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Slovenia and Italy share a number of cross-border active faults. Cross-border faults include the continuation of the Dinaric fault system into Friuli and the continuation of the Adriatic foreland thrust system into the SE Friuli plain and south Alpine thrusts (e.g., Moulin et al., 2016; Atanackov et al., 2021). Seismotectonic characterization, past earthquake activity, and seismic hazard assessment require a holistic approach, encompassing entire faults and fault systems. Constraining past seismicity and linking historic events with causative faults has proven exceedingly difficult (e.g., Bavec et al., 2013; Patricelli &amp; Poli, 2020; Grützner et al., 2021). This is a challenge across various fields of geology, as faults produce a variety of geological expressions, crossing different settings: marine – Gulf of Trieste, alluvial plain in Friuli, Karst and Slovenian Istria. The need for significantly improved cross-border harmonization has been obvious in most recent efforts, including HIKE, ESHM20, and the new seismic hazard map of Slovenia. We will discuss open questions and challenges in joint characterization of cross-border faults and open an invitation for collaboration in future work.

SGI 2021

Cross-border challenges in active fault definitions across the Slovenia-Italy border

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L'Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS e il Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze dell'Università di Trieste sono orgogliosi di ospitare il 90° Congresso della Società Geologica Italiana a Trieste dal 14 al 16 settembre 2021. La modalità del congresso è interamente online.

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Earth Sciences should be understood not only as necessary for a better understanding of the interior of the planet Earth, but also as a defense of society from dangerous geological events, for the understanding of climatic variations, for the planning and use of georesources in a ethical and respecting and protecting the environment.

Slovenia and Italy share a number of cross-border active faults. Cross-border faults include the continuation of the Dinaric fault system into Friuli and the continuation of the Adriatic foreland thrust system into the SE Friuli plain and south Alpine thrusts (e.g., Moulin et al., 2016; Atanackov et al., 2021). Seismotectonic characterization, past earthquake activity, and seismic hazard assessment require a holistic approach, encompassing entire faults and fault systems. Constraining past seismicity and linking historic events with causative faults has proven exceedingly difficult (e.g., Bavec et al., 2013; Patricelli & Poli, 2020; Grützner et al., 2021). This is a challenge across various fields of geology, as faults produce a variety of geological expressions, crossing different settings: marine – Gulf of Trieste, alluvial plain in Friuli, Karst and Slovenian Istria. The need for significantly improved cross-border harmonization has been obvious in most recent efforts, including HIKE, ESHM20, and the new seismic hazard map of Slovenia. We will discuss open questions and challenges in joint characterization of cross-border faults and open an invitation for collaboration in future work.

technical paper

Shear zones localise most of deformation in narrow areas and provide efficient ways to mobilize significant volumes of fluids and melts up and down the crust. Deformation may localise if a specific domain focuses higher differential stress or strain rate with respect the host rocks. This concentration is commonly associated with variations in rock composition/texture, temperature/pressure conditions or presence of fluid/melts, which are even likely the dominant factor for weakening. In this contribution, we investigate exhumed shear zone developed in the middle crust with the aim to decipher which heterogeneities promoted the strain localisation in a fully ductile regime. We present microstructural and petrological data to characterise the Pressure-Temperature- Deformation (P-T-D) path across a major extensional shear zone of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ, Western Alps) exposed along the Ossola Valley, the Anzola shear zone (ASZ). The ASZ developed at the transition between amphibolite and granulite facies conditions and consists of metabasites rock showing mylonitic fabric alternating layers made mainly of clinopyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase porphyroclasts and in recrystallized grains. The SZ boundaries consist in undeformed gabbroic rocks to one side and felsic and mafic granulite to the other side. A calcsilicate layer occurs at the contact among the gabbroic rocks and SZ. Our preliminary results suggest that deformation in the ASZ took place under granulite/amphibolite facies conditions at approximately between 650-800°C and confining pressures of around 8 kbar. Microstructural and textural data indicate that dissolution-precipitation creep is the dominant deformation mechanism. Evidence of synchronous deformation and mineral reactions of clinopyroxene suggests that metabasite become mechanically weak during the general transformation weakening process. This process was driven by melt flux deformation demonstrated by the occurrence of large amphibole porphyroclasts and interstitial ilmenite. Petrographic and textural observations suggest that the SZ was characterized by melt-rock interaction with the adjacent gabbroic and metamorphic wall rocks. In fact, our results show that the ASZ is extremely heterogeneous consisting by alternation of amphibolitic and calcsilicate layers, supported by the geochemical observations (e.g., occurrence of two different composition cpx: diopside and hedenbergite). The possible pre-existing heterogeneity (i.e., layering and grain-size variations) was probably the loci of concentrated shear deformation (Altenberger, 1997) and the magmatic fluids could be the source of clinopyroxene weakness and of the abundant amphibole. In this last case, geological interpretations already given (Brodie, 1981; Stünitz, 1998) require reappraisal.

