Thailand

Code summarization and generation empower conversion between programming language(PL) and natural language (NL), while code translation avails the migration of legacy code from one PL to another. This paper introduces PLBART, a sequence-to-sequence model capable of performing a broad spectrum of program and language understanding and generation tasks. PLBART is pre-trained on an extensive collection of Java and Python functions and associated NL text via denoising autoencoding. Experiments on code summarization in the English language, code generation, and code translation in seven programming languages show that PLBART outperforms or rivals state-of-the-art models. Moreover, experiments on discriminative tasks,e.g., program repair, clone detection, and vulnerable code detection, demonstrate PLBART’s effectiveness in program understanding. Furthermore, analysis reveals that PLBART learns program syntax, style (e.g., identifier naming convention), logical flow (e.g., if block inside an else block is equivalent to else if block) that are crucial to program semantics and thus ex-cels even with limited annotations.

ACL-IJCNLP 2021

Unified Pre-training for Program Understanding and Generation

denoising autoencoding.

source code generation

source code understanding

source code pretraining

2021 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

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NAACL 2021

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**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). 

As in previous years, the program of the conference includes a poster session, tutorials, workshops and demonstrations in addition to the main conference.


We were able to keep the registration fees similar to those charged for the virtual ACL 2020. The one fee allows attendance at the main conference and any/all tutorials and workshops. These fees would be $125 Regular Early and $175 Regular Late; $50 Student Early and $75 Student Late. Early registration closes at midnight July 11, 2021 (Eastern Daylight Time).

**Reminder:** It is ACL’s policy that at least one author of each accepted paper (including ACL Finding papers) must register for the conference.

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Registration is now open

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

Correct natural language understanding requires computers to distinguish the literal and metaphorical senses of a word. Recent neu- ral models achieve progress on verb metaphor detection by viewing it as sequence labeling. In this paper, we argue that it is appropriate to view this task as relation classification between a verb and its various contexts. We propose the Metaphor-relation BERT (Mr-BERT) model, which explicitly models the relation between a verb and its grammatical, sentential and semantic contexts. We evaluate our method on the VUA, MOH-X and TroFi datasets. Our method gets competitive results compared with state-of-the-art approaches.

Verb Metaphor Detection via Contextual Relation Learning

Pretraining and multitask learning are widely used to improve the speech translation performance. In this study, we are interested in training a speech translation model along with an auxiliary text translation task. We conduct a detailed analysis to understand the impact of the auxiliary task on the primary task within the multitask learning framework. Our analysis confirms that multitask learning tends to generate similar decoder representations from different modalities and preserve more information from the pretrained text translation modules. We observe minimal negative transfer effect between the two tasks and sharing more parameters is helpful to transfer knowledge from the text task to the speech task. The analysis also reveals that the modality representation difference at the top decoder layers is still not negligible, and those layers are critical for the translation quality. Inspired by these findings, we propose three methods to improve translation quality. First, a parameter sharing and initialization strategy is proposed to enhance information sharing between the tasks. Second, a novel attention-based regularization is proposed for the encoders and pulls the representations from different modalities closer. Third, an online knowledge distillation is proposed to enhance the knowledge transfer from the text to the speech task. Our experiments show that the proposed approach improves translation performance by more than 2 BLEU over a strong baseline and achieves state-of-the-art results on the MuST-C English-German, English-French and English-Spanish language pairs.

Improving Speech Translation by Understanding and Learning from the Auxiliary Text Translation Task

Large pre-trained language models (PTLMs) have been shown to carry biases towards different social groups which leads to the reproduction of stereotypical and toxic content by major NLP systems.
We propose a method based on logistic regression classifiers to probe English, French, and Arabic PTLMs and quantify the potentially harmful content that they convey with respect to a set of templates. The templates are prompted by a name of a social group followed by a cause-effect relation. We use PTLMs to predict masked tokens at the end of a sentence in order to examine how likely they enable toxicity towards specific communities. We shed the light on how such negative content can be triggered within unrelated and benign contexts based on evidence from a large-scale study, then we explain how to take advantage of our methodology to assess and mitigate the toxicity transmitted by PTLMs.

Probing Toxic Content in Large Pre-Trained Language Models

Technology for language generation has advanced rapidly, spurred by advancements in pre-training large models on massive amounts of data and the need for intelligent agents to communicate in a natural manner. While techniques can effectively generate fluent text, they can also produce undesirable societal biases that can have a disproportionately negative impact on marginalized populations. Language generation presents unique challenges for biases in terms of direct user interaction and the structure of decoding techniques. To better understand these challenges, we present a survey on societal biases in language generation, focusing on how data and techniques contribute to biases and progress towards reducing biases. Motivated by a lack of studies on biases from decoding techniques, we also conduct experiments to quantify the effects of these techniques. By further discussing general trends and open challenges, we call to attention promising directions for research and the importance of fairness and inclusivity considerations for language generation applications.

