United States

**Abstract:**

Risk assessments (defined as the combination of exposure to a stressor, and sensitivity of receptor to this exposure) that are spatiotemporally explicit are important tools for conservation actions such as establishing Marine Protected Areas, and the use of this tool has increased as large scale stressor and receptor databases become available. Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic tracking system for marine vessels and data collected using AIS have provided the basis for numerous studies modeling stressors related to vessel traffic, including ship-source oil pollution, vessel strike, noise pollution and disturbance. However, models based on AIS are somewhat biased because AIS does not capture all vessels and this unknown proportion of traffic varies spatially and temporally. This is particularly important for understanding disturbance, where smaller non-AIS vessel traffic likely play a major role. In this talk, we present novel methodology for assessing marine vessel traffic that is not captured by AIS in coastal waters of British Columbia (BC), Canada, using data pulled from optical imagery coupled with AIS information. Imagery was captured by the National Aerial Surveillance Program, that conducts regular patrols of the Canadian coastal regions, and by using an autonomous camera-AIS system we developed and deployed in narrow passages. With these data we plan to model spatial and temporal variability of non-AIS and AIS vessel traffic and will use this as a proxy for exposure to disturbance for Rhinoceros Auklets (RHAU) breeding along the coast of BC. However, sensitivity to vessel traffic remains largely unknown. To better understand RHAU sensitivity to marine vessel traffic, we plan to compare movement data from tagged birds in areas with low and high traffic intensities of different vessel types, as well as historic chick growth data within the Lucy Islands colony. We will discuss preliminary results in this presentation and our plans to continue this work.

**Authors:**

Kirk Hart¹, Patrick O&#39;Hara², Mark Hipfner², Ronald Ydenberg³

¹Coast Mountain College, ²Environment and Climate Change Canada, ³Simon Fraser University

3rd World Seabird Conference

Spatial temporal modeling of marine vessel traffic and disturbance to seabirds

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Risk assessments (defined as the combination of exposure to a stressor, and sensitivity of receptor to this exposure) that are spatiotemporally explicit are important tools for conservation actions such as establishing Marine Protected Areas, and the use of this tool has increased as large scale stressor and receptor databases become available. Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic tracking system for marine vessels and data collected using AIS have provided the basis for numerous studies modeling stressors related to vessel traffic, including ship-source oil pollution, vessel strike, noise pollution and disturbance. However, models based on AIS are somewhat biased because AIS does not capture all vessels and this unknown proportion of traffic varies spatially and temporally. This is particularly important for understanding disturbance, where smaller non-AIS vessel traffic likely play a major role. In this talk, we present novel methodology for assessing marine vessel traffic that is not captured by AIS in coastal waters of British Columbia (BC), Canada, using data pulled from optical imagery coupled with AIS information. Imagery was captured by the National Aerial Surveillance Program, that conducts regular patrols of the Canadian coastal regions, and by using an autonomous camera-AIS system we developed and deployed in narrow passages. With these data we plan to model spatial and temporal variability of non-AIS and AIS vessel traffic and will use this as a proxy for exposure to disturbance for Rhinoceros Auklets (RHAU) breeding along the coast of BC. However, sensitivity to vessel traffic remains largely unknown. To better understand RHAU sensitivity to marine vessel traffic, we plan to compare movement data from tagged birds in areas with low and high traffic intensities of different vessel types, as well as historic chick growth data within the Lucy Islands colony. We will discuss preliminary results in this presentation and our plans to continue this work.

**Authors:**

Kirk Hart¹, Patrick O'Hara², Mark Hipfner², Ronald Ydenberg³

¹Coast Mountain College, ²Environment and Climate Change Canada, ³Simon Fraser University

technical paper

**Abstract:**

The provision of artificial breeding sites has been used very successfully around the world as a practical means of managing populations limited by breeding site availability. Over 1000 nest-boxes have been installed on Phillip Island for penguins and up to 90% of the boxes are used for breeding, shelter and moulting. Nest-boxes, persist as breeding sites much longer than most natural sites, sometimes for decades, are excavated less frequently and accumulate significant amounts of excreta. Therefore nest-boxes may harbour a different suite of microbial species than natural burrows with potential implications for penguin health. In addition, soil type may influence the microbial community of a nesting site. This raises the questions, is the microbial community in boxes similar to that in natural burrows? And are birds nesting in boxes at greater risk of disease? This study compared the microbial composition of natural and nest boxes on different soil types to answer these questions. The results from this study have shown that the microbial community (composition and diversity) of penguin burrows differs significantly with time (pre and post-breeding), nest type (natural vs artificial) and soil type (sand vs clay), indicating that artificial burrows, soil composition and penguin attendance influence the microbial composition. However, despite having different microbial communities, nest-boxes had a better breeding success in comparison to natural burrows, reinforcing an earlier study and gives us confidence to continue using nest-boxes to increase the availability of nest sites and enhance penguin adaptation to climate change.

