United States

**Abstract:**

The seabird bycatch rate has increased in the last decades due to the constant pressure on the resources, coupled with poor sustainable management, the rapid development of fisheries technologies and the lack of regulatory accompaniment. Incidental mortality in fisheries is one of the top threats to seabirds globally, making this group of birds the most endangered worldwide. Various technical contributions have been made to reduce incidental mortality. However, the fact that the problem continues, shows the need to delve into other factors, such as the social dimension and the importance of approaching it from other fields of knowledge. The objectives of the study were: 1) to compile the current regulations associated, directly or indirectly, with seabirds and their conservation, both at a national and international scale and 2) to analyze through word clouds technique the most representative terms present in the regulations. A total of eight national laws and ten international treaties were compiled. The frequency of occurrence of words at the national scale was: national, enforcement, authority, fishing, federal, environmental, council and fishing. Regarding international treaties, the most frequent words were: convention, authority, conformity, zone, sea, measures, law and ships. The fact that words such as fauna, biodiversity, conservation or birds are not among the most commonly used terms in treaties and laws on the subject, highlights the approaches of these documents and the paradigms that underpin them. On the other hand, there is a marked presence of words such as authority, fishing and ships. By comparing the content of both bodies of documentation, as a preliminary result, it is observed a predominance of words associated with geopolitical issues and fishing as an economic activity rather than a comprehensive approach of cross-border fisheries management focused, as well, on the conservation of marine mega fauna.

**Authors:**

Agustina Iwan¹, Sofía Copello¹, Soledad Arqueros², Laura Zulaica³

¹Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (UNMDP, CONICET), ²Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani (FSOC-UBA, CONICET), ³Instituto del Hábitat y del Ambiente (FAUD-UNMDP, CONICET)

3rd World Seabird Conference

Seabird bycatch in Argentina: a text mining analysis of the national and international regulations tools

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

poster

**Abstract:**

Seabirds are island ecosystem engineers. They transport nutrients from the marine environment to islands, influencing terrestrial community composition and food web structure and function. Globally seabirds are at risk, with invasive mammals their greatest threat. Declines in seabird populations pose a critical threat to many island ecosystems. Eradications of invasive mammals on islands are increasingly being undertaken to protect seabird populations and conserve island ecosystems. Assessing how these island ecosystems respond is essential for assessing whether desired conservation outcomes are being achieved, for identifying when active ecosystem restoration interventions are required and for providing feedback to eradication funders and stakeholders. However, it is challenging to do so. Ideally, long-term multi-species monitoring, both pre and post-eradication would provide the basis for assessing ecosystem recovery. Globally, monitoring following invasive species eradications is sporadic. Due to ecological complexity and financial and logistical challenges monitoring is often restricted to assessing select species responses. We are investigating the use of stable isotope analysis as a cost- and time-effective assessment technique for evaluating ecosystem recovery. Stable isotope analysis is well established as a technique for tracing nutrient flow through food webs. Stable isotope signatures provide integrative insights into ecosystem structure and function, without needing detailed field work on all ecosystem components. We are undertaking a large-scale natural experiment utilising over 30 islands around Australia, New Zealand and the sub-Antarctic. We are using nitrogen stable isotopes to trace flows of seabird-derived nutrients through food webs on islands at various stages following invasive mammal eradication. Comparisons will be made with never-invaded and still-invaded islands to investigate the progression of eradicated island ecosystem recovery. We are also investigating an array of temporal, spatial and environmental variables also likely to influence stable isotope levels to explain additional noise in the isotope data and ensure comparable sampling between islands is possible.

**Authors:**

Penelope Pascoe¹, Holly Jones², Rowan Trebilco³, Mark Hindell¹, Justine Shaw⁴, Christine Weldrick¹

¹University of Tasmania, ²Northern Illinois University, ³CSIRO, ⁴The University of Queensland

Seabird island ecosystem recovery through an isotopic lens

**Abstract:**

Since historical times Peruvian boobies - Sula variegata - have been recognized as an important guano-producer seabird in Peru due to their large numbers and dense colonies. They are also major bio-indicators and target conservation species within the Marine Protected Areas in Peru. Nevertheless, there is no long-term ecological monitoring programs other than estimates of their population size. We used time-lapsed cameras installed on several islands and walled-off headlands of Peru between 2016 and 2019 to evaluate their feasibility and accuracy to determine some aspects of the breeding and foraging behavior of Peruvian boobies. Time-lapse cameras were programmed at 15-min intervals, lasting approximately 6 months. Feeding trip length of chick-rearing adults were accurately determined when contrasting presence/absence of dyed birds from the photographs with GPS tracks of the same birds (r²=0.98). Nest survival curves were determined and causes of nest failures were identified (e.g. tick infestation) or discarded (e.g.predation). Breeding phenology was also determined on different islands arriving to the conclusion that boobies are highly asynchronous both within and across colonies. Inter-annual variations on these parameters linked to oceanographic conditions and fishing activities would shed light for a better understanding of seabird number fluctuations and conservation.