Societal Biases in Language Generation: Progress and Challenges

We demonstrate that transformers obtain impressive performance even when some of the layers are randomly initialized and never updated. Inspired by old and well-established ideas in machine learning, we explore a variety of non-linear “reservoir” layers interspersed with regular transformer layers, and show improvements in wall-clock compute time until convergence, as well as overall performance, on various machine translation and (masked) language modelling tasks.

Reservoir Transformers

Many database users do not precisely know the structure or the content of databases, and thus their queries do not exactly reflect their information needs. To help users formulate their questions when they query databases, we propose AUTO SQL, a question auto-completion framework in Text-to-SQL for natural language interfaces to databases. We construct a benchmark dataset and experiment with models on our constructed dataset. Experiment results demonstrate that our dataset is challenging for current models.

AutoSQL: Question Auto-Completion for Text-to-SQL

Translating natural language texts into ex-ecutable scenarios is a very active researcharea, with plenty of applications in the de-velopment of dialogue systems, digital as-sistants, and so on. Crowd-sourcing isnowadays the preferred method for label-ing task-specific executable data, but thebiggest challenge in using crowd-sourcingfor the labeling of executable programs isthat the ramp-up effort required for the an-notators to generate high-quality executa-bles is essentially unattainable.In thiswork we suggest an innovative approachfor modeling and labeling sequential pro-grams, by representing them as a tem-poral sequence of grounded world-states,depicted by the annotator to indicate theresulting world-state for each instruction.Our main innovation is in developing aschedule-like interface that facilitates theannotation of the sequence of world-states,which can then be deterministically trans-formed to the out-coming executable. Wedemonstrate this approach for the domainof recipe parsing, for understanding andexecuting the instructions in a kitchen-likeenvironment.This approach is entirelygeneral and can be also applied to otherdomains, e.g., the coding and execution ofUI instructions or WetLab protocols.

Don’t code, schedule! Annotating Instructional Executable Text at Scale Without Teaching Annotators How to Code

In this paper, we present a deep learning code completion model for the R programming language.
We introduce several techniques to utilize language modeling based architecture in the code completion task.
With these techniques, the model requires low resources, but still achieves high quality.

We also present an evaluation dataset for the R programming language completion task.
Our dataset contains multiple autocompletion usage contexts and that provides robust validation results. The dataset is publicly available.

Time-Efficient Code Completion Model for the R Programming Language

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to a range of adversaries. A particularly pernicious class of vulnerabilities are backdoors, where model predictions diverge in the presence of subtle triggers in inputs. An attacker can implant a backdoor by poisoning the training data to yield a desired target prediction on triggered inputs. We study backdoors in the context of deep-learning for source code. (1) We define a range of backdoor classes for source-code tasks and show how to poison a dataset to install such backdoors. (2) We adapt and improve recent algorithms from robust statistics for our setting, showing that backdoors leave a spectral signature in the learned representation of source code, thus enabling detection of poisoned data. (3) We conduct a thorough evaluation on different architectures and languages, showing the ease of injecting backdoors and our ability to eliminate them.

Backdoors in Neural Models of Source Code

Forming and interpreting abstraction is a core process in human communication. In particular, when giving and performing complex instructions stated in natural language (NL), people may naturally evoke abstract constructs such as objects, loops, conditions and functions to convey their intentions in an efficient and precise way. Yet, interpreting and grounding abstraction stated in NL has not been systematically studied in NLP/AI. To elicit naturally-occurring abstractions in NL we develop the Hexagons referential game, where players describe increasingly complex images on a two-dimensional Hexagons board, and other players need to follow these instructions to recreate the images. Using this game we collected the Hexagons dataset, which consists of 164 images and over 3000 naturally-occurring instructions, rich with diverse abstractions. Results of our baseline models on an instruction-to-execution task derived from the Hexagons dataset confirm that higher-level abstractions in NL are indeed more challenging for current systems to process. Thus, this dataset exposes a new and challenging dimension for grounded semantic parsing, and we propose it for the community as a future benchmark to explore more sophisticated and high-level communication within NLP applications.

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Verb Metaphor Detection via Contextual Relation Learning

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Unified Pre-training for Program Understanding and Generation

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