United States

**Abstract:**

Seabird bycatch is one of the most pervasive threats to seabird populations globally. South Africa is a hotspot for foraging seabirds where they overlap with hundreds of fishing vessels, using a diverse array of gear that are known to cause seabirds deaths. Between 2006 and 2010 the Albatross Task Force (ATF) in South Africa was able to take advantage of a fishery seeking Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification, to implement seabird bycatch mitigation measures. In a few years it became one of the most successful examples of seabird bycatch reductions the world over. Since then however, broadscale implementation of mitigation measures has been less straight forward, and with limited conservation resources, coupled with an increasing urgency to reduce bycatch, the ATF has taken a multi-pronged approach, to increase uptake. Leveraging &#39;carrots&#39; and &#39;sticks&#39;, while maintaining its grass-roots engagement with fishermen, it advocates for bycatch reduction at multiple institutional and government levels. From simple gains through the adaptation of a bird scaring line, assisting fleets to be compliant, to tackling new gear types for which mitigation still needs to be developed, prioritizing conservation efforts are key. The tuna pole and line fishery is thought to have low ecosystem impact and be of minimal threat to seabirds or other Endangered Threatened and Protected (ETP) species. However, small vessel size and no obligation to carry on-board observers has meant that there is no data to support this claim. By taking advantage of the fishery&#39;s pre-assessment study for MSC certification the ATF was able to advocate for the need to assess seabird bycatch as part of a 3 year observer programme, with minimal cost implications. We describe the fishing methods, and risk to seabirds by presumed safe gear types. We present preliminary data and levels of bycatch, and discuss possible mitigation options.

**Authors:**

Andrea Angel¹, Reason Nyengera¹

¹BirdLife South Africa

3rd World Seabird Conference

Seabird bycatch and prioritizing fishing fleets: tuna pole and line fishery

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Seabird bycatch is one of the most pervasive threats to seabird populations globally. South Africa is a hotspot for foraging seabirds where they overlap with hundreds of fishing vessels, using a diverse array of gear that are known to cause seabirds deaths. Between 2006 and 2010 the Albatross Task Force (ATF) in South Africa was able to take advantage of a fishery seeking Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification, to implement seabird bycatch mitigation measures. In a few years it became one of the most successful examples of seabird bycatch reductions the world over. Since then however, broadscale implementation of mitigation measures has been less straight forward, and with limited conservation resources, coupled with an increasing urgency to reduce bycatch, the ATF has taken a multi-pronged approach, to increase uptake. Leveraging 'carrots' and 'sticks', while maintaining its grass-roots engagement with fishermen, it advocates for bycatch reduction at multiple institutional and government levels. From simple gains through the adaptation of a bird scaring line, assisting fleets to be compliant, to tackling new gear types for which mitigation still needs to be developed, prioritizing conservation efforts are key. The tuna pole and line fishery is thought to have low ecosystem impact and be of minimal threat to seabirds or other Endangered Threatened and Protected (ETP) species. However, small vessel size and no obligation to carry on-board observers has meant that there is no data to support this claim. By taking advantage of the fishery's pre-assessment study for MSC certification the ATF was able to advocate for the need to assess seabird bycatch as part of a 3 year observer programme, with minimal cost implications. We describe the fishing methods, and risk to seabirds by presumed safe gear types. We present preliminary data and levels of bycatch, and discuss possible mitigation options.

**Authors:**

Andrea Angel¹, Reason Nyengera¹

¹BirdLife South Africa

technical paper

**Abstract:**

Records of bycatch of sensitive species in the Mediterranean include seabirds, elasmobranchs, cetaceans and sea turtles; however, information is scarce and unequally distributed, and there are significant gaps in certain sub-regions, and for specific fishing gears. Bycatch represents one of the most significant threats to seabirds globally. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea it is estimated that 5,100 seabirds/year are bycaught in longline fisheries, although this is likely to be an underestimate. Often, seabird bycatch is addressed in isolation from bycatch of other taxa. A multi-taxa approach can help to understand the bycatch problem and tackle it in a comprehensive way. It can reveal spatial and temporal overlap between bycatch of different taxa and allow the effectiveness of mitigation measures to be assessed across all affected taxa, therefore facilitating the identification of solutions that benefit multiple taxa, or at least avoid trade-offs between taxa. We will present the findings from data collection on multi-taxa bycatch in Cyprus, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey following a standardised data collection methodology adopted by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. It provides a first insight into bycatch in some of the data scarce areas of the Mediterranean and represents a first step towards comparable data at the regional level. We will also explore some of the benefits and opportunities of a multi-taxa approach to bycatch as well as some of the challenges.

