United States

In the Latina Valley (Central Apennines, Italy) several discontinuous bitumen outcrops and a well-known oil field occur, cultivated since the 19th century. The distribution of such deposits is strongly controlled by faults, which have a fundamental role in controlling hydrocarbon migration, entrapment, and/or leakage within fold-and thrust belts. However, little attention has been dedicated in the past to the role of post-orogenic normal faults in controlling hydrocarbon migration during the orogenic collapse. Field and subsurface data are here combined with geological evidence from the Ripi oil field, and a conceptual model is proposed for hydrocarbon migration along post-orogenic normal faults and entrapment within shallow reservoirs. Results show that post-orogenic normal faults promoted updip hydrocarbon migration from Upper Triassic mature source rocks, which generated oil during foreland/foredeep flexure and subsequent involvement into the accretionary wedge. Where pre-orogenic deposits were covered by less-permeable syn-orogenic sandstones, marls, and clays, hydrocarbons moved laterally from normal faults and impregnated high-porosity sandstone lenses, generating discontinuous and heavy oil reservoirs. On the contrary, where syn-orogenic deposits were eroded in response to orogenic uplift, hydrocarbons leaked at the Earth’s surface. Results from this study can be applied to reduce risks during hydrocarbon exploration and appraisal in similar tectonic settings.

SGI 2021

The role of post-orogenic normal faulting in hydrocarbon migration in fold-and-thrust belts: insights from the Latina Valley (central Apennines, Italy)

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L'Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS e il Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze dell'Università di Trieste sono orgogliosi di ospitare il 90° Congresso della Società Geologica Italiana a Trieste dal 14 al 16 settembre 2021. La modalità del congresso è interamente online.

Con il motto "Geologia senza frontiere" questo evento mira a promuovere le Scienze della Terra come disciplina scientifica proiettata nel futuro, oltre i confini geografici, politici e disciplinari, per comprendere meglio l'interno del Pianeta Terra e la struttura del sottosuolo, difendere la società da pericolosi eventi geologici, comprendere meglio la variabilità climatica, pianificare l'utilizzo delle georisorse in modo etico e nel rispetto dell'ambiente.


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The National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics - OGS and the Department of Mathematics and Geosciences of the University of Trieste are proud to host the 90th Congress of the Italian Geological Society in Trieste on 14-16 September 2021.  The Congress will be held entirely online.

With the motto "Geology Without Borders" this event aims to promote Earth Sciences as a scientific discipline projected into the future, beyond geographical, political and disciplinary boundaries, to better understand the interior of Planet Earth and the structure of the subsurface, defend society from dangerous geological events, better understand climatic variability, plan the use of geo-resources in an ethical way and respecting the environment.


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Earth Sciences should be understood not only as necessary for a better understanding of the interior of the planet Earth, but also as a defense of society from dangerous geological events, for the understanding of climatic variations, for the planning and use of georesources in a ethical and respecting and protecting the environment.

poster

Geosites represent the geological, geomorphological, palaeontological, mineralogical or other interests in a territory with scientific and environmental values of the landscape heritage (Wimbledon et al., 1996). Generally, geosites are natural architectures, or singularities of the landscape, which testify to geological processes that shaped our planet. They provide an indispensable contribution to the understanding of the geological history of a region and represent values of exceptional importance for the landscape and cultural, educational and recreational attractions.

