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Using analysis of variance on a sample consisting of 1,499 US students across 21 US PhD programs, we show that there is no significant difference in the time it takes US male and female physics PhD students to complete their degree programs. This result comes in spite of a statistically significant 18 percentile point gap in median GRE-P scores between genders. Additional analyses reveal that there is no statistical difference between US students reported as White, Black/Hispanic/Multiracial/Native American, and Asian. Expanding our sample to also include 1,143 Non-US students, we find a small but significant effect of citizenship status on time to PhD completion where the average time for Non-US students to complete a physics PhD is about two months less than their US student counterparts. These results show that in spite of known gaps in standardized admissions exams between genders, these differences are not reflected in subsequent graduate school performance. Our findings reinforce the need for graduate admissions committees to go beyond quantitative metrics and conduct a holistic assessment of an applicant&#39;s potential to perform research effectively and to earn a PhD.

PERC SM 21

Time to PhD completion is no different between men and women despite score gap on physics GRE

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Join AAPT and Physics Educators worldwide in developing and strengthening your professional connections by attending the 2021 AAPT Virtual Summer Meeting. AAPT meetings are a great way to reflect on your teaching, recommit to best practices and re-energize your career with new research, products, and techniques.

Listen to internationally known plenary speakers, attend sessions, workshops, and special activities. Attending the virtual summer meeting is an excellent opportunity to share your expertise and learn from and network with leaders in the field.

Please log in with your AAPT account or register for the event if you haven't already.

If you are registered please note that you need to be logged in with your AAPT email / credentials in order to get access.

AAPT SM 21

Using analysis of variance on a sample consisting of 1,499 US students across 21 US PhD programs, we show that there is no significant difference in the time it takes US male and female physics PhD students to complete their degree programs. This result comes in spite of a statistically significant 18 percentile point gap in median GRE-P scores between genders. Additional analyses reveal that there is no statistical difference between US students reported as White, Black/Hispanic/Multiracial/Native American, and Asian. Expanding our sample to also include 1,143 Non-US students, we find a small but significant effect of citizenship status on time to PhD completion where the average time for Non-US students to complete a physics PhD is about two months less than their US student counterparts. These results show that in spite of known gaps in standardized admissions exams between genders, these differences are not reflected in subsequent graduate school performance. Our findings reinforce the need for graduate admissions committees to go beyond quantitative metrics and conduct a holistic assessment of an applicant's potential to perform research effectively and to earn a PhD.

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**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

PhysPort (www.physport.org) is a website that supports physics instructors in incorporating research-based teaching practices in their classrooms. The PhysPort Data Explorer is an online tool for physics instructors to analyze their research-based assessment data (including FCI, FMCE, BEMA, CSEM, CLASS, MPEX, and many more). Instructors upload their students' responses using our secure interface. The Data Explorer matches their pre/post data, scores it, compares it to national data, and graphs it in an interactive and intuitive manner. Instructors can look at their results over time, break their results down by question or cluster, and make comparisons between courses. Instructors can also upload data related to student demographics, academic record or background, and look at their assessment results based on this information. We present the Data Explorer and discuss equity issues around analysis and interpretation of research-based assessment results, in order to support faculty in using data to reveal and address inequities, to more effectively support minoritized groups of students, and to minimize and eliminate harm.

Using the PhysPort Data Explorer to analyze research-based assessment results

In this study of a large enrollment introductory physics course, I investigated students' use of free online resources (YouTube, Khan Academy, Chegg) and newly-implemented class resources since the Covid-19 transition to remote learning. In my mixed-methods approach, I surveyed and interviewed students on their perceptions and use of expanded course resources which include: pre-lecture module with introductory videos, quizzes with instructional feedback, tutorial assignment with low-stakes grading parameters, and demonstration videos. Students also engage with weekly activities similar to pre-Covid-19 but adapted to the remote setting, including synchronous remote lectures and active-learning recitations, asynchronous recitation quizzes as exam-like practice, and online homework assignments. The survey data suggest students value the expanded course resources as helpful to their learning, and report little use of solutions sites like Chegg. Despite increased accessibility of virtual meetings, students still do not engage frequently with course office hours or the University Learning Centers.

Addressing Barriers in Introductory Physics: Multiple Modes of Engagement and Feedback

During the crises of spring 2020 - the global pandemic caused by COVID-19, the associated economic crisis, and civil uprising due to racialized violence against Black people - many students continued their education despite numerous challenges. Work went into understanding the limitations of remote instruction to better ensure students' success; and instructors adapted instruction and transformed courses to mitigate the impact of these challenges on student engagement and performance. Much of this work centered access inequities. Access inequity occurs when individual students are not able to engage with remote instruction due to conditions that prevent them from receiving instruction, such as lack of material resources, such as adequate computers and access to reliable internet connection, that are essential to remote instruction or poorly accessible educational materials for students with disabilities. However, environmental inequity, situations where a student may be able to access remote instruction materials but circumstances prevent the student from engaging in the ways that other students can-is less well documented. In these situations, students have access but may not be able to devote attention, engage in discussions, turn on video conferencing, or interact as other students might. In this work, we focus on environmental inequity. Additionally, the voices of students as learners and also members of the educational community were neglected in many efforts to transform education to meet the challenging circumstances of the pandemic. For example, Author 3 indicated that faculty were not listening to students and were in many ways exacerbating the challenges that students were facing during the hardships of the global pandemic. That proclamation was the motivation for this study, which examines the experiences of Learning Assistants as students and instructional peer support, with respect to teaching and learning during a year of overlapping crises.