Microstructural and petrological characterization of a major extensional shear zone in the middle crust (Val d’Ossola, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Western Alps)

The Soana valley is located on the border between Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions; it offers countless opportunities for studying the lithological and structural features of the Alpine collisional chain. In particular, the Upper Soana valley displays, from west to east and from lower to higher structural levels, a natural, sectional profile across the Gran Paradiso Massif, the ophiolitic Piedmont Zone, the Santanel nappe and the Sesia-Lanzo Zone. These units represent transposed fragments of the paleo-European continental crust, the Ligurian-Piedmont ocean basin, and the paleo-African continental crust, respectively. The study area is located at Colle della Borra (2.578 m), within the Piedmont Zone, where new detailed observations on the geological context and on lithologies associated to massive sulphide mineralization, were made. This area pertains to the Colle della Rosa-Dondena Unit (CRD), which has previously been described as a greenschist-facies tectonic unit interposed between two eclogitic-facies ophiolitic units. The ophiolitic sequence exposed at Colle della Borra, consisting of dominant calcschists with subordinate metabasites layers, quartzites and marbles, has therefore been considered to be of Combin type. In this work, garnet-chloritoid-bearing leaden micaschists, equivalent to those described in previous works (Battiston, 1984) in the adjacent Rosa dei Banchi klippe (Monte Nero eclogitic unit) were found, suggesting the presence of a possible eclogitic-facies metamorphic imprint inside the CRD. The long lasting high-pressure metamorphic history of these micaschists is evidenced by the presence of chloritoid associated either with a main schistosity together with garnet, or with a primary schistosity marked by relict isoclinal folds. The lithological contact between the micaschists and the overlying calcschists is gradational, suggesting its stratigraphic nature. Furthermore, the finding in calcschists of numerous lawsonite relics completely replaced by epidote, white mica and quartz is clear evidence of the high-pressure metamorphic signature of the Colle della Borra sequence. This suggests that the entire CRD, in which the calcschist is the dominant lithotype, may have experienced, a metamorphic peak at a pressure at least exceeding the greenschist-facies. The certain presence of previously unreported high-pressure mineral assemblages in the metasediments of the Colle della Borra ophiolitic sequence calls for reconsidering the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the entire CRD and marks the starting point for further studies in this area.

New evidence of high-pressure metamorphism in an ophiolite sequence in the Upper Soana valley, Western Alps

