. Therefore, personality can have important implications in investigating the dynamics of pair-bond relationships, the evolution of mating strategies, and consequential lifetime outcomes in monogamous species.

**Authors:**

Ruijiao Sun¹, Stephanie Jenouvrier¹, Samantha Patrick², Christophe Barbraud³, Karine Delord¹, Henri Weimerskirch¹

¹Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, ²University of Liverpool, ³Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé

poster

**Abstract:**

Morphological identification of digested prey remains from a generalist forager can be a challenge, especially to species level. DNA techniques, whereby prey is sequenced and matched to large public nucleotide sequence databases, are increasingly being used to augment traditional morphological identification. To identify highly-digested prey items from Christmas (Chocolate) shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) regurgitations from Kure Atoll, Hawaii, we used two DNA approaches that target the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene. First, we individually sequenced prey items from five regurgitations retrieved from birds tagged with time depth recorders in 2017, pairing dive behavior with diet. Second, we used "metabarfcoding" to bulk-process 92 water samples from regurgitations collected from 2009-2017 to get an overview of species presence in their contemporary diet. The prey items identified from tagged birds spanned a diverse range of taxa, including three reef-associated families, four pelagic-oceanic families, and a meso-pelagic family. The integration of diet and diving data provided insights into the vertical distribution of the prey, particularly regarding mesopelagic and nocturnal species. The metabarfcoding technique identified 94 unique taxa from 31 families of fish and squid. Overall, 81% percent of the families detected in the contemporary diet were previously documented in historical Chocolate shearwater diets from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands dating back to the 1970s (Harrison et al. 1983). Rare species (occurring in 5% or less of the samples) constituted 70% of the species richness. Our results indicate that the COI region is successful in identifying a wide range of taxa from highly digested seabird regurgitations. Furthermore, the diet analysis highlights the prey diversity that supports critical seabird populations within the protected Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument.

**Authors:**

Ilana Nimz¹, Mark Renshaw¹, John Baczenas¹, Matthew Iacchei¹, K. David Hyrenbach¹, Cynthia Vanderlip²

¹Hawaii Pacific University, ²State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources

MetaBARFcoding: DNA-barcoding of barf yields insights into seabird foraging ecology

**Abstract:**

Procellariiform use the sense of smell to find food in the middle of the ocean, to orient and navigate. For these seabirds, olfaction has been evidenced as they key cue for homing at night in burrow-nesting species. Penguins are phylogenetically closely related to Procellariiforms but very little is known on their use of odours for foraging. In addition, the potential use of olfaction for homing has never been investigated, despite some penguin species are burrow nesting and one is nocturnal at the colony like many petrels. Here, we investigated the sensory ecology of Little penguins (Eudyptula minur), the only burrow nesting species which is exclusively nocturnal at the colony. We performed Y-maze choice tests to investigate whether penguins are able to a) detect DMS, a food related odour, and b) distinguish between their own and another random nest by the odour. Our results show that these penguins detected and were attracted by DMS. But, when asked to choose between their nest odour and the odour of another neighbour nest, they showed no behavioural preference. Such results suggest that Little penguins may use olfactory cues to locate productive areas at sea but that they may disregard olfactory information in favour of more constant and reliable cues, like topographical features, when homing. We highlight that understanding how sensory ecology is shaped respect to the general ecology and behaviour of the species can bring a missed benefit for the implementation of conservation plans and provide new insight for new solutions.

**Authors:**

Gaia Dell'Ariccia¹, Ross Holmberg², Francesco Bonadonna³, André Chiaradia²

¹Auckland Council, ²Phillip Island Nature Park, ³Centre d?Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive-UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Universi

Little penguins respond to odours linked to food but not to the nest

**Abstract:**

Seabirds have long been thought to exploit social information when searching for their prey, the distribution of which is often patchy and variable. The fact that most seabirds breed colonially has led to speculation that colonies serve as "information centers," allowing their inhabitants to learn about the distribution of food by observing or following other successful foragers--though this hypothesis is controversial, and the evidence for it is mixed. However, several recent studies have documented behaviors that suggest some seabirds do exploit social orientation cues at or near their colonies in order to orient towards food. I explored one such social orientation behavior, which I term "visual trail following." I derived a simple model of public information transfer and showed that trail following should be favored over other commonly hypothesized foraging behaviors. An individual-based simulation model was then used to test this theoretical prediction while varying prey patchiness and colony size. The model's results showed that trail following was the optimal strategy across a wide range of conditions. Finally, I used radar data recorded at a tern colony in coastal New York, USA to demonstrate evidence for trail following in the movements of wild seabirds. These results show that trail following and similar behaviors are effective foraging strategies which are likely important for seabirds and other colonial animals.

