United States

**Abstract:**

Feeding watches is a standard procedure for recording prey choice and time budgets of breeding seabirds. The method is however time and labor intensive which limits how much data that is feasible to collect. Time lapse cameras are increasingly used for recording breeding seabirds for extended periods, but most applications so far have relied on manual scrutinization of the recorded imagery which is also time consuming. Within the Karlsö Auk Lab, an artificial construction for breeding common murres in the Baltic Sea, we have installed a commercially available CCTV system that supports multiple cameras and record videos on up to 60 frames per second. IR light allow for recordings also in complete darkness. Three months of continuous filming of two cameras in the field season of 2019 produced approx. 3.8 Tb of data. To automate the recording of presence/absence of breeding individuals and chick feedings, we arranged a hackathon whereby students and professionals had two weeks to develop automated workflows for data analysis. We present general outcomes of the competition with special focus on the winning solution, which uses object detection and deep learning methods to automatically calculate time budgets for the breeding birds. The method can provide behavioral data on an unprecedented level of detail but requires significant computation power. We share insights and discuss future possible application of the technology and how the combination of AI and citizen science can contribute to a wider application of the technology.

**Authors:**

Jonas Hentati Sundberg¹, Olin Agnes², Sheetal Reddy³, Jayanth Reddy³, Siddharta Kasaraneni³, Per-Arvid Berglund⁴, Aron Hejdström³, Olof Olsson⁵

¹Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ²University of Strathclyde, ³Baltic Seabird Project, ⁴Baltic Seabird Project &amp; Swedish Museum of Natural History, ⁵Stockholm University

3rd World Seabird Conference

Can AI revolutionize seabird feeding watches?

Welcome Seabirders!  

Welcome to Virtual World Seabird Conference 3 - vWSC3! Whether you are in your office or lab, at home, in a coffee shop or bar poaching some wifi, or at a remote field site or research vessel – we are very excited to welcome you to the third ever World Seabird Conference. 

We would like to thank ALL of you for being so patient as WSC3 was scheduled, postponed, rescheduled, revised to virtual, and scheduled again. Throughout all those iterations there was one message that remained perfectly clear – seabirders were eager to meet and share their science. If we could not meet in person then virtual it would have to be, but a 3rd WSC was something everyone wanted. That support and commitment helped the WSU Board of Directors and Member Societies sort through all of the challenges they faced to plan and hold this conference. 

The list of those that need to be thanked is long and, while we plan on recognizing many during the live closing plenary, it is important to do so here in writing as well. 

The Australasian Seabird Group was our Local Host for our plan to meet in Hobart, Tasmania. They invested substantial time and effort to find venues and plan events that we unfortunately were not able to visit. Nonetheless we appreciate their work on behalf of WSC3 and encourage all of you to thank them when you see their members in Gathertown or elsewhere during our virtual meeting. Their willingness to host created the initial excitement for WSC3 and without that our vWSC would not have been possible.

We also wish to thank the Science Program Committee, the Virtual Committee, and the Early Career Scientist Committee for their hard work planning the logistics, events, and schedule for vWSC3. These committees also had to deal with changing parameters and short timelines that made what is always a challenging task even more challenging. The Travel Awards Committee also invested time and effort in developing procedures for awarding travel funds that ultimately would not be implemented. 

Our ability to shift from an in-person to a virtual meeting, and to do so in a way that would be financially feasible, was due to the effective efforts of The International Fundraising Committee and to our financial sponsors. The IFC raised funds to support WSC3 and then, through the good relationships they built with sponsors, ensured we could re-envision how those funds could be used to support a virtual conference that would be affordable and high-quality.

We all owe the WSU Board of Directors and the Representatives of the Member Societies a great deal of thanks. They are the ones who manage the WSU and, for the past 18 months, have had to have a series of challenging meetings and conversations, have had to make a series of difficult choices, have had to do all of that while considering the short- and long-term health of WSU and the World Seabird Conferences, and did this while also managing their own challenges at their day jobs. We are grateful for their diligence, patience, foresight, and throughout all of the meetings, their collegiality. Also – a 6-year term is quite a commitment!

