United States

“The Hobby-Eberly Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) will find over one million galaxies that are 9 billion to 11 billion light-years away, and will yield the largest map of the universe ever produced. Over the past year, I have used Zooniverse, the worlds largest citizen science platform, to train participants all over the world to efficiently classify these galaxies. The map will allow us to measure how fast the universe was expanding at different times in its history. Changes in the expansion rate will reveal the role of dark energy at different epochs, but the most difficult task is determining which galaxies come from our epoch of interest (at z~2-3) and which ones are nearby. These one million sources require visual classification for the most accurate results, an amount not feasible to handle from within the collaboration. The project, Dark Energy Explorers, has been live for 3 months and we have already had over 1.5 million classifications. I will discuss the methods we have used and how citizen science can be applied to big data astronomy and how we have preliminarily applied machine learning.&quot;

PERC SM21

Power of the people: Using citizen science to power big data astronomy

zooniverse

citizen science

astronomy

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

“The Hobby-Eberly Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) will find over one million galaxies that are 9 billion to 11 billion light-years away, and will yield the largest map of the universe ever produced. Over the past year, I have used Zooniverse, the worlds largest citizen science platform, to train participants all over the world to efficiently classify these galaxies. The map will allow us to measure how fast the universe was expanding at different times in its history. Changes in the expansion rate will reveal the role of dark energy at different epochs, but the most difficult task is determining which galaxies come from our epoch of interest (at z~2-3) and which ones are nearby. These one million sources require visual classification for the most accurate results, an amount not feasible to handle from within the collaboration. The project, Dark Energy Explorers, has been live for 3 months and we have already had over 1.5 million classifications. I will discuss the methods we have used and how citizen science can be applied to big data astronomy and how we have preliminarily applied machine learning."

poster

We discuss an investigation of upper-level undergraduate and graduate students’ difficulties with fundamental concepts involving a system of identical particles. The investigation was carried out in advanced quantum mechanics courses by administering written questions and conducting individual interviews with students. We find that students share many common difficulties related to these quantum mechanical concepts, e.g., with regard to the many-particle Hamiltonian and stationary state wavefunctions for a system of non-interacting identical particles.

Student difficulties with the basics for a system of non-interacting identical particles

Inclusivity is a premise for successful scientific discourse in the endeavor of gaining a broader understanding. In this work therefore, we elicit different “schools of thought” in the context of flight physics for reducing unconsciously exclusionary practices. For decades aerodynamic lift explanations have been a highly controversial topic in PER – and they still are. However, the discussion has always been mainly driven by disjunct models and hermeneutical arguments. This paper tries to carve out empirically different “schools of thoughts” by asking 400+ university students at different institutions about their agreement to various explanations for aerodynamic lift. The study was accompanied by the expert-validated ANONYMIZED Concept Inventory (ANONYM.) and therefore can differentiate what high performers, low performers and flight instructors think. The results surprised even the authors: Among many other findings, this study revealed that – within ONE mind – nai?ve concepts can coexist with expert concepts and that this phenomenon is especially prevalent among high scoring individuals of the ANONYM. instrument.

Naïve concepts of aerodynamic lift – data lessons from different (learning) cultures

We are interested in trying to understand ways that students collaborate to solve conceptual physics problems in the context of spherical unit vectors in upper-division E&M, especially ones that have been shown to be difficult for students to solve individually on their own, but which groups of students have been more successful at. Using a think-out-loud protocol, we interviewed students in small groups, asking them to solve together on a large whiteboard conceptual problems from this E&M context. The interviews were video and audio recorded, and qualitatively analyzed applying an emergent coding method and the resources framework [4]. Through this analysis, we observed one common mechanism in all three group-interviews whereby students collaborated effectively: first one student activated a conceptual resource and expressed it, then another student took up that idea, and finally the whole group then together used that idea to move forward with the problem. We call a resource activated and used this way a shared resource [8]. We propose that the shared resources construct could be a useful tool to help understand how students collaborate in solving conceptual physics problems. In this paper, we report our method of analysis and the results from one group interview to illustrate one shared resource we identified and the role it played in helping students collaboratively solve the conceptual problem in this context. Future work is suggested.

Shared Resources in Student Problem-Solving of Spherical Unit Vectors

While efforts have been made in undergraduate science content courses to specifically support pre-service elementary teachers’ skills, knowledge, and pedagogical disciplinary knowledge of experimental design, much of this work predates the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). To date, few, if any, assessment instruments are well correlated with the NGSS practice Planning an Carrying Out Investigations (PCOI). To meet this need, a team including four faculty members from physics, a social scientist, and a science education faculty member developed an appropriate instrument for measuring students’ knowledge of PCOI and, particularly important to pre-service teachers, their students’ pedagogical disciplinary knowledge of this practice. The instrument was developed by mapping items to relevant PCOI sub-practices at the elementary grade level, since it was developed for pre-service elementary STEM teachers. In this poster, we describe the process of developing items in preparation for validation of the instrument.

