United States

The process and role of developing new scientific models experimentally is a cornerstone of physics -- and arguably an important learning objective of laboratory courses -- but research in physics education suggests that most current lab curricula do not effectively meet this objective. Many instructional practices leave students believing that in-class experiments exist to supplement conceptual learning and that the sole purpose of real-world experiments is to test theories. As a result, many students frame lab work as an exercise in knowledge confirmation, and expect that all physics that appears in the labs can be found with a Google search. This paper describes an instructional intervention using virtual reality to integrate the process of authentic scientific discovery into the lab curriculum. We developed labs in which students explore and develop mathematical models for unknown force laws between new kinds of particles that we invented. We find that this intervention produced significant shifts in students&#39; epistemologies about experimental physics toward being more expertlike -- specifically regarding the central role experimentation plays for research physicists in making new discoveries and developing theories, and the role of laboratory experiments in teaching a nuanced and unique scientific way of knowing.

PERC SM 21

Developing expertlike epistemologies about physics empirical discovery using virtual reality

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AAPT® is a strong professional physics science society dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in physical science education.

Winter and Summer National Meetings:
These National Meetings, held each winter and summer, are opportunities for members, colleagues, and future physicists from around the world to:

- participate in physics workshops
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- discuss innovations in teaching methods
- share the results of research about teaching and learning.

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AAPT WM 21

The process and role of developing new scientific models experimentally is a cornerstone of physics -- and arguably an important learning objective of laboratory courses -- but research in physics education suggests that most current lab curricula do not effectively meet this objective. Many instructional practices leave students believing that in-class experiments exist to supplement conceptual learning and that the sole purpose of real-world experiments is to test theories. As a result, many students frame lab work as an exercise in knowledge confirmation, and expect that all physics that appears in the labs can be found with a Google search. This paper describes an instructional intervention using virtual reality to integrate the process of authentic scientific discovery into the lab curriculum. We developed labs in which students explore and develop mathematical models for unknown force laws between new kinds of particles that we invented. We find that this intervention produced significant shifts in students' epistemologies about experimental physics toward being more expertlike -- specifically regarding the central role experimentation plays for research physicists in making new discoveries and developing theories, and the role of laboratory experiments in teaching a nuanced and unique scientific way of knowing.

poster

**Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics**

As a gateway discipline to STEM majors and careers, physics plays a central role in deciding who does, and who doesn't, get to discover and pursue scientific careers. Technical and scientific professionals are rewarded with economic privilege and status which affords them both social and cultural power. Therefore, social justice will be realized only when the opportunity, and the choice, to excel in physics is open to all students. The culture and practices of the physics classroom reflect the culture of physics at large, which raises the question of how our professional physics communities can embrace, rather than inadvertently repel, a diverse group of academics that can help improve physics culture.  To this end, the 2021 Physics Education Research Conference will focus on defining inclusive spaces and practices. Additionally, we will explore strategies for eliminating exclusionary practices in our classrooms, research spaces, and professional organizations. We call on the community to propose sessions that will drive conversations related to these initiatives throughout PERC 2021.

Please download the full program [here. ](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TRMC_SYJ3PUqXyP7sskA7LRSA8ow0eRE/view?usp=sharing)

August 4, 2021 - August 5, 2021 in a Virtual Conference Format

Making Physics More Inclusive and Eliminating Exclusionary Practices in Physics

Recent research on faculty adoption and adaptation of research-based instructional materials suggests that development and dissemination of such materials should center instructors’ productive ideas about teaching and learning and should build on instructors’ current instructional practices. We are focussed on the development and dissemination of resources-oriented instructional materials—materials that elicit and build on students’ productive ideas. To inform this work, we interviewed 17 physics faculty members to understand their current ideas and practices, and what might make these materials appealing. In this paper, we illustrate three specific themes that we identified in physics faculty members’ resources-oriented perspectives of students’ ideas and learning. We find that faculty are captivated by the novelty of students’ ideas; notice consistencies between students’ prior knowledge and physics concepts; and identify contexts in which students’ ideas are correct. These themes inform curriculum development and dissemination efforts as well as research-based implementation materials that support instructors in their use of resources-oriented curricular materials.