**Authors:**

Samuel Urmy¹

¹Stony Brook University

Visual trail following in colonial seabirds: Models and radar observations of social foraging

**Abstract:**

Punta San Juan is a peninsula located on the southern coast of Peru and is a breeding site for tens to hundreds of thousands of Guanay cormorants, Phalacracorax bougainvillii; a persuit-diving seabird species with no evident dimorphism. Our objective was to characterize foraging behavior according to sex to offer precise management recommendations for the marine protection off Punta San Juan. During the 2017 and 2019 breeding seasons, we deployed GPS devices with depth sensors in 97 adults rearing chicks (n=37 females; n=52 males). We measured/weighed each individual and collected spontaneous regurgitations. We found morphological differences between sexes for wing cord in 2017 (females: 29.8 ± 0.6 cm, n = 22; males: 30.8 ± 0.7 cm, n = 29; p<0.0001), head length in 2019 (females: 14.1 ± 0.3 cm, n = 15; males: 14.5 ± 0.5 cm, n = 23; p= 0.013) and body mass in both years (females: 1.8 ± 0.2 kg, n = 37; males: 2.0 ± 0.2 kg, n = 52; p<0.0001). However, there were no significant differences between sexes during both years for mean dive depth (females: 13.1 ± 4.9 m; males: 13.2 ± 4.8 m), maximum dive depth (females: 68.9m, males: 67.3m), maximum dive duration (females: 123.6 s; males: 124 s), maximum straight-line distance from the colony (females: 84 km; males: 71.9 km) or mean straight-line distance from the colony (females: 26.8 ± 15.2 km; males: 22.9 ± 14.1 km). Guanay cormorants fed mainly on Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens, (females: 78%, n= 18; males: 94%, n = 18). In addition to anchovy, females also fed on four other fish species. This study reveals greater distances and diving depths compared to records colonies in northern Peru. However, although some differences were found in morphometrics between sexes, our study shows no sexual segregation in the foraging behavior of Guanay cormorants in southern Peru.

**Authors:**

Lyanne Ampuero-Merino¹, Rosana Paredes², Diego Gonzales-DelCarpio³, Carlos Zavalaga³, Susana Cárdenas-Alayza⁴

¹Programa Punta San Juan, CSA-UPCH, ²Department of Fisheries and Wildlife - Oregon State University, ³Unidad de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos - Grupo Aves Marinas, ⁴Programa Punta San Juan, CSA - UPCH

Foraging behavior and diet of male and female Guanay cormorant in Punta San Juan, Peru

The sensory ecology of seabird color perception and nesting habitat

**Abstract:**

Recovering critically endangered populations poses a challenge to conservationists, especially when breeding sites are restricted to remote areas and birds depend on specific conditions. Trindade is a volcanic island arising over 1100 km east of Brazil mainland and is the only remaining breeding site for Fregata minor nicolli and F. trinitatis, both critically endangered. Severe population decline is due to the dependence on trees for nesting, which were destroyed by goats over the 19th and 20th. Frigatebirds were still nesting on remains of trees of Trindade in 1916 and 1925, but appear to have been gone by 1950; they were certainly absent from the main island by 1975-1976. For the past 30 years, less than 20 pairs have been recorded on a small islet off the southern point of the island, nesting on the ground. On the main island of Trindade, however, presence of native land crabs (Johngarthia lagostoma), and the invasive and abundant house mice (Mus musculus) make ground nesting probably not feasible. Brazilian Navy snipers eradicated goats by 2005, with nearly immediate recovery of some components of the native vegetation, but trees are still not available. Thus, Brazilian researchers set up a conservation project (RETER-Trindade), which erected until now ten artificial nests and roosting perches with three decoys in areas most suitable for frigatebirds. Monitoring of the artificial nests occurs with camera traps and expeditions to the area. Since November 2018, six field expeditions were accomplished to this remote site, it was censused an overall of four Fregata trinitatis and ten F. minor nicolli (2019). Extinction of these populations would imply in loss of global biological diversity, also loss of genes that could increase the evolutionary potential of Pacific and Indian Ocean conspecific populations. To try everything in our hands to save those Trindade frigatebirds represent an iconic attempt to fight against the loss of seabird species in the world.