**Authors:**

Carlos Zavalaga¹, Diego Ardiles¹, Cristina Burga¹, Diego Gonzales¹, Cinthia Irigoin-Lovera¹, Sebastián Lozano¹

¹Universidad Científica del Sur

Time-lapse cameras on guano islands of Peru: Reliable and accurate tools to determine breeding sucess, trip length and breeding phenology of Peruvian boobies

**Abstract:**

Murres (both thick-billed, Uria lomvia, and common, U. aalge) are a culturally important food resource for the St. Lawrence Island community of Savoonga, Alaska. Savoonga hunters harvest adult murres in the spring as they return to their breeding colonies and collect murre eggs from cliffs during clutch initiation. Murres are internationally recognized as a marine ecosystem indicator species and abundance, reproductive success, and migration routes are monitored throughout the Arctic, primarily outside the United States. There is only one Arctic colony monitored in the state of Alaska. In 2018 and 2019, we tested photographic, analytical and outreach methods that would enable community-based monitoring of murre reproductive success at a colony near Savoonga. Our methods were aimed to 1) fill in information gaps at the state, regional and international management levels, and 2) engage high school students and the broader community in monitoring the health of a local resource. We found that cost-effective and easy-to-use RECONYX cameras provided adequate image resolution to identify breeding murres and track nest fates using open source software and methods described by Merkle et al. 2016. We developed and delivered two parts of a four-part series of lessons for high school students at Hogarth Kingeekuk Sr. Memorial School in Savoonga to trial classroom curricula to introduce and integrate high school science students in the photographic analysis process. We discuss the logistics of this project and our long-term goal of handing monitoring over entirely to the community.

**Authors:**

Jennifer Curl¹, Punguk Shoogukwruk², Alexis Will³

¹Alaska Department of Fish and Game, ²Native Village of Savoonga, ³University of Alaska Fairbanks

Monitoring murre reproductive success in Savoonga, Alaska.

**Abstract:**

Montague Island (MI), located off the south coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia (36° 15' S, 150° 14' E) is an important breeding site for a number of seabird species. Following the eradication of feral animals from the island, two individuals of the threatened Gould's Petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera) were found unexpectedly in 2012. This species previously bred only on Cabbage Tree Island (CTI) and in smaller numbers on nearby Boondelbah Island off the north coast of NSW. The number of breeding pairs of Gould's Petrels on MI increased to 39 in 2018-19 and as of March 2021, more than 70 nests have been recorded as being active. Establishment was possibly assisted by a sound attraction system installed in September 2014. Available habitat on MI, a largely treeless island dominated by low, dense vegetation, differs substantially from that of the main breeding areas on CTI (rock scree in palm forest gullies). Almost a third of nests on MI are created by tunnelling into the bases of clumping Basket grass (Lomandra longifolia) and Blue Tussock-grass (Poa poiformis). This is the first recorded instance of this non-burrowing species creating habitat for itself. These results indicate that even seemingly specialised seabirds can adapt their habitat use upon colonisation of new islands and breed in atypical habitat. Gould's Petrels breeding on CTI are known to forage to the east and south of Tasmania and westwards into the Great Australian Bight. As MI lies ~450 km closer to these foraging grounds, breeding on MI could be advantageous for harmonising incubation shifts and chick provisioning. This may already be reflected in breeding success on MI exceeding that of CTI in recent seasons. The establishment of this lower latitude breeding site may also facilitate the adaptive response of the species to climate change. These findings reinforce the importance of island restoration to allow for establishment of new seabird colonies, particularly for threatened species with highly restricted distributions.