Developing an Instrument to Assess the Next Generation Science Standard Practice Planning and Carrying out Investigations in Preservice STEM Teachers

Recent studies have begun to explore the connection between physics identity development and career skill development with the facilitation of informal physics programs by our students. Informal physics programs, or outreach programs, provide pathways for less structured, voluntary engagement with the field, beyond the formal spaces of a classroom or laboratory, where students can explore their passions within the field. This work narrows the focus of a prior study to explore the differences in experiences between graduate and undergraduate students who facilitated at least one of five outreach programs at a large, public, land grant university. Results from this work may help inform departmental efforts regarding retention, inclusion, and structures to promote skill development beyond the classroom.

Comparing the impact of informal physics program on undergraduate versus graduate student facilitators

At the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, undergraduate Learning Assistants (LAs) are utilized to support course reforms in introductory physics labs. These LAs are previous students from the course who act as classroom aides and assistants alongside a graduate teaching assistant in our reformed physics labs. In two sets of interviews with LAs, we seek to better understand the motivations of LAs and why they choose to volunteer as instructors. We also probe the skills that LAs develop during their training and how their own experience as students in the course may affect their approach to instruction. Using our understanding of these aspects of the LA experience, we hope to improve our LA program by adapting our LA training to teach skills and practices that LAs find useful in the classroom.

Studying the Learning Assistant Experience at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Teachers who have only one year to instruct students often pay attention to and take intoaccount not only what their students have learned before, but what they will be studyingnext. To do so, a teacher must know the content beyond what they are teaching, allow-ing them to see how the content of their classroom is connected with preceding and latertopics in physics and areas outside of physics. Horizon Content Knowledge (HCK) is acomponent of teacher knowledge that emphasizes the structure and interconnectedness of adiscipline, the validity of a teachers content knowledge, and the values and sensibilities theteacher has about the discipline they are teaching. Given a particular location of instruc-tion, HCK enables a teacher to integrate content knowledge found in the larger landscape oftheir discipline. To investigate HCK in physics, we have interviewed in-service middle/highschool teachers about topics in physics. Preliminary data provide several examples of HCKin physics. Furthermore, we find evidence of an interdisciplinary horizon, which is howteachers incorporate interdisciplinary knowledge in the context of their current location ofinstruction. We find that interdisciplinary content, values, and validity of knowledge play a role in unifying physics concepts for these teachers while also influencing their teaching of physics.

Horizon Content Knowledge and the Interdisciplinary Horizon in Physics Education Research

Informal learning environments often have a clear ambition to spark interest [1]. People also need multiple exposures to content [2, 3] to learn. The Dome+ model was developed to guide the Big Astronomy Project, a planetarium show and additional resources, to help support audiences in extending engagement beyond the physical space of the planetarium show. A main design principle was sparking interest through the immersive environment of the show. The Big Astronomy Project released the show as a YouTube 360? stream rather than in domes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we test the utility of the four-phase interest model [4] for characterizing interest surrounding the planetarium for use in our larger dataset. The four-phase model suggests people progress from earlier phases of situational interest induced by the environment to later phases of individual interest marked by self-driven engagement. We use this model to characterize the role the show plays in audience interest and, more importantly, look for the role of interest in a virtual environment. For our test, we used focus groups with audience members on our premiere day of the planetarium show consisting of eight individuals, and included follow-up interviews with five of those individuals to understand how they continued their engagement with Big Astronomy. Everyone indicated that they chose to come to the show because of an established interest in astronomy. Since self-induced engagement is an aspect of phases 3 and 4, we placed all participants in phases 3 to 4. Our data lacked people who fell into the situational interest phases. We suggest that the essence of virtual learning will attract individuals who have an individual interest. We plan to use this research as a tool for the analysis of the larger dataset that includes a more diverse set of individuals.

Developing a tool to measure interest in audiences of a virtual planetarium show

Teachers in the United States rate their lives better than all other occupation groups, trailing only physicians. However, as a nation we face a shortage of qualified math and science teachers. Because students often turn to faculty members for career advice, it is important that faculty hold accurate and positive perceptions of grade 7-12 math and science teaching. To help identify faculty perceptions of the teaching career, an instrument known as the Perceptions of Teaching as a Profession in Higher Education (PTaP.HE) (Pronounced P-Taffy) was developed. In this work a reduced-basis factor analysis was performed on the PTaP.HE and eight underlying factors were identified. These factors provide insight into faculty thinking about grade 7-12 teaching. When survey data are analyzed by these underlying factors, it is found that faculty perceive themselves and their departments as supportive of those who want to pursue grade 7-12 math or science teaching. However, their perceptions of grade 7-12 math and science teaching are sometimes internally inconsistent, with some perceptions being positive and others negative. This work highlights the importance of sharing accurate information about the teaching career with faculty members, so they can in turn share accurate information with their students.

Faculty perceptions of grade 7-12 math and science teaching as a career: Evidence from a reduced-basis factor analysis of the PTAP.HE Instrument

Previous literature about students’ understanding of heat and temperature primarily emphasizes students’ misunderstandings of canonical physics concepts. In our study, we used a resources-oriented approach to analyze 653 student responses to questions about thermal phenomena, looking for ways in which their responses could serve as valuable resources for continued learning. We identified three common conceptual resources: (A) heat transfer is directional; (B) an object’s physical properties matter in thermal processes; and (C) hotter objects have more energy. These resources could be used to strengthen physics teaching by using students’ understandings of heat and temperature to support the development of more advanced physics ideas.

Power of the people: Using citizen science to power big data astronomy

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