Microstructural investigations of late-Variscan trondhjemites (c. 310 Ma) and granites (c. 300 Ma) from the upper-amphibolite facies Aspromonte Unit of the Peloritani Mountains (NE Sicily; Fiannacca et al., 2019, 2020) revealed for the first time shear-zone deformation affecting  both granitoids during their cooling, from submagmatic (T > 650  °C) to low temperature solid state conditions (T < 450  °C) (Fazio et al., 2020). The magmatic texture of the granitoids is usually largely preserved, but evidence for non-coaxial shearing is provided by sigmoidal porphyroclasts, mica fish and rare domino-torn boudins in tiny andalusite crystals. The occurrence of widespread chessboard quartz, together with rare submagmatic fractures, points to deformation in the presence of late-Variscan melt, thus constraining the activity of the shear zone during the post-collisional stages of the Variscan orogenic cycle. Submagmatic deformation microstructures were largely overprinted by progressive lower temperature microstructures during cooling of the granitoid bodies. Solid state-high temperature deformation (T > 450 °C) is documented by feldspar bulging, quartz grain boundary migration recrystallization, ribbon quartz and core-and-mantle structures. Finally, low-T subsolidus deformation microstructures consist of quartz bulging, subgrain rotation recrystallization, mica kinks and feldspar deformation twins. No systematic relationship between age or emplacement depth, and deformation mechanisms has been observed by comparing the microstructures developed in the older trondhjemites, emplaced at higher depth (c. 0.5 GPa), and in the younger granites, intruding the trondhjemites after their exhumation at relatively shallow crustal levels (c. 0.3 GPa).  The two continuous sequences of submagmatic to low-temperature subsolidus deformation, recorded in both the older and younger granitoids, suggest a duration of c. 20 Ma for shear-zone activity associated to middle crust exhumation in the South-European Variscan Belt.

Twenty million years of supra- to sub-solidus deformation during exhumation of middle crust from the South-European Variscan Belt (Peloritani Mountains, NE Sicily)

The record of metamorphic conditions may be highly heterogeneous in spatially close rocks with different rheology and composition. The Cima di Gagnone area in the Central Alps represents such an example, where 1– to 100 s-meter scale ultrahigh–pressure and high–temperature ultramafic lenses are enveloped within amphibolite–facies metasediments. Structural investigation demonstrate that ultramafics and metapelites experienced a common Alpine deformation history, excluding their coupling within a tectonic mélange (Maino et al., 2021). In this contribution, we present new field observations, microstructural and petrological analyses, and thermodynamic modelling results focused on the metasediments, confirming that these rocks generally experienced medium pressure and medium temperature conditions of 1.0–1.2 GPa and 640–700 °C, followed by a retrograde stage around 0.6–0.8 GPa and 600–675 °C. However, a few samples from the immediate proximity of the ultramafic lenses record significantly higher P–T conditions of 1.3–1.7 GPa and 750–850 °C, approaching the high pressure and high temperature conditions of the ultramafic bodies (1.5–3.1 GPa, 650–850 °C). Mineral/bulk chemistry changes during growth of new mineral phases indicate to local melt/fluid interaction (i.e., metasomatism) between metasediments and ultramafics during the high temperature deformation. Preliminary U-Pb LA–ICP–MS dating suggests that zircon grains from the metasomatic reaction zone have been fully re–equilibrated during the early stage of Alpine exhumation (~36 Ma), while the large part of the metasediments records only pre–Alpine ages. Our results documented that, even though metasediments share the same structural evolution with UM, large differences in the local metamorphic conditions (Δ P up to 2 GPa; ΔT up to 160 °C) are recorded and are not randomly distributed but they are in relation to: 1) deformation (micro)structures, and 2) distance from the UM lenses. Moreover, fluid–assisted metasomatism is furthermore documented as being strongly localized at the interface between ultramafic lenses and the metapelitic host throughout all part of the metamorphic evolution, including the HP–HT stage. Therefore, in the Cima di Gagnone type–locality, the interplay between metapelites and ultramafic exerts a crucial first–order control to allow assemblage equilibrium during HT metamorphism and amphibolite–facies retrogression. Furthermore, the new findings exclude that the different metamorphic record may be attributed only to differential preservation during the retrograde path. We finally discuss these new data into the regional P–T–t–D paths and discuss the possible processes that controlled the exhumation of HP rocks.