There would not be a WSC3 without a successful WSC1 and WSC2. Thanks go to the Pacific Seabird Group for their support of WSC1 in Victoria, Canada, and to the African Seabird Group for their support of WSC2 in Cape Town, South Africa. In each of these endeavors and for our current conference we were fortunate to work with a dependable and trustworthy partner in Podium Conferences. Michelle Smith and Marischal de Armond have become valued members of our team and have not only helped us plan conferences but have assisted and advised the WSU Chairs and Board on issues above and beyond conference planning. 

As we embark on our vWSC3 week we extend to all of you our thanks for showing up, for being patient, and most importantly for the work you do with seabirds. We are all part of a unique, global community that shares an interest, a fascination, and a passion for birds that make a living in our world’s oceans. We have advanced the science, conservation, and management of seabirds as well the ecosystems they inhabit. We are consistently impressed and motivated by the work you do. 

The WSU formed in 2010 because we saw the need for a global organization to address challenges at a global level. Over the past 11 years WSU has grown, adapted, and evolved to become the community that this week is making vWSC3 a reality. Enjoy the week, appreciate and support the friends and colleagues you have made in the community, and if you see us in a virtual hallway please stop and say hello! 

Thank you for the opportunity to serve all of you and the WSU over the past few years,

Nicholas Carlile, Interim Chair, WSU<br>
Patrick Jodice, 2nd Chair of the WSU<br><br>

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Join us for four days of science, networking and virtual engagement with delegates from around the world!

**Abstract:**

Feeding watches is a standard procedure for recording prey choice and time budgets of breeding seabirds. The method is however time and labor intensive which limits how much data that is feasible to collect. Time lapse cameras are increasingly used for recording breeding seabirds for extended periods, but most applications so far have relied on manual scrutinization of the recorded imagery which is also time consuming. Within the Karlsö Auk Lab, an artificial construction for breeding common murres in the Baltic Sea, we have installed a commercially available CCTV system that supports multiple cameras and record videos on up to 60 frames per second. IR light allow for recordings also in complete darkness. Three months of continuous filming of two cameras in the field season of 2019 produced approx. 3.8 Tb of data. To automate the recording of presence/absence of breeding individuals and chick feedings, we arranged a hackathon whereby students and professionals had two weeks to develop automated workflows for data analysis. We present general outcomes of the competition with special focus on the winning solution, which uses object detection and deep learning methods to automatically calculate time budgets for the breeding birds. The method can provide behavioral data on an unprecedented level of detail but requires significant computation power. We share insights and discuss future possible application of the technology and how the combination of AI and citizen science can contribute to a wider application of the technology.

**Authors:**

Jonas Hentati Sundberg¹, Olin Agnes², Sheetal Reddy³, Jayanth Reddy³, Siddharta Kasaraneni³, Per-Arvid Berglund⁴, Aron Hejdström³, Olof Olsson⁵

¹Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ²University of Strathclyde, ³Baltic Seabird Project, ⁴Baltic Seabird Project & Swedish Museum of Natural History, ⁵Stockholm University

technical paper

**Abstract:**

The effects of global change, including changes in seasonality and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, might be expected to drive novel eco-evolutionary dynamics in seabird populations that are seasonally mobile. Identifying life-history traits, stages and locations that control the persistence and growth rates of seabird populations is crucial for conservation, but remains an open challenge. General theory and empirical data that incorporates dynamic variation in seasonal movement, and identifies fundamental principles of such systems, is still lacking. We devised full-annual-cycle models that capture key dimensions of demographic structure in a seasonally varying environment. First, we conceptualize movement through two variable vital rates: seasonal movement and its associated survival probability, and derive population growth rate and associated elasticities for stereotypical long-lived seabird species considering different levels of movement plasticity. Second, we evaluate the impacts of extreme climatic events in key life-history traits of a seasonally mobile metapopulation of European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). We show that seasonal movement and its plasticity can substantially affect population persistence and growth rate, with effects comparable with survival or fecundity. Further, we quantify selection on key vital rates of migrants vs residents under extreme and benign conditions and explored its potential eco-evolutionary implications in the face of global change. Overall, we extend demographic and evolutionary theory and empirical studies by encompassing variable seasonal movement and revisiting its implications to understand and forecast open population dynamics under global change.