Centering physics faculty ideas about resources-oriented instruction

Answer checking is widely recognized as an important part of the problem-solving process. Yet, many instructors find it difficult to teach students to adopt successful and sophisticated answer checking strategies, such as dimensional analysis or checking the limits of resulting expressions. An open question is whether students’ difficulty with answer checking is purely due to cognitive barriers, or whether motivation or epistemological framing also plays a role. In this study, we examined students’ epistemologies when engaged in an answer checking task. We found that more advanced students not only used more sophisticated strategies to check an answer to a static equilibrium problem but that they were also more likely to view answer checking from a conceptual frame while more novice students viewed answer-checking as an algorithmic task. We also found that more advanced students spent more time forming and checking predictions, while more novice students spent their time accumulating pieces of information. Unlike previous work on student epistemologies, our work suggests that answer-checking requires frequent shifting of epistemological frames, which could plausibly explain the difficulty that more novice students have to engage in this task. Our findings generally align with expectations but point to the need for more work studying student epistemologies when engaged in different types of physics tasks.

Epistemological framing and strategy use during answer-checking

Research suggests that contemporary physics topics such as quantum mechanics are among the physics topics that garner the most interest from secondary students. However, introducing these topics in a secondary physics classroom is rife with challenges. Topics like quantum mechanics can be introduced in a strictly conceptual manner without the need of complex mathematical formulism, but its counterintuitive and nondeterministic nature often inhibits student comprehension and acceptance of quantum principles. As revealed from our recent study, students hold such a common perspective that quantum mechanics is a complex version of Newtonian mechanics. After a prolonged exposure to the Newtonian framework in K-12 education, students need an ontological shift to appreciate the stochastic nature of quantum physics. Students should have a chance to learn this subject matter in secondary school and not be limited to 19th-century physics. In this paper, we present some ontologically prominent barriers for secondary students and propose possible instructional approaches to facilitate students’ ontological shift.

Ontological barriers to contemporary physics instruction in secondary classroom

Active learning has been widely studied across secondary and post-secondary STEM contexts. One example of a well-researched student-centered pedagogy is modeling instruction, which has been taught at FIU in the introductory calculus-based physics courses for close to two decades and has been found to have significant, positive benefits both to students’ conceptual learning gains and their attitudes. In our current work, we seek to extend the pedagogical practices of modeling instruction into advanced physics courses, beginning with modern physics (a prerequisite to several advanced physics courses for physics majors and minors). We also added course modules based on the STEP UP project (stepupphysics.org) that engage students in a semester-long discussion on the range of careers accessible via the study of physics with the aim of supporting students’ professional and identity development. To assess the outcomes for students, we used pre-to-post measures of the Relativity Concept Inventory and the Quantum Mechanics Conceptual Survey, as well assessments of students’ general science and physics identities. In this poster, we will present the findings of two semesters’ worth of this data, with implications for future offerings of this course.

Impacts of modeling physics-inspired pedagogical practices and career development activities on student learning and identity growth in modern physics

Students in algebra-based introductory physics often struggle with foundational algebra skills, such as manipulating equations to solve for a particular variable. Instructors aim to help students develop these skills, but constraints on time and curriculum limit these opportunities. How can we support students in developing these algebra skills in a physics class? To address this question, we have developed Solve-It, a choice-based assessment (Schwartz & Arena, 2013) that allows us to simultaneously support and study students’ algebra skills development. In Solve-It, students choose what operations to apply to an equation to solve for the relevant variable, getting visual feedback on their progress toward a solution. We report on a pilot study in which undergraduate students in two sections of introductory physics (N~60) used Solve-It during the semester. We analyze logfiles of students’ choices within Solve-It and their correlations with pre-post gains on a survey of algebra skills to look for evidence of learning during the semester. In particular we corroborate pre-post survey data with logfile analysis to examine whether some students learned how to “undo” a misstep by applying the inverse operation.