Local variations of metamorphic record from compositionally heterogeneous rocks: Inferences on exhumation processes of HP rocks from the Adula-Cima Lunga unit

The Acatlan Complex (Puebla state) is the largest outcrop of metamorphic Paleozoic rocks in Mexico. This Complex is built by metaigneous and metasedimentary units, including polydeformed metagabbros, metabasites, metapelites, serpentinites and granitoids, which have registered, at least, three independent orogenic events that occurred between the Ordovician-Silurian and the early Permian. The most pervasive of these events is the Acatecan Orogen of Early Mississippian age that is characterized for having reached metamorphic peak conditions in the eclogite facies, at up to 22 kbar and 760 °C (Hernández-Uribe et al., 2018). The resulting lithologic and structural diversity has been interpreted as evidence for tectonic processes that involved a complete Wilson cycle, as well as accretionary processes and the subduction of Paleozoic global oceans (e.g. Nance et al. 2006; Ortega-Gutiérrez et al., 2018). For this reason, the Acatlán Complex represents a superb natural laboratory for the complete study of deep-seated inhumation processes and those involved in the eventual exhumation of the rocks that occur in orogenic convergent margins.  In this work, we present a preliminary study based on the metamorphic retrogression of eclogitic rocks from the Acatlán Complex. Field and detailed petrographic observations of these eclogites and associated rocks reveal that their retrogression is preserved in different kinds of microstructures, from plagioclase-epidote and amphibole-plagioclase symplectites, to chlorite-epidote coronae on garnet and titanite rims around rutile. These rocks also record retrograde compositional zoning in garnet, tourmaline, epidote, amphibole and phengite, and different generations of clinopyroxene, garnet, epidote, zoisite, amphibole, plagioclase, biotite, chlorite and calcite. Our observations suggest that the retrogression and subsequent exhumation of this eclogitic rocks took place in at least three stages; thus, our data represents the basis for the reconstruction of critical retrograde segments for the P-T trajectories followed by the Acatlán Complex high pressure lithologies.  This approach provides new elements that eventually could help to solve how HP-rocks generated under more than 75 km deep where exhumed and brought back to the surface. 

Exhumation of the HP eclogites from the Acatlán Complex (south Mexico): new insights from retrogressive microstructures

Metamorphic rocks often show evidence of reacting phases, whose chemical reactions have been “frozen” due to rapid rock exhumation rates. Symplectitic textures are an example of such microstructures that depict ongoing reactions events of thermodynamic instability. They generally occur as vermicular intimate intergrowths of two or more reacting minerals. When preserved in exhumed rocks, they can be analysed to extract considerable amounts of petrological information, since they make possible to identify both products and reactants of the metamorphic reaction in progress. In the present work we applied image analysis techniques to unravel the P-T conditions associated with the development of symplectitic microstructures, occurring as Pl-Hbl-Cpx coronitic intergrowths around relict eo-Variscan garnets in a late Variscan amphibolite sample from the Aspromonte Unit (NE Sicily). With the software Perple_X (Connoly, 1990), we calculated PT-pseudosections for the Eo-Variscan prograde evolution and for the subsequent retrograde stage in amphibolite facies conditions. This was opportunely performed using the XRF bulk rock chemistry and the progression of the Effective Bulk Chemistry (EBC – Zuluaga et al., 2005; Ortolano et al., 2014), respectively. In particular the EBC was calculated by means of the software Quantitative X-Ray Maps Analyser (Q-XRMA – Ortolano et al., 2014, 2018), analysing the calibrated X-ray maps of three different micro-domains from the same thin section sample. Such a procedure was functional to isolate the chemical contribution of the reactant phase volumes, that effectively took part in the symplectite-forming reaction. We managed to constrain a) an Eo-Variscan metamorphic peak condition of 12.0-12.6 Kbar and 745-780 °C and b) a retrograde P-T range of 4.8-5.4 Kbar and 540-560 °C, the latter associated with the development of the symplectitic coronae. These results quantitatively constrain for the first time previous petrographic evidences of relatively HP relics preserved within the Aspromonte Unit, depicting also the late-Variscan exhumation stage trajectory.   