**Authors:**

Ana Payo-Payo¹, Paul Acker¹, Greta Bocedi¹, Justin Travis¹, Sarah Burthe², Francis Daunt³, Jane Reid¹

¹University of Aberdeen, ²Centre of Ecology and Hidrology, ³Center of Ecology and Hidrology

Linking theory and data to forecast population dynamics of partially migratory seabird populations in the face of global change.

**Abstract:**

Diseases affect a large number of seabird species worldwide annually, and can cause high mortalities that are potentially conservation-threatening. The impacts of such mortality events on southern African seabirds is shown by the death of 1300 common terns due to avian influenza in 1961 and the death of over 14000 Cape cormorants due to avian cholera on Dyer Island in 2004/05. More recently, the 2017/18 outbreak of the H5N8 strain of avian influenza in domestic poultry and wild birds caused the death of more than 7500 seabirds in South Africa. The outbreak of avian influenza in South Africa has demonstrated the need for continuous disease surveillance and the need for outbreak preparedness plans in order to intervene as early as possible and prevent pathogens from spreading among seabird colonies. The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) is a leader in Seabird disease surveillance and treats up to 2500 seabirds annually, of which 1500 are African penguins. The health and pathology research conducted at SANCCOB is ongoing and currently involves data collection, analysis, write-up and publication of data on work that has been done in the last 15 years at SANCCOB. This work functions as passive disease surveillance as well as providing information for evaluating disease risk to the seabird populations. We will highlight the gaps in the current monitoring and preparedness regarding seabird diseases and propose the establishment of an on-going disease surveillance programme. Improved outbreak response plans through expanded efforts to conduct post-mortem examination, laboratory tests for pathogens known to be of high conservation concern are needed to assist South African government (DEA), managing conservation authorities (Cape Nature and SANParks) and the state veterinary services in the development of a contingency plan for disease outbreaks in seabird colonies.

**Authors:**

Albert Snyman¹, Katta Ludynia¹, David Roberts¹

¹The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB)

Bridging the gap: disease surveillance, response and planning for seabirds in South Africa

**Abstract:**

Introduction of exotic mammals like rats is one of the leading causes of island biodiversity loss, particulary for seabirds. Rat eradication generally has positive effects on seabirds but the demographic processes explaining these effects are not always understood. In this talk, we will present the evolution of the seabird community of Tromelin island (western Indian Ocean) after brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) eradication. Before rats introduction, in the XVIIIth century, 10 seabirds species were breeding on the island, totalling hundreds of thousands of pairs. In 2005, at the time of rat eradication, only 2 species (red-footed boobies (Sula sula) and masked boobies (Sula dactylatra)) were still breeding, totalling less than 400 pairs. In 2019, 15 years after rat eradication, 7 seabird species totalling more than 3000 pairs breed on the island. We determined the demographic parameters (breeding success, survival rate) of the two species that were still breeding in 2005 with capture-mark-recapture data. We built a matrix population model to estimate their annual population growth rate. This rate was 1.04 for red-footed boobies and 1.02 for masked boobies, which is in accordance with the observed growth. We estimated the carrying capacity of the island, as the maximum number of pairs that can breed on the island, knowing the area of favourable habitats. Carrying capacity was 18000 pairs for red-footed boobies and 27000 pairs for masked boobies. A density dependant matrix population model suggest that these populations could reach these value in 3 and 5 centuries, respectively. However these predictions should be interpreted with caution as the model does not include factors that may impact the growth of the populations : prey abundance, seabird induced changes in vegetation cover, interspecific competition and sea level rise which will reduce the area of suitable habitat, and increase the frequency of flooding events.