**Authors:**

Daniel Mitchell¹, Antonio Vulcano¹

¹BirdLife Europe and Central Asia

Understanding and tackling seabird bycatch within a multi-taxa approach - results and lessons from the Mediterranean

**Abstract:**

Seabirds have learnt to exploit fishing discards across the globe, as an abundant and predictable source of food that may complement their natural prey uptake. Mediterranean seabirds make particularly extensive use of this resource, including endemic and threatened species, given the high degree of overexploitation of their natural prey in the region. Discards play an important role in the ecology of these seabirds, and a discard ban envisaged by the current EU Common Fisheries Policy (2013), the so called landing obligation, might have significant short-term impacts. As a starter, it might reduce food availability to sensitive seabird populations, which might be unable to compensate the lack of discards with current scarcity of natural prey. This would first affect breeding performance, but effects on survival might also arise, either directly (starvation) or indirectly (e.g. increased predation by opportunistic species, or enhanced bycatch when seabirds intensify their association with fisheries seeking for food). Effects at community level might also occur through increased competition. To properly understand these effects, it is important to know the extent of the discards reduction. Despite its name, the discard ban only affects fish species regulated by either quota (rare in the Mediterranean) or minimum landing size. Considering data on recent discard composition in NE Spain, the removal of regulated species from the discard fraction would represent a reduction of 47% in biomass, but only 19% in potential energy. However, depending on how it is logistically handled, the landing obligation might make easier for fishermen to land the entire catch, thus posing a severe constrain to the local seabird community. Whatever the case, proper studies will be necessary to monitor the landing obligation implementation, and measures to minimize its impact on seabirds should be adopted while their natural prey stocks remain overexploited.

**Authors:**

José Manuel Arcos¹

¹SEO/BirdLife

European fishing discard ban: how will it affect Mediterranean seabirds?

**Abstract:**

Seabirds often care for their offspring in remote breeding colonies where foraging sites may be unpredictable and distant. As a result, their young are at risk of being left unaccompanied for extended periods of time during their parents' foraging trips, leaving them vulnerable to predation. One way for this risk to be minimised is for individuals to coordinate parental care duties with their partner. The degree of flexibility and coordination that pairs are capable of has been a subject of much interest, and many seabirds are now known to coordinate their care. However, the mechanisms used to achieve coordination are largely unknown. To resolve this, we physically handicapped Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) to reduce their foraging efficiency, forcing them to choose between an extended foraging trip or to return to the nest before they have fully recovered their condition. We found that handicapped parents took significantly longer foraging trips than normal, to which their partner responded by lengthening their incubation stint. But lengthy incubation stints appear to come at a cost with these individuals subsequently embarking on longer foraging trips once their partner returned. These results suggest that coordination emerges from a simple, individual-centric rule where foraging birds stay at sea for as long as it takes them to recover their condition, and where incubating birds remain at the nest until their partner returns. Consequently, apparently coordinated behaviour can arise without the need for explicit communication.