X-ray quantitative image analyses of progressive symplectite formation during granulite/amphibolite facies retrogression

The Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ) is a well-exposed middle-lower continental crustal section located in the southern Alps of northwest Italy. This crustal section consists mainly of middle-high grade metapelites and metabasites (Kinzigite Formation) with numerous marble lenses. In particular, the Kinzigite Formation is best exposed in the Valle Strona di Omegna, showing progressively higher T conditions, from amphibolite to granulite facies, with increasing crustal depth. Several previous studies focused on the P-T conditions of the metapelites and metabasites (e.g., Kunz and White 2019 and references therein). We present new petrological and geochronological data for metacarbonate rocks occurring at the different crustal levels. We focus on titanite (CaTiSiO5), which is a common and almost unique accessory mineral in the metacarbonates for the lack of other petro-chronological tools (e.g. zircon, monazite and rutile). Titanite may contain numerous important geochemical elements, such as REE, Pb, U, Zr and Nb that are useful for petrological and geochronological reconstruction (Kohn, 2017). Major and trace elements were determined for titanite from metacarbonates with different mineral assemblages along the crustal profile. The chemistry of titanite shows interesting correlations with lithologies, mineral assemblages and titanite modal abundance. Zr-in titanite thermometer (Hayden et al 2008) provided temperature estimates ranging from 700 to 900 °C, coherently with the high temperature conditions recorded by surrounding metapelites/metabasites at Carboniferous-Permian interval (Kunz and White, 2019; Redler et al., 2012). The titanite U concentration ranges from about 20 to 300 ppm; U–Pb dating was only performed for titanite grains from granulite facies metacarbonate, containing more than 100 ppm of U. Preliminary U–Pb dates range from Middle Triassic to Lower Jurassic, suggesting a decoupling between Zr-in titanite geothermometer and U–Pb isotopic results.

Titanite from metacarbonates: a (unique) petrological and geochronological tool. An example from the Valle Strona di Omegna (Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Western Alps, Italy)

Mountain building is a paradigm still under debate in the greater Alpine area. Open questions remain regarding subduction polarity (was there a switch in the Alps?), slab attachment and detachment, the nature of low velocity domains and differences in the composition of the European and Adriatic Plates. Recent geophysical imaging and (seismo)tectonics studies are of great help in providing vastly improved resolution images of the subsurface structures in the crust and mantle. In particular, the European AlpArray project with its dense seismological network has provided 4-years of data from the entire greater Alpine area, leading us to examine the subsurface with renewed vigour. In the first part of our talk, we explore the pros and cons of the different geophysical methods that allow us to discern the lithospheric structure, with particular attention to the greater Alpine region and the Adriatic plate. In a second part, we focus on differences and similarities between models that have been proposed to explain the tectonic and geodynamic framework of the circum-Adriatic area, including the Alps, northern Apennines and Dinarides. We highlight first-order differences in the seismological characteristics of the European and Adriatic plates that govern along-strike variation of the orogenic structure of these mountain belts. Finally, we revisit models that have been proposed in the past and show how the new results change our view of how inherited structures have affected crustal and mantle evolution during mountain building.