**Authors:**

Merlène Saunier¹, Matthieu Le Corre¹, Gabrielle Dicque¹, Maud Berlincourt¹, Morgane Manoury¹, Jean Hivert², Luc Gigord², Sabine Orlowski³, Florent Bignon³, David Ringler³

¹UMR ENTROPIE, university of Reunion Island, ²CBNM-CPIE Mascarin, ³TAAF

Demographic effects of rat eradication on a tropical seabird community

**Abstract:**

European Seabirds at Sea (ESAS) work was initiated in 1979 by various European institutions carrying out seabird distribution surveys at sea. The group achieved a standardization method of data collection, conducted large-scale ship-based surveys in the North Sea, established a joint ESAS database, published distribution maps, identified IBAs and carried out joint research projects. In the past decades, Seabirds at Sea work in Europe had a stronger national focus related to the implementation of marine protected areas and impact assessments regarding offshore windfarms. Joint activities ceased and comprehensive entries into the joint ESAS database were not continued after 2011. Recent years, however, have seen various new initiatives for joint Seabirds at Sea work. Under the impulse of the Dutch WOZEP research program, the ESAS database has undergone a major update with Dutch, Belgian and German data and a thorough restructuring of the data model. The updated version will soon be migrated to ICES Data Centre. The future database will provide the opportunity to hold ship-based as well as aerial survey data from different survey schemes. Importantly, the ESAS database will be more widely available to the research community, in line with the ICES open access data policy. There have also been renewed efforts for large-scale surveys and joint database analyses. In the Baltic Sea and southern North Sea, national at-sea survey efforts from 10 different countries were combined and synchronized to carry out a synoptic large-scale winter survey in early 2016 (with similar efforts in 2020/2021). Applying species distribution models, final products will comprise large-scale distribution maps and updates of population estimates to assess the current situation of seaducks and other species of high conservation concern. In addition, historical data as well as new data collections will flow into indicators assessing the marine environmental status according to regional sea conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM & MSFD) and feed into marine spatial planning.

**Authors:**

Nicolas Vanermen¹, Ainars Aunins², Volker Dierschke³, Stefan Garthe⁴, Mark Lewis⁵, Moritz Mercker⁶, Ib Krag Petersen⁷, Martin Poot⁸, Eric Stienen¹, Andy Webb⁹, Nele Markones¹⁰

¹Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek (INBO), ²University of Latvia, ³Gavia EcoResearch, ⁴University of Kiel, ⁵JNCC, ⁶bionum, ⁷University of Aarhus, ⁸Statistics Netherlands (CBS), ⁹HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd, ¹⁰Federation of German Avifaunists

The whole is more than the sum of its parts - joint European Seabirds at Sea activities

**Abstract:**

Seabird breeding distributions are often examined at the level of individual species, but many seabirds nest at multispecies sites. We explored the metacommunity structure of Antarctic Peninsula seabirds, which live in a simple environment, well-suited to examining occupancy patterns. Site-specific breeding status for every member of the metacommunity was modeled by a series of multi-state Bayesian occupancy models, using 22 years of data on species detection. Several lines of evidence, including the absence of significant coherence, lack of clustered assemblages in ordination and geographic space, and high dissimilarity of neighboring sites, led to the conclusion that this metacommunity was structured by a stochastic colonization process. This pattern is consistent with expectations from the neutral theory of biodiversity, although here is likely driven more by site fidelity and colonization history than is usually assumed. However, comprehensive abundance data for the guild of pursuit-divers showed strongly non-overlapping patterns in the regional concentration of population size, indicating that deterministic factors play a larger role in subsequent colony growth. Our study demonstrates the value of taking a multi-species approach to the study of seabird breeding distributions, and highlights the need for continued collection of comprehensive abundance data when possible.

**Authors:**

Michael Schrimpf¹, Heather Lynch¹

¹Stony Brook University

Range limits, breeding distributions, and the role of stochasticity in structuring the Antarctic Peninsula seabird metacommunity