**Authors:**

Natasha Gillies¹, Cecile Vansteenberghe¹, Martyna Syposz¹, Tim Guilford¹

¹University of Oxford

Apparent intra-pair coordination may arise through individual behaviour in the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)

**Abstract:**

In a wide range of taxa, individuals use odor cues during mate choice to assess their genetic similarity to potential partners. However, in contrast to fish, lizards or mammals, the ability of birds to assess genetic similarity using olfactory cues has long been unexplored. We studied two seabird species: black-legged kittiwakes nesting on a radar tower on Middleton island, Alaska and blue petrels breeding at the Sub-Antarctic Kerguelen islands. We focused on similarity at genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which allelic diversity is crucial for resistance to pathogens. Using chemical analyses and behavioral tests, we provided the first evidence that birds can assess MHC-similarity using odor cues, which suggests that odor-based MHC recognition might be vertebrate-wide. Then, we investigated a potential mechanism by which MHC genes influence odor, i.e. by enabling the elimination of bacteria, MHC-molecules might influence odor indirectly by shaping the community of odor‐producing bacteria. We combined genetic analyses and bacterial analyses, and found that genetically-similar individuals had more similar feather microbiota. Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that individual MHC-genotype shape bacteria in scent integuments in birds. Further studies are ongoing to determine whether these bacteria produce the MHC-related odorants.

**Authors:**

Sarah Leclaire¹, Maxime Pineaux², Francesco Bonadonna¹

¹CNRS, ²University of Toulouse

Genetic similarity, odor cues and microbiota in blue petrels and kittiwakes

**Abstract:**

Traditional monitoring techniques (e.g. manual nest checks) are being increasingly combined with non-invasive monitoring technological innovations (e.g. GPS tracking, nest cameras) to aid in furthering ecological and conservation studies. By incorporating these technological innovations, it is possible to both continue long-term monitoring, whilst also collecting novel data to answer associated knowledge gaps. For example, aiding in identifying at-sea habitat usage or in-nest potential threats and breeding success rates. In the Azores, two sibling species of storm-petrel breed on the same islet, but at different times of year (Monteiro's storm-petrel, Hydrobates monteiroi, 'hot season', and the 'cool season' breeder, Madeiran storm-petrel, H. castro). While there are now well established artificial nest boxes in place, enabling detailed monitoring of breeding success and chick growth rates, there are still significant knowledge gaps about, 1) adult behaviours in the nest, 2) chick-adult interactions in the nest (e.g., length of time spent chick provisioning), 3) chick growth and survival/fitness, 4) foraging behaviours of breeding adults, and 5) within-nest threats to survival of the eggs, chicks and adults. Our study aims to provide a detailed overview of the breeding ecology of both Azorean sibling species at the nest and during foraging trips. To achieve this, we combine traditional nest monitoring techniques (daily nest checks, including daily chick weight) with more novel techniques such as GPS tracking of parent adults and the deployment of in-nest cameras (using Raspberry Pi technology). These combined approaches allow for the identification of at-sea behaviours as well as in-nest behaviours and potential threats. Preliminary in-nest results identify the presence of non-native Madeiran wall lizards (Lacerta dugesii) and other seabird species as potential threats. Conservation implications of the obtained results will be discussed.

**Authors:**

Hannah. F. Hereward¹, Renata Medeiros¹, Verónica Neves², Frank Hailer¹, Richard Facey¹, Robert Thomas¹

¹Cardiff University, ²Azores University

Exploring sibling storm-petrel species (Hydrobates sp.) breeding ecology, utilising both traditional and modern approaches

**Abstract:**

For the past half century anthropogenic and non-biodegradable materials known collectively as marine debris have been tainting the worlds pelagic and coastal waters in an ever increasing manner. Marine debris impacts at least 267 species, including 44% of seabird species with entanglement and ingestion representing the most frequent of consequences. The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) has operated a facility in Cape Town since 1968 which rehabilitates sick, injured and oiled seabirds. SANCCOB treats more than 1000 endangered African penguins (<I>Spheniscus demersus</I>) annually together with a diversity of mostly coastal seabirds including three other endangered Benguela endemics. Seabirds are regarded as bioindicators of the marine environment and have been used to understand patterns in particulate debris levels in the oceans. SANCCOB provides an ideal environment to assess the extent of entanglement and ingestion on seabirds along South Africa's coastline. The study focusses on seabirds admitted to SANCCOB in Cape Town that have been affected by entanglement and ingestion by anthropogenic debris over the past decade. This allows for a better understanding of spatial and temporal trends in entanglement and ingestion as well as bird species most affected. The study helps to identify hotspots and possible sources of coastal pollution which assists in improving effective management interventions and coastal policies to reduce marine debris along our coastline. The number of seabirds admitted to SANCCOB with debris related injuries has increased each year from 2013 to 2018. Kelp gulls (<I>Larus dominicanus</I>), Hartlaub's gulls (<I>Chroicocephalus hartlaubii</I>) and African penguins were most frequently affected. Ingestion of debris was seen in 51% of cases and entanglement 44%. Entanglement most commonly caused leg and wing injuries and ingestion, gastric complications.