**Authors:**

Yuna Kim¹, Emily Mowat², Nicholas Carlile³

¹Dr Kim's Conservation Solutions, ²BirdLife Australia, ³Department of Planning, Industry and Environment

A threatened seabird demonstrates adaptation to a novel habitat type following self-colonisation of a pest-free island

**Abstract:**

One of the highest goals in seabird life history studies is in detecting animal movements and life cycles without interfering with the animals' natural behaviour. This goal is most fully realised when animals are studied remotely, without ongoing exposure to human researchers, and without any external biologging device inhibiting their natural movement. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers opportunities to monitor seabirds that must return to a consistent location. Detections by fixed automated systems (antennas and weighbridges) provide the opportunity to collect ongoing, consistent data which can be used to estimate survival, dispersion, or to understand foraging patterns. On Phillip Island, Australia, we have operated weighbridge systems for over 20 years to monitor the local population of penguins. These systems have proved an extremely useful tool for our research both in the value of the data they produce, and the ability to greatly reduce the field work required to monitor the local population. Here, we propose the use of these systems to achieve similar results in remote locations. We will outline the fundamentals of the systems we have in place, and the requirements for implementing similar systems in other situations. We will specify the biggest challenges and limitations other researchers are likely to come across, and some of the solutions we have devised to overcome them. We will also outline some of the research outcomes we have been able to achieve thanks to the implementation of these weighbridge systems, particularly for detecting transitions between breeding stages. This relatively low cost system has the potential to be used in remote colonies, with robust methodologies, significant sample sizes, and minimal disturbance.

**Authors:**

Ross Holmberg¹, Kean Maizels², Richard Reina³, Andre Chiaradia¹

¹Phillip Island Nature Parks, ²Kean Electronics, ³Monash University

Weighbridges: remote monitoring with minimal disturbance

**Abstract:**

Homeothermic marine divers in Polar regions face an energetic bottleneck in winter. With their relatively small body size and limited fat stores, the challenges of short days and cold temperatures at high latitudes are exacerbated for seabirds. We used light-temperature-depth recorders to examine the role of marine habitat, day length, moon illumination, and the state of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on strategies thick-billed murres use to survive winter in the Northwest Atlantic. We found that murres made regular use of two distinct marine provinces: cold (-0.1 ± 1.2 °C), shallower water along the Labrador and Greenland Shelves and warmer (3.1 ± 0.3 °C), deep water in the Labrador Basin. In the cold shelf water, murres used a feasting strategy, with more flying and less foraging each day, resulting in high daily energy expenditure but also high apparent energy intake; this strategy was most evident in early winter when day lengths were shorter. Murres in warmer basin water employed a night-feeding strategy, with more foraging under low light conditions (nautical twilight and night). In warmer basin water, murres increased diving at night when the moon was full, likely taking advantage of diel vertically migrating prey. Changes in daily NAO had direct effects on the behaviour of murres in warmer basin water: under negative NAO, murres dove more at night and foraging efficiency increased, while under positive NAO, murres dove mostly during the day and foraging efficiency declined. Individual murres were able to use both habitats and both strategies, feasting and night-feeding, with significant flexibility in the amount of time individual murres used these two habitats. Warmer waters within the Labrador Basin provide an important and under-appreciated habitat for thick-billed murres, and potentially other seabird species, in mid-winter. The proximity of two distinct marine habitats in this region could be advantageous to wintering seabirds, providing a selection of foraging options to cope with the challenges of winter.

**Authors:**

Allison Patterson¹, Grant Gilchrist², Dave Fifield², April Hedd², Greg Robertson², Kyle Elliott¹

¹McGill University, ²Environment and Climate Change Canada

Behavioural flexibility in the face of energetic constraints: diverse winter foraging strategies of an Arctic seabird

**Abstract:**

An introduction to a population ecology study of Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle in Iceland. The species has been studied on Flatey island over 40 years. Comparative information of certain aspects is available from neighbouring islands.

**Authors:**

Aevar Petersen¹

¹Independent researcher

Long-term study of Black Guillemots in Iceland

**Abstract:**

Duration of parental care in avian species varies widely, from altricial to precocial species. The seabird family Alcidae is unique among birds in their variation of mass and age of juveniles at nest departure. The common guillemot Uria aalge exhibits an intermediate nest departure, where the chick leaves the nest flightless and only at a quarter of adult body size. The aim of this study was to examine factors controlling chick growth and timing of nest departure. To assess this, we followed common guillemot families including mother, father and chick from hatching to post-departure. Both parents and chick were sampled as soon as possible after hatching and followed throughout the nestling period. At nest site, samples were taken of each parent in each family twice to assess baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels and body condition at the onset and the end chick rearing period. Chicks were monitored at nest site by measuring body condition at hatching (1-4 days), 15 days of age, and 20 and 25 days of age if chick was still at nest site. The topography of the study site made it possible to catch the chicks after they had jumped from the nest site. This provided us with unique measurements of body conditions on chick post-departure. We found a positive relationship between chick age at nest departure and maternal body condition around hatching, indicating that mothers in better condition could afford a longer chick rearing period. Both paternal and maternal baseline CORT-level and body condition influenced weight and wing-length of the chicks at departure. Indications of strong synchronized departure events during the evening hours were found: 30 of the 40 chicks followed in the present study, departed the colony in five evenings only. Moreover, the observed departure events were highly weather dependent: strong winds directed towards the colony were avoided.