Supporting and Studying Introductory Physics Students’ Algebra Skills with Solve-It

The Paradigms in Physics website provides a wide range of tested active engagement activities for upper division courses. Our team has been redesigning this site to add considerable "mortar" content between activities, to make the content more readily searchable, and to make more clear the connections between content. We have also been working to make it easier to keep the content fresh, and to give users a clearer perspective of how we use our own materials. This poster will introduce the features of the new site, and we will solicit audience feedback on how the site could better serve faculty seeking research-based content.

The new Paradigms in Physics Curriculum Website

To develop effective physics-based engineering curricula for K-6 classrooms, we need to understand the areas of support teachers need most, as well as their assumptions about their elementary students’ abilities to succeed in engineering activities. To understand teacher perceptions of the relationships between the teacher, the students, and the physics-based engineering content we analyzed semi-structured interviews with five 4–6th grade teachers who participated in a curricular module centered around the behavior of light as it passes through various materials. Teachers discussed how engineering modules led to more collaborative learning that was student-driven and created space for increased engagement for students who normally are reluctant to participate. On the other hand, teachers felt that materials required for the activities served as a barrier for implementation of the activities while the level of mathematics incorporated into the activities served as a barrier for younger students. These findings may inform future curriculum development to best support teachers in implementing physics-based engineering curricula in their classrooms.

Relations between Teacher, Student, and Content in Physics-based Engineering Activities

We developed a number of digital tools to support teaching quantum mechanics. The idea behind that is main concepts of quantum mechanics are non-intuitive to an uninitiated student due to the lack of daily experience with quantum mechanics: The basis of intuition is experience. Therefore, teaching quantum mechanics with a support of numerical experiments for all main topics of quantum mechanics appears to be essential for an efficient and quick learning process. The numerical experiments are prepared using PYTHON computer codes and a graphical interface. Students and instructors can use the graphical interface to change parameters of the suggested numerical experiments or they can download, modify and run the codes on their personal computers. Finally, a website, gathering overall numerical experiments, was designed. It can be used by universities and institutions in their different educations.

An experience-based course of quantum mechanics: Numerical experiments ranging from stepwise potentials to wave packet propagation and perturbation th

Modeling is an important skill in experimental physics and thus a learning outcome of many laboratory classes. One promising approach to help students develop modeling skills is to incorporate multi-week student-designed projects within lab courses. In order to assess the potential benefits of these projects towards students' modeling abilities, we analyze student coursework and interviews in three upper-division lab courses at different institutions. We present a descriptive analysis of student engagement with modeling in student-designed course projects. We find that the projects in our dataset vary widely with different degrees of modeling and different ways model construction and revision appear as parts of the projects. We additionally investigate how the student engagement depends on features of the projects and observe correlations between features of the projects and the ways the students construct models and enact revisions.

Student Engagement with Modeling in Multi-Week Student-Designed Lab Projects

In Spring 2020, we integrated four sessions with a mixed-reality simulator into GTA training. During each session, GTAs were provided opportunities to practice using different pedagogical skills while teaching a virtual class. While the first three sessions were held and facilitated in-person, the final session occurred remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We decided to hold the final session remotely to balance health risks while closing the loop for GTAs’ professional development and the research project. Additionally, this remote style mimicked the remote teaching GTAs would do to complete the Spring 2020 semester and have continued through Summer 2021. In our study, we explored how two GTAs new to teaching the target courses used the pedagogical skills during their remote (final) session focused on using all previously presented skills. We found both GTAs used two out of three skills during their session. We also observed instances of group management with the same avatar-student group during both GTAs’ sessions. To contextualize their use of the skills during the remote session, we compared their skill count to the Fall 2019 cohort’s final in-person session average. Thus, we found one GTA’s use of both skills to be similar to that of Fall 2019 and the other GTA’s use of one skill to be similar to that of Fall 2019. From our findings, it is implied that remote sessions with the simulator supported GTAs’ practice of the target skills. However, we suggest further investigation is necessary, and we provide questions to guide future work.

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Developing expertlike epistemologies about physics empirical discovery using virtual reality

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Centering physics faculty ideas about resources-oriented instruction

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