**Authors:**

Kyle Maurer¹, Katta Ludynia¹, Albert Snyman¹

¹SANCCOB

Marine Debris Entanglement and Ingestion of Coastal Birds Admitted to SANCCOB 2008- 2018

**Abstract:**

Digital aerial stills surveys for seabirds have developed rapidly over recent years in line with advances in technology, and greater knowledge of how the data will be supplied and used.  Many of these developments have been instigated to meet the needs of the marine renewable energy industry to allow assessment of potential impacts, driven by the requirement for advancement in the knowledge base for both developers and conservation bodies.   Our paper will discuss best practices from projects in UK, Europe, USA, Vietnam and Australia, and will cover both acquisition, data presentation and interpretation. Moreover, the paper will look at the differences in survey design and how these are employed in different situations, including wide area surveys, baseline studies to inform permitting, post-consent (pre-, during and post-construction) studies, as well as custom designs to answer specific questions on issues such as protected site connectivity, collision risk, avoidance and displacement, and colony counts.

**Authors:**

Stephanie McGovern¹, Stuart Clough¹, Laura Jervis¹

¹APEM Ltd

Global best practices for collecting biological data from digital aerial stills surveys to aid assessment of potential impacts of Marine renewables on seabirds.

**Abstract:**

The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) supports seabirds from throughout the Atlantic basin during the annual cycle. Temporal use ranges from daily to resident, but data on species composition and abundance is limited in time and space. The GoM also is one of the most industrialized seas globally, with substantial levels of oil and gas (O&G) activity occurring in the central and western regions within the U.S. EEZ. In 2017, we implemented the Gulf of Mexico Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (GoMMAPPS) to characterize the seabird community within the U.S. EEZ. From April 2017 - October 2019, we conducted 275 days and ~2,200 hrs of vessel-based surveys covering ~40,200 kms. We tallied 67 marine species, including North American temperate and high-latitude migrants, GoM-resident breeders, and breeding, migrating, and sub-adults originating from the Caribbean, eastern north Atlantic, and western south Atlantic. Simpson's diversity (controlled for effort) was least in the central (0.71; area of highest O&G activity), greatest in the western (0.82), and intermediate in the eastern (0.73; area of least O&G activity) GoM. Black Terns, a North American inland breeding migrant, comprised ~1/3 of all individual birds observed, and were most numerous in the central region, particularly in the footprint of the Mississippi River plume. Audubon's Shearwater, a Caribbean and Bahamian breeder, was observed regularly throughout the GoM across the annual cycle. Sooty Tern, an abundant breeder in the southern GoM and Caribbean, was commonly observed in spring and fall, and most numerous in the east. Ongoing analyses will characterize seabird distribution in relation to oceanography and O&G activity, and subsequently combine seabird data with survey data for marine mammals and sea turtles to provide the most extensive multi-taxa assessment of higher marine vertebrates in the GoM to date. These results will inform future O&G planning on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf, further refine existing oil spill risk assessment models, and will be used to reduce or mitigate potential impacts from O&G activities on seabirds.