The Atlas of Geosites of Sicily

The Manciano Sandstone consists of medium to very coarse, fairly well-sorted, lithic to lithic-arkosic sandstone, with calcite cement, and minor intercalations of sandy conglomerates. It represents a key lithostratigraphic formation for the interpretation of the Miocene stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Tyrrhenian sector of the central-northern Apennines. This formation crops out discontinuously over the Ligurian Units in northwestern Latium and southern Tuscany, and two geosites have already been identified: along the S.P. F32 Farnese-Manciano, in the Tuscany Region, and along the Latium coast (Bagni di S. Agostino). The best exposures are observable in some quarries near Manciano (Gamberaio, Poggio la Vecchia, Scarceta), where a detailed facies analysis has been carried out (Rossi et al., 2017). However, access to these sites is generally not allowed during mining activities, and when this activity ceases, the quarry fronts are buried in order to proceed with the environmental recovery of the area. We think that in this case, the scientific interest of the outcrops should be considered prevalent compared to a traditional morphological recovery, often obtained with questionable results. On this basis we present a possible functional recovery of the Poggio la Vecchia quarry. Along its fronts, which develop over 80 m in height, the diamond cut walls show extraordinary exposures and, at the end of quarrying, an area of about 9ha could be preserved for geo-touristic itineraries, exalting the beautiful and unique landscape, and the panoramic views on the beneath Fiora valley. The regularization of the quarry fronts would allow each floor to be used in its completeness, without discontinuity, and in safe conditions. The geodiversity of these outcrops allows a wide range of possibilities for scientific dissemination and information, with particular emphasis on sedimentological and paleontological topics. The most common structures include medium-scale cross-stratification formed by the migration of 2D and 3D dunes (tabular- and trough-cross-bedding) and small-scale cross-lamination formed by the migration of waves and current ripples, as well as well preserved ichnofacies (Macaronichnus, Ophiomorpha, Skolithos, Cruziana, etc.) and interesting paleontological content, with layers containing oysters and echinids (Scutella striatula, S. leoganensis , S. paulensis). Another peculiarity is the presence of Liesegang rings, whose genesis is related to the main fracture systems affecting the rock bodies. In each of the identified stops, it will be possible to get a simple explanation of its peculiarities through information totems or Q.R. code. It would be desirable that this type of recovery project was also extended to the other two quarries that could form together with the near geosite an extended geopark.

The functional recovery of the Poggio la Vecchia Quarry: an Example of Geo-Heritage conservation

Determination and authentication of the geographical origin of food products have recently become relevant in investigations against frauds for consumer protection. Studies on territoriality are based on the hypothesis that chemical elements detected in plants and their products reflect those contained in the soil. Geographical features of the production area are considered relevant factors affecting the specific designation such as the composition of the parent rock, soil-forming process, climate, topography, and land use. As suggested by Pepi et al (2017; 2018), geochemical characterization, based on the determination of major and trace elements, is commonly used to establish the geographical origin of products. This work aims to present a preliminary study on soil samples to establish a method to identify the geographical origin of two different types of red chicory (long-leaves and round-leaves). Granulometric analysis and the major element composition, on a set of 12 samples of agricultural soils from the southern Po Delta area were used for local soil characterization. The samples come from a site located in Massenzatica (Municipality of Mesola, Province of Ferrara, NE of Italy) and sampling has been undertaken between October and December 2020 in different fields: 6 samples came from two fields inside the area of the Consorzio Uomini di Massenzatica (CUM), where the other 6 came from an area outside CUM. Grain size analysis shows a high similarity for all samples, with an average amount of sand of 85.76% (±1.47), 10.11% (±1.52) of Silt and 4.13% (±0.77) of Clay. According to USDA classification, the samples can be classified as Loamy Sand and Sand. Concerning the major element compositions (SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Al2O3), the samples are comparable, and aluminum plays an important role as a constituent of the clay fraction of soil, as a good reference element. Differences emerge when alkaline elements (K2O, Na2O) are considered: K concentration discriminates in the soil characterization between the two cultivated varieties.

Geochemical characterization and granulometric analysis of agricultural soils as a tool for geographical origin identification: preliminary results from the case study of Massenzatica (Ferrara)

A promising method to trace the geographical provenance of products of the agro-food sector consists in using petro-chemical tracers derived from the geological substratum of the production area. The radiogenic isotope 87Sr is one of the most robust tracer used. Indeed, Sr is ubiquitous in rocks and soils at ppm levels. Its isotopic composition depends on the parent/daughter ratio (87Rb/86Sr), the age and the origin of the bedrock. Another possible geochemical tracer is represented by REEs (Rare Earth Elements) patterns, which varies depending on the geological and petrological setting. Pelacani et al. (2017) showed that the REEs and the 87Sr/86Sr are absorbed from soil and transferred to the olive pulp of Olea Europea, without any significant elemental and isotopic fractionation, meaning that 87Sr/86Sr of plants and fruits reflects the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the bioavailable soil fraction. In order to assess if Sr isotopes and REE patterns can be used as geographical tracers also for olive oil, we investigate sixteen olive groves from different geological and geomorphological setting of Tuscany, located in Chianti, High Tiberina Valley and Maremma. Particular attention was paid to minimize local differences in climate, topography, and cultivar. Samples of soil, olives and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) were collected from each olive grove. The main challenge is represented by the low content of REEs and Sr in EVOO, especially for Heavy REEs with concentrations < 4 pg g-1. We set up in our lab a procedure to extract REEs and Sr from olive oil and olives involving mechanical stirring and ultrasound assisted extraction (Turk et al., 2019), followed by Sr purification using standard chromatographic techniques. 87Sr/86Sr measurements in soil, olives and olive oil were performed by TIMS, while the REE content was determined by ICP-MS. Preliminary results suggest that this analytical procedure is able to concentrate more Sr and REEs from EVOO, allowing more precise measurements.