Understanding the European and the Adriatic plates from the top down

We present a review of geological and seismological data on the long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System (SVFS) at the northern Adria plate margin and provide its geodynamic and seismotectonic interpretation. The SVFS is a NW-SE trending, high angle complex structure transverse to the Southern Alps fold-and-thrust belt, and has been the object of geological and structural studies for more than a century and a half. The main segment of the SVFS is the Schio-Vicenza Fault (SVF), which has a significant imprint in the landscape across the Eastern Southern Alps and the Veneto-Friuli foreland. The SVFS is divided into a northern segment, extending across the chain between the town of Schio and the Adige Valley, and a southern one, coinciding with the SVF proper. The SVF borders to the east a foreland structural and morphological high formed by the Lessini and Berici Mts., where the Mesozoic bedrock is exposed, and by the volcanic Euganei Hills, separating it from the Veneto-Friuli foreland, and continuing southeastward up to the Adriatic coastline along the blind Conselve-Pomposa Fault. The segments of the SVFS have been active during several tectonic phases with different styles of faulting at least since the Mesozoic, with a well defined long-term dip-slip component of faulting and, conversely, a horizontal one not well constrained. The SVFS interrupts the continuity of the Southern Alps thrust fronts in the Veneto sector, suggesting that at least it played a passive role in controlling the geometry of the active thrust belt, and possibly also the current distribution of seismic release. In this context, the SVFS, and specifically its SVF segment, has been interpreted as the sinistral strike-slip boundary of the northeastern Adriatic indenter. The recent activity of the SVFS is highlighted by the moderate seismicity along the northern segment and few geological observations along the southern one. The review of the historical and instrumental seismicity along with active deformation data, shows that the SVFS does not appear to have generated large earthquakes during the last few hundred years, while the focal mechanisms of moderate seismicity points to a dextral strike-slip activity, driven by a N-S oriented compressional regime. These observations are corroborated by the field analysis of antithetic Riedel structures of the fault cropping out along the northern segment. Conversely, the southern segment shows geological evidence of recent sinistral strike-slip activity. The geological and seismological apparently conflicting data can be reconciled considering the sinistral strike-slip faulting style of the southern segment as driven by the indentation of the Adriatic plate, while the dextral strike-slip style along the northern segment can be explained as a sinistral opening "zipper" type shear zone junction, where intersecting pairs of simultaneously active faults with different sense of shear merge into a single fault system through a zippered section.

Role of the long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System at the northern Adria plate margin

The recent tectonic activity of the Susans Tricesimo Thrust System (STTS) was investigated through a multidisciplinary approach. The study area is located in the northernmost portion of the Friuli eastern prealpine border where the SSE verging front of the Southalpine Chain meets the NW-SE trending strike slip structures of the eastern Friuli-western Slovenia domain (Vrabec & Fodor, 2006; Poli & Zanferrari, 2018). At present, the 2-3 mm/yr accumulating deformation (Serpelloni et al., 2016) is released through the interaction among reverse, transpressive and strike-slip faults. The study area corresponds to the epicentral zone of two of the strongest earthquakes of NE Friuli: the 1511 Mw 6.3 and the 1976-77 (Mw ≤ 6.4) sequence (Rovida et al., 2021). In more recent times, two seismic sequences were registered in western Slovenia in 1998 (Mw 5.6) and 2004 (Mw 5.2). In order to further explore the involvement of the STTS during the strongest seismic events occurred in the area, this work is focused on the recent tectonic activity of the structure. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, the deep 3D-geometry of the STTS was reconstructed by combining ENI seismic lines interpretation and hypocentral distribution analysis. The morphotectonic survey conducted in the study area allowed to detect many surficial anomalies at the hanging-wall of the ST thrust. The collected morphotectonic hints clearly depict a NW-SE elongated zone of surficial deformation, highlighting the recent activity of the Colle Villano-W inner thrust. Lastly, the realization of a paleoseismological trench across the Colle Villano-W thrust revealed that the excavated glacial units of the Canodusso Subsynthem (18.000 - 19.000 yr 14C BP) experienced at last two deformative episodes. Particularly, the occurrence of the latest event in historical times seems likely, and the possible correlation with the 1511 or 1976 events must be considered.

Cross-border challenges in active fault definitions across the Slovenia-Italy border

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Microstructural and petrological characterization of a major extensional shear zone in the middle crust (Val d’Ossola, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Western Alps)

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Cross-border challenges in active fault definitions across the Slovenia-Italy border

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Microstructural and petrological characterization of a major extensional shear zone in the middle crust (Val d’Ossola, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Western Alps)

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Deriving a new crustal model of Northern Adria: the Northern Adria Crust (NAC) model

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