**Abstract:**

The Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (Projeto de Monitoramento de Praias da Bacia de Santos - PMP-BS) is one of the monitoring programs required by Brazil's federal environmental agency, IBAMA, for the environmental licensing process of oil production and transport by Petrobras at the pre-salt province (25⁰05'S 42⁰35'W a 25⁰55'S 43⁰34'W), between 2100m and 2300m isobaths. To evaluate the possible impacts of these activities on marine turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds, the main activity of the PMP-BS is to monitor daily approximately 1040km of coastline. The project started on August-2015 and is scheduled to continue for at least three more years. As results of the beach survey effort, 34089 seabirds have been found on the beaches, from August 2015 to August 2019. The Bird Family with more individuals was Spheniscidae with 17134 animals, followed by Procellaridae with 6632 and Laridae with 3632. Considering Species, the most common were 17,126 Spheniscus magellanicus, followed by 4610 Puffinus puffinus, 2981 Larus dominicanus and 1123 Thalassarche chlororhyncos. At macroscopic exam, 2247 animals had signs of anthropogenic interaction. That is only a small fraction of animals that die at sea arrive on the coast, the high number of seabirds observed during beach monitoring imply in very high mortalities at sea.

**Authors:**

André Barreto¹, Tito C. Almeida², Carla Barbosa², Pedro Castilho², Marta Cremer², Camila Domit², Daniela Godoy², Karina Groch², Cristiane K. Kolesnikovas², Andrea Maranho², Rodrigo Sant?Ana², Renata Taufer², Rodrigo Valle², Emanuel Ferreira², Patricia Serafini³

¹UNIVALI, ²PMP Bacia de Santos, ³ICMBio

Sistematic surveillance of threats in the South Atlantic Ocean: detection of mortality of Procellariiformes on beach surveys along south and south-eastern Brazilian coast

**Abstract:**

Quantifying the foraging ecology of seabirds is key to understanding the population dynamics of both predator and prey. Generalist populations can show wide within-population variation in their diet, whereby some individuals exploit a narrower trophic niche compared to the total niche of the population. Understanding the role of individual variation and specialisation within populations is challenging but it is valuable for improving our knowledge on population dynamics and predator-prey interactions. Great black-backed gulls, Larus marinus, are generalists, although wide variability in diet is found between individuals of the same population. They regularly include other seabirds in their diet and, occasionally, specialise on them. They can therefore negatively impact seabird populations, as previously demonstrated in Larus and Stercorarius species. Despite this, the foraging ecology of Great Black-backed Gulls has not been thoroughly studied. In this study we plan to use a multi-technique approach including bio-logging and biochemistry to quantify gull habitat use, foraging energetics, and diet. We are also exploring the effects of sex and age-class on these parameters. Lastly, we are building on previous research at the study colony on the Isle of May (south-east Scotland), which has shown that a proportion of gulls specialise on sympatrically breeding Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica and European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. We use these findings to improve our understanding of Great Black-backed Gull foraging ecology and potential impacts on prey populations.

**Authors:**

Samuel Langlois¹, Francis Daunt², Jared Wilson³, Nina O'Hanlon⁴, Elizabeth Masden⁴

¹University of the Highlands and Islands, ²Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, ³Marine Scotland Science, ⁴Environmental Research Institute

The foraging ecology of great black-backed gulls and their effect on seabird populations

**Abstract:**

Peruvian boobies (Sula variegata) experience inter-annual shifts in oceanic productivity due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Such changes in conditions affect foraging costs and prey availability, and subsequently, foraging behavior and diet. Breeding boobies are susceptible to localized scarcity and shifts in their prey's spatial distribution, although they can adjust, to an extent, through change in diet and/or higher foraging effort through longer travel distances to prey patches and increased trip durations. We used a combination of stable isotope analysis and GPS tracking to explore variation in Peruvian booby diet and foraging behaviors over two years at Isla Guañape Norte, Peru. We found differences in blood nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope values between years with differing ENSO conditions, suggesting that boobies may have shifted their diets and habitat use, respectively. Specifically, δ15N values were higher in 2018 (14.8 ± 0.1?) compared to 2016 (12.5 ± 0.2?), which may indicate a diet of higher trophic level prey. The lower δ13C values in 2018 (-15.3 ± 0.3?) compared to 2016 (-14.9 ± 0.4?) may indicate increased foraging in nearshore habitats. Ongoing GPS analyses will examine if stable isotope values are correlated with shifts in the foraging effort of Peruvian boobies, as measured by parameters including trip duration, trip distance, number of foraging trips, commute time and other metrics. This research will provide a greater understanding of the degree of flexibility in diets and foraging effort, relative to changing environmental conditions, and aid in the management and conservation of Peruvian boobies.

