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Bayesian experimental design (BED) is a methodology to identify designs that are expected to yield informative data. Recent work in cognitive science considered BED for cognitive models with tractable and known likelihood functions. However, as cognitive models have become more complex and richer, their likelihood functions are often intractable. In this work, we leverage recent advances in BED for intractable models and demonstrate their application on a set of multi-armed bandit tasks. We further propose a generalized latent state model that unifies two previously proposed models. Our experiments show that data gathered using optimal designs results in improved model discrimination and parameter estimation, as compared to naive designs. Furthermore, we find that increasing the number of bandit arms increases the expected information gain in experiments.

CogSci 2021

Bayesian Experimental Design for Intractable Models of Cognition

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**Dear Colleagues,**

Welcome to the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society! 

This year’s conference brings together the latest research from all Cognitive Science and also highlights this year’s theme **Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds.** 

The program features four plenary speakers: Friederike Range (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna), Onur Güntürkün (Ruhr University Bochum), Julia Fischer (University of Göttingen), and Erich Jarvis (The Rockefeller University). The keynotes and invited symposia showcase the broad spectrum of ideas that encompass the conference theme of comparative cognition. 

Further, the program includes the Rumelhart Prize keynote presentation by Susan Goldin-Meadow (University of Chicago), and symposia to celebrate the winner of the Elman Prize: Wei Ji Ma (New York University), the Heineken Award winner Robert Zatorre (McGill University), and the Robert J. Glushko Dissertation Prizes session.

The program committee for CogSci 2021 received 1,025 submissions, including 710 full papers, 275 member abstracts, 8 publication-based talks, as well as 15 proposals for symposia, and 17 for workshops and tutorials. After a rigorous review process, the committee selected 152 papers for oral presentation and inclusion in the conference proceedings (14.8%), 332 papers for poster presentation and inclusion in the proceedings (32.4%), and 175 papers for poster presentation with inclusion of abstracts in the proceedings (17.1%) We also selected 275 submitted member abstracts. In addition, we accepted 6 publication-based talks, 12 symposia, and 9 workshops and tutorials to make for an exciting and inclusive program.

We hope that you enjoy the conference this year!<br><br>

**Your Program Chairs,**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/99984908caba5e6453e5fc5ba34f3507.jpg)

**Learn more about the Vienna Cognitive Science Hub at the University of Vienna, hosts of CogSci 2021**

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To review the proceedings for the conference or review the searchable program, please visit the [website](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/program/).


The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education. The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

poster

Executive function and metacognition are two core concepts in cognitive psychology, yet research linking EF and metacognition directly remains rare. It has been suggested that error monitoring can be used as a window to study the association between EF and metacognition (Roebers, 2018). Error monitoring is indexed by post-error slowing, a phenomenon describing a delayed response in actions after error commissions. The present study uses hierarchical multiple regression to investigate whether EF and metacognition can both predict PES. Individual constructs of EF are measured by four computerised-based tasks. Metacognition is assessed by a simplified version of the Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (Dowson & McInerney, 2004). A total of 456 participants (M age of 11.9, SD = 0.92) are included in the final analysis. Results indicate that two EF constructs: inhibition and planning, predict corresponding PES in inhibition and planning tasks. Only the regulation component of metacognition predicts PES in the planning task.

Bridging Executive Function and Metacognition through Post-Error Slowing

Preparing the next generation for an ever-changing environment is of utmost importance in Higher Education. Though cultural diversity is highly prevalent in modern societies, (implicit) biases, stereotypes and racism maintain a persistent yet mostly overlooked part of everyday life. Many students are not aware of their biases. Hence, it is imperative for them to undergo a critical self-reflection process about their beliefs and (unconscious) biases. To induce this process, raise awareness and confront them with potential (unconscious) biases and stereotypes, 404 university students in teacher training and vocational education completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) on skin color before watching a lecture discussing biases and stereotypes. The preliminary results show a variety of reactions after taking the test, ranging from denial and anger to discomfort and surprise. We will discuss possibilities to support students in leveraging the resulting cognitive dissonance as an opportunity to begin their individual self-reflection process.

Unveiling unconscious biases and stereotypes in students: The necessity of self-reflection in Higher Education

The role of the Sense of Embodiment (SoE) in teleoperation is becoming prominent. The SoE affects both the operator's experience and the task performance. In this study we investigate how the individual level of kinaesthetic intelligence affects the SoE during an embodiment illusion experience (EIE). We identify the experimental group in dancers and gymnasts who practice at a competitive level. We hypothesise that individuals with high kinaesthetic intelligence are more resilient to the EIE, due to their awareness of the joints position in the space. Moreover, we designed an active EIE to better assess the sense of agency and self-location. Usually, EIEs propose static tasks which are appropriate to assess the sense of ownership, but cannot clearly assess the other two components of the SoE. Finally, for the first time, to the knowledge of the authors, the variation of the pupil dilation was used as psycho-physiological measure of the SoE.

Individuals with High Kinesthetic Intelligence Experience an Active Embodiment Illusion Assessed with Pupil Dilation

Numbers and variables often follow the same principles of arithmetic operations, yet numbers can be computed to a value whereas variables cannot. We examined the effect of symbols—numbers versus variables—on middle school students’ problem-solving behaviors in a dynamic algebra notation system by presenting problems in numbers (e.g., 3+5−3) or variables (e.g., x+y−x). We found that compared to problems presented in numbers, students attempted the problems more times and took more total steps when the problems were presented in variables. We did not find differences in pre-solving pause time or strategy efficiency on the two types of problems, indicating that students might notice problem structure in both types of problems. The results have implications for research on cognitive processes of symbols as well as the design of educational technologies.