Tracing the provenance of Tuscan Extra Virgin Olive Oil using Sr isotopes and Rare Earth Elements

The ichnological survey of the track-bearing surface in the Pontrelli quarry (Altamura, Apulia) was performed using both traditional and new methodologies. Approximately 26,000 footprints were identified, 600 of which arranged in 12 quadrupedal trackways. Close-range photogrammetry was applied to gain accurate 3D models of the best-preserved specimens. The ichnological study, supported by morphometric analysis and photogrammetric models, led to the identification of different morphotypes, produced by two dinosaur trackmakers. In the Morphotype 1 are included the specimens characterised by tridactyl pes, which digits are lobe-shaped, and smaller manus (i.e., heteropody index between 1:5 and 1:2) with three subcircular pads. This ichnotaxonomical group includes the ichnospecies Apulosauripus federicianus, established by Nicosia et al. (2000) to describe the trackway ACDL99/3 . Nevertheless, numerous footprints can be also morphologically matched to the ichnogenus Caririchnium Leonardi, 1984. Six trackways can be assigned to this morphotype, including the two longest trackways of the ichnosite (represented by 75 and 88 manus-pes couples). The specimens of Morphotype 1 are referred to ornithopod dinosaurs, likely to medium-sized hadrosaurs with a hip height between 74 and 125 cm and up to 4.5 m long. The closest candidate is to date Tethyshadros insularis, 4-5 m long hadrosauroid from the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian deposits of Villaggio del Pescatore (Trieste, NE Italy). The Morphotype 2 is represented by a broad tetradactyl pes and a slightly smaller manus (i.e., heteropody index between 1:3 and 1:2 on average, in some specimens up to 1:1), in which four or five digits are barely recognizable. Six trackways are referable to this morphotype, among which the longest is constituted by 39 quadrupedal steps. The morphological features of these tracks closely match those of to the ichnogenus Tetrapodosaurus Sternberg, 1932, typically attributed to ankylosaurs. According primarily to the medium size of the ankylosaurian trackmaker of Altamura (hip height = 60-92 cm, body length = 2.5-4.5 m), the coincidence correlation method (Carrano & Wilson, 2001) suggests a nodosaurid as most suitable candidate, similar to the 2.5 m long Struthiosaurus or the 4 m long Hungarosaurus from the Santonian-Maastrichtian deposits of Europe. The occurrence of these two dinosaur groups in the Late Cretaceous of the Apulian Carbonate Platform can represent the keystone to enhance the knowledge on the palaeogeographic framework of the Periadriatic region.

The hadrosaur and nodosaur ichnoassemblage from the Altamura dinosaur tracksite (early Campanian; Apulia, southern Italy)