A Student-Centered Understanding of the Impacts of Environmental Inequities on Teaching and Learning during Remote Instruction

This study investigated gender differences in perceived recognition as a physicist and its relation to physics identity. We surveyed 688 students (228 women, 460 men) at a research-intensive university in [country redacted for review] at both the junior and senior undergraduate levels with items measuring perceived recognition and physics identity. Similar to other studies, we find that female physics students report lower recognition as a physicist from their instructors, families and friends compared to male students. In contrast, there were no gender differences in students’ perceptions of friends asking them for their advice/input in physics related problems. Perceived recognition from instructors was lower than recognition from family and friends for both male and female students. We find that both perceived recognition from instructors and physics identity are significantly lower at the senior compared with the junior levels. Multiple linear regressions for male and female students individually found that both perceived recognition from instructors and from family/friends predicted students’ physics identity. However, the perception that their friends sought their advice on physics-related problems predicted physics identity only for female students, not for male students. These results may indicate a shift in students’ understanding of what it means to be a physicist as they progress through the degree program, and that female students may have a wider range of sources feeding into their physics identity formation. The results point to further research being needed to understand better the mechanism by which students form perceptions of instructors seeing them as physics people.

Gender effects in perceived recognition as a physicist and physics identity

Informal physics programs can play a vital role in supporting student learning and sense of community beyond the formal settings of a classroom or laboratory. This work builds on a recent study of the impact of facilitating informal physics programs on students' physics identity, sense of belonging, and career skills development by narrowing the focus to specifically examine effects on female students who are underrepresented in physics. We found a significant shift in confidence of choice of major when compared prior to and after facilitating informal physics programs. All female students who were interviewed discussed a positive effect of participating in informal programs on their interest and motivation with regards to the field of physics and the development of characteristics indicative of a growth mindset.

Impact of informal physics programs on female university students

Disability is an often-overlooked aspect of diversity. Recent research has indicated that there are barriers to access and participation for disabled students inherent in the design of physics courses. To help counteract these barriers, universities are required to provide reasonable accommodations for disabled students. However, not all students use the accommodations they have access to because of social factors (e.g., disability stigma), and others do not have access to the professional diagnosis often required to access accommodations. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of students who identify with a disability/impairment who were taking an emergency remote teaching (ERT) physics course in Fall 2020 to inform policies about providing access to students in future remote and face-to-face courses. In this paper, we present the prevalence and types of impairments disabled students in physics courses reported, their reported accommodation usage, and ethical considerations of this work. Overall, we find that disabled students represent a sizeable group in physics courses, and there are positive and negative reasons students did not use or request accommodations.

Students’ use of disability accommodations in emergency remote teaching

Physics is perceived to have a “culture” of exclusion, which includes not embracing individuals from certain demographics who are underrepresented in the field. Many who are from underrepresented groups have stated they feel impacted by cultural pressures to assimilate to what is traditionally considered a “physics person.” In order to better understand these cultural pressures, this study examines statements from two physics teachers who participated in a summer professional development (PD) workshop. During the summer PD, the two teachers participated in sessions where they made statements that described how physics culture impacted their identity and understanding of equity, which ultimately shaped their approach towards teaching. Analysis of teachers’ statements showed that physics culture impacted the teachers' views on instruction in the areas of inclusivity and shaping students' physics identity. This study has implications for research on the role of physics culture and how it impacts underrepresented students’ and teachers' identity and approach to equity.

The Role of Physics Culture in Shaping In-Service Physics Teacher Identities and Framings of Equity: Two Case Studies

We surveyed educators and college students on their perceptions of a set of physics simulations with and without non-speech auditory display. In this work, we analyzed responses to a single open-ended text prompt from the surveys and found themes related to multimodality and inclusion. In their consideration of the auditory display, some educators and students noted the complementary interplay of the auditory and visual displays, while others noted that the auditory display can serve to augment the primary modality of the visual display. Educators also identified specific groups of learners that could potentially benefit or be negatively impacted by the auditory display, including older learners, younger learners, those with certain "learning styles", and learners with sensory disabilities. This work is part of a larger effort to expand the auditory display of physics simulations to advance inclusive learning tools, and to investigate educator and student use and perceptions of multimodal physics simulations.

Multimodality and inclusion: Educator perceptions of physics simulation auditory display

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been the subject of a growing body of psychological and recently, neurological research. The majority of this research has been behavioral and deficit-oriented, focused on “coping” and ways of controlling ADHD behavior to function within institutional norms. This focus persists despite compelling evidence that physiological variations are responsible for ADHD behavior, over which “control” is limited and institutional “functionality” becomes discriminatory. This is evidenced by the lack of scientific works examining ADHD from a positive perspective. In this study, we analyze interviews of STEM students and faculty at Texas State University (a large Hispanic-Serving Institution) who have been diagnosed with ADHD. These interviews will explore learner variability based on interviewees’ experiences in STEM fields, and their perceptions of personal strengths that may be unique to their variant neurobiology and/or their life experience as members of a marginalized academic group.

Exploring learner variability and disability identity in STEM students with ADHD

In this project we investigated the potential disparities in learning outcomes for all students in North Carolina high school physics classrooms by administering the Force Concept Inventory (FCI), with an appended demographic survey, to ~1500 first semester, introductory college physics students at three North Carolina universities prior to instruction. In this manner, we were able collect sufficient data to investigate disparities in scores on the concept survey by gender, race, highest level of high school physics taken, as well as socioeconomic and geographic variables to be investigated in further study. Our analysis suggests that there may be conditions within North Carolina high school physics classrooms that lead to inequitable learning outcomes among students of differing identities. In this presentation, we will only focus on gender and race.

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Time to PhD completion is no different between men and women despite score gap on physics GRE

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