**Authors:**

Patricia Serafini¹, Gustavo Leal², Guilherme Nunes³, Marcio Efe⁴, Ricardo Krul⁵, Andre Elias-Paiva⁶, Ruy Alves⁷, Nilber Silva⁷, Fabricio Escarlate-Tavares¹, Fabio Oliveira⁸, Gabriela Oliveira², Leandro Bugoni²

¹ICMBio, ²FURG, ³UFRGS, ⁴UFAL, ⁵Tríade, ⁶UnB, ⁷MNRJ, ⁸UFMG

Creating lost colonies from scratch: artificial nests to the critically endangered Lesser and Great Frigatebirds from Trindade Island, Brazil

**Abstract:**

In the past, Humboldt penguin (HUPE) colonies in Peru have been greatly impacted by guano extraction campaigns. At Punta San Juan (PSJ), the largest HUPE breeding area in the country, mitigation strategies have been developed since 2001 to minimize negative effects on this species´ population (e.g. management of extraction areas and use of visual barriers). Even so, interaction with campaign stimuli is still witnessed and might be causing impacts. To date, little is known about the effectiveness of the applied strategies. This study aims to determine the effects that the 2012 and 2019 campaigns had on the biggest HUPE colony at PSJ. We conducted three analyses. First, using nest counts during an 11 year period (2008-2019) we assessed if campaign years present significant temporal or size variation using a non-parametric multivariate analysis. Second, during campaign years we evaluated differences in phenology between sectors of the colony given their proximity to extraction zones. Finally, we used a GLM to estimate the relationship between sector distance to extraction zones and the number of active nests (nest desertion proxy) during campaign years. Results of the inter-annual and inter-sector analysis showed no evidence of campaign impacts. The GLM revealed no significant relationship between distance and nest counts. However, downward trends in overall population and irregular variation in HUPE phenology since 2015-16, 2017 El Niño events might be masking possible 2019 campaign effects. This study contributes much-needed scientific evidence into the effectiveness of mitigation strategies for guano campaigns at PSJ developed thanks to collaborative efforts between academic and governmental authorities. Nevertheless, recent changes in population size and nesting phenology are worrisome. While this case exemplifies how balance between economic and conservation interests can be achieved, it also illustrates the necessity of incorporating other factors in future studies.

**Authors:**

Leonardo Doig-Alba¹ ², Alonso Bussalleu¹ ² , Susana Cárdenas-Alayza¹, Marco Cardeña-Mormontoy¹, Dr. Armando Valdés-Velásquez²

¹Punta San Juan Program, Center for Environmental Sustainability, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
²Laboratory for EcoHealth and Urban Ecology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Have we achieved a balance? Evaluating the effects of guano extraction campaigns with applied mitigation strategies on Peru's biggest Humboldt penguin breeding colony (2008-2019)

**Abstract:**

Scotland is home to internationally important seabird populations. However, over two thirds of species are experiencing declines in breeding abundance. 2020/21 have been landmark years for seabird conservation in Scotland. We showcase six partnership initiatives developed to help save our seabirds. New marine protected areas: 12 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for 31 species of marine birds have been designated. These are the first wholly marine SPAs in Scotland and include foraging areas for seabird aggregations. Scottish Seabird Conservation Strategy: The draft Strategy assesses the pressures and threats driving the declines in Scottish seabird populations and identifies actions to reduce the key pressures and their impacts on seabirds. Actions are targeted at enabling better delivery of management, research, monitoring and communication and will be consulted on later this year. Marine Protected Areas Monitoring and Management (MarPAMM): This project is developing cross-border capacity for the monitoring/management of globally important seabird populations within the shared seas between western Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. By collecting novel information on the abundance and distribution of these seabirds, along with the pressures they face, the project is developing regional management plans to safeguard key populations. Biosecurity for Life: Many of our most important seabird colonies are on islands that are free of mammalian predators. This project is putting in place biosecurity measures at 29 Scottish seabird island SPAs to help prevent accidental introduction, developing capacity for effective incursion responses and working with stakeholders to improve preventative measures on key pathways. A long-term programme is in development that will ensure continuation of biosecurity implementation on Scottish seabird islands. Seabirds Count: With nearly 12,000 seabird breeding sites surveyed, approximately 1000 surveyors taking part and a global pandemic appearing in its final year, the 4th Britain and Ireland breeding seabird census is finally complete. The task to understand how breeding seabirds in Britain and Ireland have fared over the last 20 years, now begins. Message in a bottle: This audio-visual performance for Scotland's Year of Coasts & Waters 2020/21 programme draws attention to our impacts on the world's oceans. It focuses on the shear range of marine wildlife Scotland is home to and the incredible journeys they make.