The Lavini di Marco ichnosite (Trentino-Alto Adige), discovered in 1989, is one of the most extensive European dinosaur tracksites, being the subject of several studies since early 90’s. The track-bearing layers are referred to the Monte Zugna Fm. (Hettangian-lower Sinemurian) of the Calcari Grigi Group, settled down within the palaeogeographic domain of the Trento carbonate Platform. In 2018, a new field survey was performed, as part of a joint project between MUSE - Science Museum of Trento, Sapienza University of Rome and Autonomous Province of Trento. The goal was to carry out an ichnological review and to realize the first geothematic map of the whole tracksite. During the survey both traditional and innovative methods were used, such as aerial and close-range photogrammetry. More than 700 tridactyl tracks and about 200 quadrupedal tracks were detected, and we mapped 27 trackways of both bipedal and quadrupedal dinosaurs. Close-range photogrammetry allowed to gain detailed morphological information, thus refining the ichnotaxonomical assignment. Morphological and morphometrical analyses allowed to assign most of the tridactyl tracks to the ichnogenus Kayentapus, although some specimens can be referred to the ichnogenera Anchisauripus, Grallator and Eubrontes. The occurrence of ornithischian ichnotaxon Anomoepus (previously hypothesized on the basis of two sub-parallel elongated tracks) was denied by the photogrammetric model, revealing the overlap of two tridactyl footprints with different size. The ichnotaxonomical review of quadrupedal trackways led to the emandation of the diagnosis of the ichnospecies Lavinipes cheminii and to assign several other sparse tracks and trackways to the same ichnotaxon. Panguraptor-like and Sinosaurus-like theropods have been identified as most suitable trackmakers for the tridactyl footprints, whereas the sauropodomorph Gongxianosaurus has been hypothesized as the most likely producer of Lavinipes cheminii. The occurrence of isolated tracks left by large theropods, which autopodium is still unknown in the skeletal fossil record, was also reported. The ichnoassemblage and the possible trackmakers thus suggest a palaeobiogeographic dispersal between Laurasia and the Trento Platform during the Hettangian, providing an accurate constraint to hypothesize their connection through northern and western sectors of Alpine region. Aerial photogrammetry was performed by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (i.e., drones) allowed to obtain orthophotos and orthoplanes of the whole tracksite. The map was realized in digital vector format with different level of knowledge with the aim of producing a comprehensive tool. The obtained geothematic map represents a complete documentation that will be useful for future work of enhancement, preservation and valorisation of the tracksite.

Geothematic map and ichnological review of dinosaur tracks from the Lavini di Marco ichnosite (Early Jurassic, Southern Alps, NE Italy)

Many studies show that grapevines develop differently, depending on their growing area. This phenomenon is shown by the different growth behaviour of the plant. Historical price developments in individual wine-growing areas have led to precisely delimited cultivation sites, down to the smallest sites, forming a pedoclimatic unit, which is identified with the term “terroir”or “climat” or simply “vineyard site”. Often a clearly defined and recognizable wine type is attributed to these units. All over the world, great importance in grape cultivation is given to the grapes’ growth habitat and intensive research of the connections between growing area and wine quality is conducted. In this context it must be considered, that the concept of “terroir” (“climat”, vineyard site) comprises all other viticultural measures which - in part of necessity - shape the cultivation of a particular location. Especially in pedoclimatically heterogeneous areas, like for example South Tyrol, it is a great challenge to recognize and evaluate the site-specific effects due to a multitude of variables. Some exemplary site studies illustrate the impact of the vineyard location on the wine quality. The significance of soil characteristics, geographical situation and microclimate conditions is demonstrated. Possible correlations between individual site characteristics and the types of sensory characteristics are presented and the vintage effect relating to the site-specific effect is defined. The site-specific effect is reflected in the wine quality, which means wines of one grape variety produced in different locations, even if they are very close, show different characteristics. Conversely, wines from different and even distant locations, may show some similarities. Generally, the vintage effect is more significant than the site effect. The climatic and geographic parameters, such as sea level, average annual temperature etc., mostly show more incisive effects than the geopedological parameters (pH-value, grain size composition, etc.). In some cases, however, the importance of these variables could be recognized as well. The greatest challenge in pedoclimatically heterogeneous areas, is the grouping of individual sites into a site unit with certain expected wine characteristics and their delimitation. 

Possible site-specific effects on wine quality based on various vineyard sites in a heterogeneous area like South Tyrol

Purpose of this research is to quantitatively assess the mineral component of vineyard soils, with particular attention to the mineralogical analysis of clays, which represent an element of high importance in the vineyard culture as well as in general agriculture. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) / thermogravimetric (TG) multi-technique analytical approach was developed, tested on soil samples taken from vineyards around the world. This codified analytical procedure was necessary to obtain precise qualitative and quantitative mineralogical data, globally comparable to distinguish the geopedological identity of the vineyards. Soil samples from vineyards of various locations were analysed, in very different geological conditions. The bulk-rock quantitative phase analysis (QPA) was obtained by the Rietveld method while the detailed composition of the clay-sized fraction was determined by modelling of the oriented X-ray diffraction patterns. The research provided a precise classification of the mineral component of soils, distinguishing the mineral phases of the clays and the so-called mixed-layer clay minerals. We found that the content in mixed layers can be directly correlated with the water retention and the cation exchange capacity ​​of the soil, while the presence of other clayey minerals and phyllosilicates in this research did not affect this CEC parameter, which codes the fertility level of the soils. The study demonstrates that terroir, in particular soils formed in complex or very different geological conditions, can only be effectively interpreted by properly analysing its mineral phases, in particular the mixed-layer clay component. These are characteristic abiotic ecological indicators, which may have specific eco-physiological influences on the plant.