**Authors:**

Malin Johansen¹, Tone Reiertsen², Susanne Jenni-Eiermann³, Nigel Yoccoz⁴, Kjell Einar Erikstad²

¹Norwegian Polar Institute, ²Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, ³Swiss Ornithological Institute, ⁴University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway

Strategies for timing of nest departure in the common guillemot Uria aalge

**Abstract:**

Parental care is commonly seen as a conflict between parents, although an increasing number of studies examines it in birds in the context of parental coordination. The pattern of coordination varies across species but its broad occurrence suggests an adaptive value: it may increase fitness via faster offspring growth rate and/or higher body reserves of the parents. Most studies have focused on passerines but coordination of parental performance have also been reported in two seabird species. Pelagic polar seabirds are a particularly interesting ecological group for studying parental care and coordination: harsh environmental conditions impose bi-parental care, and high variability within and across breeding seasons promotes flexibility in parental investment, in order to secure breeding success. In the Little Auk, Alle alle, an Arctic alcid adopting a bimodal foraging strategy (alternation of long trips with several short trips), parents do coordinate their foraging trips during the chick-rearing period, avoiding to perform long trips simultaneously, thus enabling a more even distribution of feeding through time. However, drivers and mechanisms of the coordination, and its consequences still remain open questions. We thus investigated to what extent the pattern of coordinated provisioning represents a flexible response to foraging conditions by examining coordination across five breeding seasons varying in terms of environmental conditions. We found high variability in the level of the coordination between pairs, and this variability was similar across all study seasons, which represented a wide range of experienced environmental conditions. Nevertheless, we found that when conditions were characterized by the delivery of higher-energy food loads, the level of coordination exhibited by the studied population was higher. These findings suggest that environmental conditions somehow affect parental coordination, but explain very little of the observed inter-pair variability. We now aim to keep investigating the drivers of coordination, to understand better what shapes its variability, by focusing on life-history traits and pair characteristics, such as breeding experience and strength of the pair bond.

**Authors:**

Antoine Grissot¹, Marion Devogel¹, Dorota Kidawa¹, Marcelo Araya-Salas², Dariusz Jakubas¹, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas¹

¹University of Gdansk, ²Universidad de Costa Rica

Coordinated chick provisioning in an Arctic seabird, the Litlle Auk, Alle alle

**Abstract:**

Elusive nocturnal burrowing species are notoriously difficult to study and can go unnoticed for years in remote areas. One of these species is the Common Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix which is observed commonly at sea in the Southern Ocean and has a circumpolar breeding distribution. At the sub-Antarctic Marion Island, the species was breeding up to at least the 1950s before it was thought to have been extirpated by cat predation and its current breeding status was unknown until the present work. Once the species was discovered breeding in 2015 in the south of the island, transect estimates were conducted in October 2015 and February 2016 in the confirmed breeding area. A number of active nests were found over a ~2 km² area characterised by Poa cookii vegetation and a steep south-facing slope. In the 2019-20 breeding season, breeding phenology and success were studied from 36 nests located in the same breeding area. The birds were regularly calling from inside their burrows from mid-September. Laying started in early October with the first chick observed on 20 December. Hatching peaked in early January and chicks fledged from the end of February to mid-March. This breeding phenology is similar to the one detailed at the neighbouring Crozet islands. The breeding success recorded at the Marion Island colony was 58% for the 2019-20 breeding season. The species was also discovered breeding in other coastal areas around the island. The late discovery of this species breeding again at Marion Island questions whether it had gone unnoticed for years, or the elimination of cats in the early 1990s allowed for Common Diving Petrels to recolonize the island. If the latter, this recolonization may be short-lived as mice have been identified predating upon a number of surface nesting and burrowing seabirds.

**Authors:**

Stefan Schoombie¹, Maëlle Connan², Janine Schoombie³, Ben Dilley¹, Peter Ryan¹

¹FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, ²Nelson Mandela University, ³University of Pretoria

Seabird bycatch in Argentina: a text mining analysis of the national and international regulations tools

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