**Authors:**

Emma Philip¹, Kerstin Kober², Laura Bambini³, Daisy Burnell², Richard Howell⁴, Jayne Burns⁵

¹NatureScot, ²Joint Nature Conservation Committee, ³Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, ⁴Marine Scotland Science, ⁵Marine Scotland

Celebrating Scotland's seabirds - Year of Coasts & Waters 2020/21

**Abstract:**

When threatened seabirds nest in inhabited areas, effective conservation requires involving local communities concurrently with ecological studies. In the Caribbean, the remaining nesting areas of the endangered Black-capped petrel (Pterodroma hasitata, known as Diablotin) are shared across Haiti and the Dominican Republic, two countries where resources for conservation are severely limited. Considered extinct until the 1960's, the population is estimated at 1,000-2,000 pairs, with 100 known nests located between five documented sites on Hispaniola. Surveys conducted in the last decade have shown a significant population decline due to habitat degradation and loss, predation by invasive species and collisions with infrastructure. To foster conversation about the conservation of tropical species at risk, we report on the progress of conservation actions and research undertaken under the auspices of the International Black-capped Petrel Conservation Group. On land, colony monitoring and nest searches started in the 2010's and, to date, ca. 100 nests have been located and are monitored annually; in parallel, education and outreach are ongoing in both countries in communities neighboring nesting areas: these have ranged from rural development, sustainable agriculture and school programs, to the creation of a Black-capped petrel festival and pride campaign. Recent actions are focusing on controlling predators at nesting sites, reducing collisions, and finding unknown nesting sites in Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Cuba. At sea, little information is available on the species' distribution and its ecology but recent studies, ranging from satellite tracking of birds captured at sea to a molecular assessment of diet, are expanding our understanding of its marine range and of associated conservation threats. Finally, institutionally, the International Black-capped Petrel Conservation Group has used Open Standard processes to collectively identify key conservation strategies for the species at local, regional, and international levels.

**Authors:**

Yvan Satgé¹, Anderson Jean², Jennifer Wheeler³, Adam Brown⁴, Ernst Rupp⁵, Hannah Nevins⁶, Brad Keitt⁷, Patrick Jodice⁸

¹South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit - Clemson University, ²Jeunes en Action pour la Sauvegarde de l?Ecologie en Haïti, ³BirdsCaribbean, ⁴Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, ⁵Grupo Jaragua, ⁶Independent Researcher, ⁷American Bird Conservancy, ⁸U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Recent advances in the conservation and ecological study of the endangered Black-capped petrel: a multi-level approach from community education to fecal DNA

**Abstract:**

Using a path analysis, we investigated direct and indirect effects of the main life-history traits and strategies on the fitness of 147 little penguins monitored throughout their entire life. Surprisingly, annual breeding success had a higher effect than longevity on fitness. Yet, once we removed birds that never fledged a single chick (1/4th of the individuals which tried to reproduce at least once), this result was reversed and longevity became more important. While skipping reproduction had a direct negative effect on fitness by decreasing the number of breeding events, its total effect (i.e. sum of direct and indirect through longevity) was not significant, suggesting that this strategy (displayed by 35% of the individuals) might be a solution to avoid impairing survival and fitness when conditions are harsh. Indeed, the propensity to skip a breeding event was not related to individual characteristics or carry-over effects but was highly variable between years. In the contrary, delayed maturity appeared detrimental as the direct negative effect of age at first maturity on fitness was not compensated by its indirect effect despite an increase in longevity for birds which mature later. Finally, the number of eggs laid per clutch offered very little variation but half of the birds laid more than one clutch in at least one year, enabling them to increase their fitness. Surprisingly, the number of clutches per year did not impair survival and longevity, as it was actually positively related to longevity. Similarly, we observed a strong positive correlation between longevity and the number of chicks fledged per year, observed both across an individual lifetime or when we focused on its first three breeding events. Such co-variations suggest differences either in individual quality (some being able to both reproduce better and live longer) or in environmental conditions (periods when individuals perform better both in terms of longevity and reproduction). Inter-individual differences in fitness were not explained by sex or weight at fledging but other parameters such as foraging efficiency warranty further investigation.

**Authors:**

Claire Saraux¹, Nicolas Joly¹, Andre Chiaradia²

¹CNRS, ²Phillip Island Nature Parks

Shy males are more likely to divorce in wandering albatross

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