**Authors:**

Sara Wang¹, Carlos Zavalaga², Michael Polito¹

¹Louisiana State University, ²Universidad Científica del Sur

Interannual variation in Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata) foraging, assessed using GPS tracking and and stable isotope analysis

**Abstract:**

Declining seabird populations have prompted a growing interest in designating marine protected areas for seabirds, particularly during the breeding season when birds are under increased stress raising young. The identification of important marine areas for seabird conservation is often accomplished using either at-sea surveys or tracking data. At -sea surveys can sample wider seabird communities, but likely include non-breeders or commuting birds. Tracking studies enable identification of important foraging locations, but use a limited number of colonies and individuals to represent the wider population. Rarely have the two methods been compared. We undertook concurrent fine-scale aerial surveys and GPS tracking of Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) along the south coast of Ireland during the breeding season in June-July 2021. Aerial surveys recorded a wide range of Manx shearwater densities (0-280 individuals/km2, mean: 5.31 ± 20.16) with clear hotspots of density. Abundances exceeded breeding population estimates along the south coast, suggesting mixing from more distant colonies and non-breeders. Kernel densities of tracking data (80 tracks from 36 individuals) also showed hotspots of occurrence along the coast. The agreement between hotspot locations identified by the two methods revealed a significant correlation (Dutilleul's modified T-test, Pearson coefficient =0.26, P=0.012). Our results suggest that despite differences in methodology and assumptions/limitations, there is broad agreement between methods, providing greater confidence in protected area designation.

**Authors:**

Mark Jessopp¹, Jamie Darby¹, Manon Clairbaux¹, John Quinn¹, Ashley Bennison¹, Steve Geelhoed², Helder Araujo³, Emer Rogan¹

¹University College Cork, ²Wageningen Marine Research, ³Action Air Environnement

A comparison of GPS tracking and aerial surveys in identifying seabird hotspots at sea

**Abstract:**

Recreational fishing (RF) is a growing activity of great socioeconomic importance in many countries of South America, providing social, cultural, food, economic and other benefits, but also producing negative effects on the ecosystems. In spite of its importance, the effects of this activity on the ecosystems and their species have received little attention in the region. With the aim of better understanding current research trends in RFs of South America, we carried out a systematic analysis of published articles between 1995 and 2020 over Scholar Google, Scopus and SciELO in Spanish, English and Portuguese languages. The search used the following keywords: 'recreational fisheries', 'recreational fishing', 'recreational angling', 'sport fishing', 'game fishing', 'non-commercial fishing', 'angling', 'anglers' and 'South America'. Information contained in each of the 122 articles analyzed was categorized in four main areas according to issues addressed (environmental issues, target species, management and socioeconomic aspects). Fifty-five percent of articles addressed RFs in continental ecosystems, 43% in coastal-marine ecosystems and 2% in both environments. The number of articles increased substantially from 2005 onwards, being Brazil (69) and Argentina (36) dominant in the literature. Target species was the most frequent subject addressed in the studies (40%), followed by socioeconomic aspects (32%), environmental issues (22%) and management (6%) (x2=25.71, p<0.001), with no differences observed in studies done in marine and freshwater ecosystems (x2=4.71, p=0.19). Less than 7% of articles referred to negative interactions between seabirds and RFs, all of them from Argentine coastal-marine environments. Knowledge gaps and the application of ecosystem based management in RFs of South America is discussed.

**Authors:**

Francisco Zumpano¹, Sofía Copello¹, Marco Favero¹, Germán García¹

¹Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), UNMdP - CONICET, Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel

Can AI revolutionize seabird feeding watches?

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Can AI revolutionize seabird feeding watches?

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Linking theory and data to forecast population dynamics of partially migratory seabird populations in the face of global change.

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Marine debris ingestion by tube-nosed seabirds off Southern Brazil: are northern migrants winning the race against plastic pollution?

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