**Authors:**

Meagan Dewar¹, Eric Woehler², Peter Dann³, Theo Allnutt⁴

¹Federation University Australia/IPECS, ²University of Tasmania, ³Phillip Island Nature Parks, ⁴Theo Allnutt Bioinformatics

Microbial ecology of natural and artificial penguin burrows: implications for reproductive success, penguin health and conservation management

**Abstract:**

The expansion of marine protected areas in pelagic areas has been crucial to achieve sufficient protection of the oceans. However, there is still some controversy about whether these protected areas actually cover the vital areas for some species. We investigate the summer distribution of the critically endangered Balearic Shearwater and its overlap with the Special Protection Area for seabirds (SPA), using the Gulf of Cadiz as a case study. This area holds the SPA named Marine Area of Gulf of Cádiz, covering 2 314.2 km2. A dataset of nine years of vessel-based surveys between 2006-2017 was analysed, using Kernel Density Estimation to generate the core area polygons for each year. The area located off the Bay of Cádiz, southeast of the mouth of the Guadalquivir, has revealed as a very consistent key area for this species during summer. This area, covering 1 082 Km2, regularly hosted populations that exceeded the threshold for area of international importance (IBA criteria) for the species. The current SPA covers less than 40% of this new key area. The limitation in the number of years of monitoring and seasonal differences in the dataset used to establish the boundaries of the current protected area may be at the base of these discrepancies. This study emphasizes the importance of synthesizing and collecting long-term information to define marine protected areas and to assess their efficiency over the time. Furthermore, our study highlights the urgent need to expand this marine protected area to protect effectively this critically threatened species.

**Authors:**

Andres de la Cruz Muñoz¹, Gonzalo Muñoz Arroyo¹, Dario Delgado²

¹University of Cadiz, ²Private

How adequately are the critically endangered Balearic Shearwaters protected by the Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for seabirds? A case study in the Gulf of Cadiz.

**Abstract:**

Invasive alien species are the most prevalent threat to seabirds worldwide. Recent syntheses demonstrate the progress that has been made in tackling this threat and facilitating seabird recovery, but they've also highlighted deficiencies in outcome monitoring. Australia's Macquarie Island, a Tasmanian State Reserve and World Heritage Site, has received major conservation investment for the management of invasive predators. The eradication of rabbits, rats and mice in 2011-2014 is the second largest eradication globally to date. One of the main motivations for pest management was to improve the status of nationally threatened seabird populations, although no specific recovery targets exist. We report the results of a three-year study to quantify short-term post-eradication responses of four burrowing petrels and consider longer-term responses based upon current trajectories. Blue Petrels and Grey Petrels were virtually or entirely extirpated from mainland Macquarie Island in the 20th Century. Population size, range and breeding productivity suggest both species are now increasing faster than the natural rate of population growth with immigration likely augmenting their populations. Antarctic Prions and White-headed Petrels remained extant in the presence of invasive predators, although their populations were in decline in the 1970s and had low productivity. There is little evidence of range expansion by either species, but contemporary estimates of both populations are an order of magnitude higher than the only previous island-wide estimates from the late 1970s. Current breeding productivity suggests their populations are now increasing. Our study provides quantitative evidence of population recovery and suggests pest management has achieved a short-term outcome of improving the status of nationally threatened seabird populations. However, we also find that current populations are well short of potential carrying capacity in this island ecosystem, something we may adopt as a longer-term objective of pest management.

**Authors:**

Jeremy Bird¹, Richard Fuller¹, Rachael Alderman², Justine Shaw¹

¹University of Queensland, ²Tasmanian Government

Petrel responses to invasive species eradication on Macquarie Island

**Abstract:**

Studies of seasonal migration within and between species help us to understand the drivers of this behaviour, why a diversity of strategies is observed and what might happen in the future under environmental change. Seabirds demonstrate the full range of non-breeding movement strategies from remaining fully resident to undertaking some of the longest recorded migrations. We investigated movement, behavioural time budgets and subsequent energetic costs during three winter non-breeding periods of a population of Australasian gannets (Morus serrator) breeding in southern Australia. We observed a novel strategy of facultative dispersal migration, not previously described in seabirds. In two years (2015 & 2016), gannets showed partial migration, similar to congeneric species, with some individuals travelling up to 2500 km while others remained resident. However in 2003, no individuals undertook a substantive migration and all remained close to their breeding colony throughout the winter. One consequence of this flexibility was an 8% increase in daily energy expenditure (DEE) at the population level in years with partial migration. This was driven by an increase in the time spent on water by migrating individuals, rather than an increase in the time spent in energetically costly flight. DEE for all strategies was greater during the winter than during the summer breeding period. We conclude that pressure for nesting space in their breeding colony, coupled with adequate locally available prey resources during winter means that for some individuals and in some years, migration is not advantageous or necessary. However the high DEE and observation of periodic partial migration suggests that in some years local resources are not enough to support the entire population, necessitating a dispersive migration in some individuals. Further work will investigate the nature of these localised drivers and whether this flexibility may provide resilience to environmental change.