Vineyards and clay minerals: multi-technique analytical approach and correlations with soil properties

The study of the relationships between the natural characteristics of the environment and the quality of the wine highlights the existence of a specificity. The basic element of the viticultural vocation is the territory, which materializes in a geographical space within which the work of nature and the centuries-old intervention of man have given rise to a food that cannot be produced elsewhere, whose qualitative excellence manifests itself continuously, therefore even in the most difficult years. It is from the interaction between natural and human factors that the peculiarities of wine are born. The high number of different areas dedicated to wine production is to be considered an element of the value of Italian viticulture, together with the great wealth of national varieties. The analysis of the various factors that lead to the qualitative expression of wines has been the subject, in the last twenty years, of numerous scientific studies, which have highlighted in the first instance, i.e. on a fairly large geographical scale, the fundamental contribution that geology and the geomorphology contribute to the peculiarities of the wine-growing areas. These factors contribute to determining the characteristics and qualities of the soil, some of which have a decisive effect on the viticultural and oenological response. In particular, the characteristics that condition water and mineral nutrition, such as water retention capacity, depth and volume that can be explored by the roots, stoniness and colour (mirror of its chemical composition), superficial and deep drainage, richness in active limestone as well as in macro and microelements, they are the basis for the quality of the grapes and the subsequent qualitative expression of the wines. Wine-growing areas located on fissured and karstified limestone rocks, which favour the removal of excess water through deep drainage, often have a high viticultural vocation. Where the parent material is calcareous marl, the soils are generally clayey and silty, retain a good amount of water and give finesse to the wines, while the granites and sandstones produce sands and gravels by alteration, which dry out very easily and contain vigour. Soils on volcanic basalts, rich in nutrients, give an imprint of robustness and fullness to the wines. Soils on alluvial sediments rich in clay are suitable for vigorous vines and wines with character. The best terroirs are rooted in soils where for most years the crop yield is moderate but of good quality, without a massive integration of chemical fertilizers and unsustainable risks for the conservation of soil quality.

Soil functional factors of Italian wines

Asthma is a main chronic respiratory disease worldwide, affecting over 330 million people of all ethnic groups throughout all ages. In the US, asthma is one of the most common and costly diseases and it is responsible for more than 5000 deaths annually. An association between climatic conditions (drought) and asthma mortality has been widely assumed. However, it is unclear whether climatic variations have a fingerprint on asthma dynamics over long time intervals. The global environment has been facing large changes during the last century, which can also affect respiratory health with increased asthma frequency worldwide. According to McCabe et al. (2004), spatial and temporal variances in multidecadal drought frequency over the contiguous US are attributable to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Paciﬁc Decadal Oscillation (PDO) interaction. In view of the statement of the Global Asthma Network, we hypothesized that drought and asthma mortality may show similar periodicity in the contiguous US. To detect a possible correlation between drought and asthma mortality rates annual data (from 1950 to 2015) of asthma mortality were downloaded from the US National Center for Health Statistics. AMO and PDO data were downloaded from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The analysis of the signals was performed by applying the Empirical Mode Decomposition algorithm of Huang et al. (1998). To compare the dominant periodicities (asthma versus AMO versus PDO) we applied a bandpass filter. We found that asthma death rates evaluated in 4 different age groups share the same pattern of fluctuation throughout the 1950-2015 time interval, but different trends. Annual asthma death rates turned out to be correlated with the dynamics of the AMO, modulated by the PDO, and sharing the same averaged ∼44 year-periodicity. The results of the current study (Bonomo et al, 2019) have suggested an influence of climate patterns on asthma mortality rates in the US. This has prompted us to assess whether a similar association may be found for asthma incidence in Italy. A collaborative research (within the domain of the “One Health” concept) using data from the Italian branch of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey is ongoing to find a possible relationship of asthma incidence with drought indices.

The role of post-orogenic normal faulting in hydrocarbon migration in fold-and-thrust belts: insights from the Latina Valley (central Apennines, Italy)

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