**Authors:**

Pamela Michael¹, Jeffery Gleason², J. Chris Haney³, Yvan Satgé¹, Patrick G.R. Jodice⁴

¹South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Forestry and Environmen, ²U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gulf Restoration Team, ³Terra Mar Applied Sciences, LLC, ⁴U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson Universit

Marine bird distributions in the Gulf of Mexico: informing marine spatial planning

**Abstract:**

Fishing is the main economic activity in waters of the Argentinian Continental Shelf (ACS). Various seabird species attend trawlers and longliners seeking food facilitated by the fishing operation as well as discards and offal as a byproduct of the catch and processing. During the austral spring, large numbers of Great Shearwaters (GSH, Ardenna gravis) forage over the ACS. This species has been registered interacting with longliners targeting skates or toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, ice-chilling and freezer trawlers that target hake Merluccius hubbsi and has high rates of bycatch in coastal pelagic trawlers targeting anchovy Engraulis anchoita. This study analyzes the overlap between the distributions of adult (2009-2010 period) and immature (2006, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 periods) GSHs and a range of fishing fleets, as well as assessing the effect of fishing effort on shearwater foraging behavior. The database comprised fisheries effort for 9 fleets, and 21 GSH tracked by satellite telemetry. The tracking data were analyzed with switching state-space models (SSSM) to infer behavior (transitory or foraging) at each location. The overlap was analyzed using the UDOI index (no overlapping = 0, complete overlap UDOI ≥ 1), while the effect of fisheries on foraging behavior was analyzed using GLMM (individual identity as random factors). The largest overlap for all years and age pooled was observed with the pelagic trawlers (UDOI ≥ 0.45), demersal coastal fleets (≥ 0.32), and ice-trawlers target hake (≥ 0.25). For immatures ice-trawlers target hake (2006 and 2008-2009 periods), freezer longiners (2006) and coastal demersal trawlers (2009-2010 period) were the fisheries that showed positive effect in the foraging behavior (i.e. foraging was most likely with increased fishing effort), while for adults ice-trawlers target hake was the only fishery with effect significantly positive. This preliminary analysis as a proxy of risk of interaction constitutes the basis for further studies to define areas and times of higher sensitivity for shearwaters attending fisheries.

**Authors:**

Jesica Paz¹, Robert Ronconi², Juan Seco Pon¹, Sofía Copello¹, Peter Ryan³, Marco Favero¹

¹Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONI, ²Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, ³FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town

Spatial overlap and effect of fishing effort on the foraging behavior of the Great Shearwater (Ardenna gravis) on the Argentine Continental Shelf

**Abstract:**

GPS loggers can provide precise and accurate data on the movements of many seabirds species, and have enabled ecologists to document relatively large amount of foraging trips. Modeling such foraging trajectories may attempt (1) to explain mechanisms underlying observed behaviors and (2) to elucidate ecological processes at the colony scale by simulating multiple trajectories. Existing modeling approaches to seabird movement mainly addressed the first objective and they are yet soon limited when used for simulation. Individual-based model (IBM), based on ad-hoc formulation and empirical parametrization generally become quickly intractable as the number of individual increases, while state-space models (SSM), based on rigorous statistical inference, consist in 1st order Markovian models calibrated at the local scale which can lead to description of foraging trips overly simplistic. We introduce a 'state-of-the-art' tool from artificial intelligence, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), for the simulation of seabirds foraging trips. GAN consist in a pair of deep neural networks that aim at capturing the data distribution of some experimental dataset, and that enable the generation of new instances of data that share statistical similarity. We demonstrate the outstanding ability of GAN to simulate 'realistic' foraging trajectories and evaluate its benefits over classical methods such as state-switching Hidden Markov Models (HMM). In particular, synthetic trajectories derived from GAN are able to reproduce spatiotemporal scales characteristic of observed trajectories. We discuss the potential use of such an approach to tackle various key challenge in seabird ecology, such as predicting of the potential impact of environmental variability on seabird colony, or testing for the "Ashmole halo" hypothesis with synthetic data. GAN provide indeed a ultra-flexible framework for trajectories simulation that could further account for environmental conditions, social interactions or even bio-energetics models.

**Authors:**

Amédée Roy¹, Sophie Lanco-Bertrand¹, Ronan Fablet²

¹Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), ²IMT Atlantique

Seabird bycatch and prioritizing fishing fleets: tuna pole and line fishery

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Seabird bycatch and prioritizing fishing fleets: tuna pole and line fishery

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Understanding and tackling seabird bycatch within a multi-taxa approach - results and lessons from the Mediterranean

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Including seabird descriptors in current fishery programmes to advance towards a holistic monitoring

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