**Authors:**

Jonathan Green¹, Norman Ratcliffe², Ashley Bunce³, John Arnould⁴

¹University of Liverpool, ²British Antarctic Survey, ³University of Queensland, ⁴Deakin University

Australasian gannets demonstrate population-level flexibility in migration strategy

**Abstract:**

New Zealand is internationally recognized as the seabird capital of the world with approximately one quarter of all seabirds breeding here, of which 10% are endemic. Within New Zealand, the Auckland Region is a hotspot for seabird biodiversity. There are 25 seabird species known to breed in this region, of which 12 (50%) are New Zealand endemic species or subspecies. These include 12 petrels and shearwaters, 1 penguin, 1 gannet, 5 shags, 3 gulls and 3 terns. However, most of these birds are 'threatened' or 'at risk', requiring urgent restoration and conservation management. This led the Auckland Council to establish the first regional government seabird monitoring and research programme, which started in late 2018. This long-term (over 10 years) programme aims to increase our knowledge on the presence, health, and trends of seabird populations in the Auckland Region and the factors affecting their population distributions and trends so as to advise and develop restoration actions to improve the conservation statuses of these species. Here we will present our approach in setting the first region-wide programme, the challenges in dealing with more than 25 species across a wide area, including inaccessible islands, the first fieldwork activities and outputs, and the exciting perspectives for the restoration of thriving seabird populations.

**Authors:**

Gaia Dell'Ariccia¹, Todd Landers¹

¹Auckland Council

The take-off of a long-term regional programme to restore seabirds: challenges, first outcomes and perspectives

**Abstract:**

Marine traffic has increased significantly since the turn of the century with associated amplification of noise fields having an important bearing on marine animals that utilise the same environment. The impacts of increased shipping traffic on seabirds is likely to become a major concern for seabirds that breed and forage close to busy maritime areas. The largest colony of the endangered African Penguin at St Croix Island is situated adjacent to one of the busiest marine traffic regions in South Africa. Marine traffic has increased significantly since 2016 when ship-to-ship bunkering activities commenced near the penguin colony. The breeding population of African Penguins here decreased by > 50 % since this time and we investigated if increased marine traffic, and associated marine noise, had any influence on this trend. To do this we compared temporal trends in location fixes of stationary and in-transit vessels in Algoa Bay, using Automatic Identification System data, to the number of penguin breeding pairs before and after significant change-points in vessel traffic volumes. The results are discussed considering the current potential for maritime influences on threatened seabird colonies and various approaches that can hopefully mitigate these threats.

**Authors:**

Alistair McInnes¹, Laetitia Vibert², Andrea Thiebault³, Isabelle Charrier³, Katta Ludynia⁴, Nicky Stander⁴, Tegan Carpenter-Kling¹, Lorien Pichegru²

¹BirdLife South Africa, ²Nelson Mandela University, ³University of Paris, ⁴SANCCOB

The impacts of marine traffic on a diving predator, the African Penguin

**Abstract:**

Little has been reported on moult in sulids, including gannets. The Cape Gannet Morus capensis is an endangered seabird endemic to southern Africa. We describe the timing, duration, symmetry and sequence of flight feather moult in Cape Gannets from two breeding colonies and assess whether moult can be used as an index of condition. Using the Underhill-Zucchini model, we estimate moult parameters based on the proportion of feather mass grown. Adult Cape Gannets began primary moult at the beginning of January (2-3 January ± 28 days SD) at both colonies. Primary moult is protracted, with multiple active centres (mean ± SD 1.8 ± 0.8, range 1-4) and 2.0 ± 0.9 feathers growing at the same time (range 1-5). Primary moult is suspended by early June at Malgas Island (estimated duration of moult ± SE, 153.9 ± 4.1 days) and late June at Lambert's Bay (176.5 ± 5.5 days). Secondary moult commenced in late January and proceeded from two nodal points. Despite more secondaries (3.3 ± 1.9, range 1-8) being grown simultaneously than primaries, 8% of birds were still moulting secondaries at the start of the breeding season. However, it was not certain that these individuals were breeding. Tail moult also overlapped with that of the primaries, with multiple active centres (2.7 ± 1.2, 1-6) and 2.9 ± 1.3 feathers growing at the same time (range 1-8). Almost all primary (98%) and secondary moult (97%) was symmetrical, but there was little symmetry in tail moult (54%). Rectrix symmetry tended to be greater among gannets at Malgas Island (T1: 58%; T2-T6: 67-73%) than at Lambert's Bay (T1: 50%; T2-T6: 55-66%). Differences in moult duration and perhaps asymmetry between locations may be linked to foraging conditions, given that Lambert's Bay gannets are thought to be under greater food stress than Malgas birds.