Numbers vs. Variables: The Effect of Symbols on Students’ Math Problem-Solving

A mental model is an internal representation that explains how something works. Mental model construction is facilitated by self-explanation, the active generation of explanations for oneself. The overarching goal of this research is to empirically investigate the utility of self-explanation for developing mental models when learning to program. Programming is notoriously challenging and, despite evidence of the importance of mental models for learning, little work has focused on mental models of students learning how to program. They need correct mental models of the notional machine, an abstraction of the steps taken by a computer as it processes a program. Because students do not spontaneously self-explain, we are using a user-centered approach to design a computer tutor to prompt for self-explanation about the notional machine. Here, we present qualitative results on students’ interactions with an initial version of the tutor, including the form of their self-explanations and corresponding mental models.

Investigating the Utility of Prompting Novice Programmers for Self-Explanations to Improve Mental Models

Mapping words to referents is important for language acquisition. Learning a word relies heavily on memory because it requires forming associations between labels and referents, integrating examples across time, and retrieving words. Memory supports, such as variability, can be added to word learning events to help children learn words. This study examined the effect of emotional variability on word learning. Four-year-olds learned eight novel words presented four times in a storybook organized in one of three conditions: no variability, low variability, or high variability. Words with no variability were presented in the same emotional context (i.e., happy, sad, afraid, or angry). Words with low variability were presented with two emotions (e.g., happy and sad), and words with high variability were presented with all four emotions. After hearing the book, preschoolers participated in a generalization test. This study informs our understanding of the role of social contextual variability in word learning.

Preschoolers' Learning of Words with Emotional Variability in Shared Book Reading

Distinguishing spurious correlations from unconfounded causal evidence is a challenge in every day reasoning. Adapting the classic “blicket detector” paradigm (Sobel et al., 2014), we investigate whether 15-17-month-old infants’ neural activity (theta oscillations), indicates that infants recognize when the information they are expecting or observing is confounded or not. By concurrently tracking infants’ eye-movements, we investigate also whether infants correctly infer the functionality of unknown objects (when such an inference is possible, i.e. when data is unconfounded) and predict future events based on these causal inferences. Data collection is on-going (current N = 29) and preliminary analysis suggests infants show increased theta activity in anticipation of receiving un-confounded (as opposed to confounded) information. By relating the neural measures of information expectation to the accuracy of infants’ subsequent predictions, we hope to offer a unique insight into the mechanisms, development, and individual differences in early causal reasoning.

Mechanisms of early causal reasoning: Investigating infants' sensitivity to confounded information in a causal reasoning task, using EEG and eyetracking

We study human learning & decision-making in tasks with probabilistic rewards. Recent studies in a 2-armed bandit task find that a modification of classical Q-learning algorithms, with outcome-dependent learning rates, better explains behavior compared to constant learning rates. We propose a simple alternative: humans directly track the decision variable underlying choice in the task. Under this policy learning perspective, asymmetric learning can be reinterpreted as an increasing confidence in the preferred choice. We provide specific update rules for incorporating partial feedback (outcomes on chosen arms) and complete feedback (outcome on chosen & unchosen arms), and show that our model consistently outperforms previously proposed models on a range of datasets. Our model and update rules also add nuance to previous findings of perseverative behavior in bandit tasks; we show evidence of outcome-dependent choice perseveration, i.e., that humans persevere in their choices unless contradictory evidence is presented.

Tracking what matters: A decision-variable account of human behavior in bandit tasks

`Embodied cognition' suggests that our motor experiences shape our cognitive and perceptual capabilities broadly, but often considers tasks that directly relate to or manipulate the body. Here we study how a history of natural embodied experience affects abstract physical problem-solving in a virtual, disembodied physical reasoning task. 
We compare how groups with different embodied experience -- congenitally limb-different versus two-handed children and adults -- perform on this task, and find that while there is no difference in overall performance, limb-different participants solved problems using fewer actions, and spent a longer time thinking before acting. This suggests that differences in embodied experience drive the acquisition of different meta-strategies for balancing acting with thinking, even on tasks that are designed to equalize differences in embodiment.

Meta-strategy learning in physical problem-solving: the effect of embodied experience

Our social media activity data is a valuable source of information about our preferences, psychological and social processes. However, collecting such private data, including messages, for scientific research is at an early stage (Ueberwasser & Stark, 2017), which is natural given privacy issues involved (Bemmann & Buschek, 2020). Our study is geared towards: i) making the process of sharing personal data more ethical, consensual, informed and comfortable; ii) identifying profiles of participants willing to share these data. 293 students of both technical and non-technical background completed an online questionnaire designed to identify the relationship between willingness to share the data and factors such as: 1) kinds of data; 2) method of data processing; 3) purpose of data gathering and use; 4) demographics of participants. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed the categories of participants’ concerns and preferences regarding the form of anonymization conditional on the subjects’ profile and their technical skills.

Bayesian Experimental Design for Intractable Models of Cognition

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Bridging Executive Function and Metacognition through Post-Error Slowing

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