**Authors:**

Oluwadunsin Adekola¹, Rob Crawford², Bruce Dyer², Azwianewi Makhado², Leshia Upfold², Peter Ryan¹

¹University of Cape Town, ²Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment

Timing, duration and symmetry of moult in the Cape Gannet Morus capensis

**Abstract:**

Investigating how individual animals balance their energy budgets and survive full annual cycles is important for understanding interannual demography and the subsequent viability of populations. Due to the challenges associated with investigating year-round energy budgets and energy landscapes, understanding how individuals balance their energetics and avoid bottlenecks throughout the year remains poorly understood. Whilst technological advancements are increasing our knowledge of animal energy expenditure, we developed an approach to investigate how other key components of animal energy budgets, namely energy gain and storage, varied in space and time. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model that used estimates of time-activity budgets, locations, and energy expenditure, derived from biologging data, to infer year-round time series of animal energy income and reserves. Our study system was a population of common guillemots Uria aalge breeding at a western North Sea colony. These seabirds manage their energy budgets by adjusting their behaviour and accumulating fat reserves. However, large-scale mortality events, where the proximate cause of death is starvation, following birds being in energy deficit over a sustained period, can still occur during severe weather conditions. We show that guillemot energy gain varies in both time and space. Our model was also able to account for seasonality in extrinsic drivers such as sea surface temperature and daylength, allowing us to identify times and locations of high energy gain. Estimates of guillemot body mass varied throughout the annual cycle and there was evidence that birds periodically experienced losses in mass, possibly due to energetic bottlenecks, leading to increased susceptibility to mortality. Birds also tended to be lighter towards the perimeter of their spatial distribution. We describe a framework that combines biologging data, conventional time-activity budget analysis, and Bayesian state-space modelling to identify times and locations of high energetic reward or energetic bottlenecks in a wild animal population. More broadly, this approach can be extended to address pure and applied scientific questions regarding the ecology, management and conservation of populations of wild, mobile animals that have previously been impossible to answer due to logistical complexities in collecting data across full annual cycles.

**Authors:**

Ruth Dunn¹, Jonathan Green¹, Francis Daunt², Sarah Wanless², Mike Harris², Jason Matthiopoulos³, Mark Newell², Maria Bogdanova², Cat Horswill⁴

¹University of Liverpool, ²UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, ³University of Glasgow, ⁴ZSL Institute of Zoology

Modelling and mapping how common guillemots balance their energy budgets over a full annual cycle

**Abstract:**

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and Partnerships (QPWS&P) and BirdLife Australia have been working together to identify Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) for seabirds on the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Seabird nesting and roosting sites have been assessed using the KBA criteria developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and data collected over the last ten years by QPWS&P. Six KBAs (made up of 39 individual islands or cays) have been identified. These 39 islands and cays have been further assessed to determine if they are adequately managed and protected. Management refers to how we identify, assess and mitigate threats to seabird nesting and roosting habitat. Threats include (but are not limited to) pest plants and animals, diseases, effects of climate change (such as more frequent cyclones, erosion and overtopping) and potential disturbance within closure areas by visitors. Protection refers to statutory protection that restricts visitor access, and associated disturbance to nesting or roosting seabirds. It applies to areas above Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT), the intertidal area and the airspace above these. Recommendations are being made to increase the protection and management of any sites that were assessed as inadequate.

**Authors:**

Julie Dutoit¹, Golo Maurer², Andrew McDougall¹

¹Queensland Government, ²BirdLife Australia

Spatial temporal modeling of marine vessel traffic and disturbance to seabirds

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Microbial ecology of natural and artificial penguin burrows: implications for reproductive success, penguin health and conservation management

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Spatial temporal modeling of marine vessel traffic and disturbance to seabirds

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Microbial ecology of natural and artificial penguin burrows: implications for reproductive success, penguin health and conservation management

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The take-off of a long-term regional programme to restore seabirds: challenges, first outcomes and perspectives

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES

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