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Hypernym discovery aims to identify all possible hypernyms of a given term. The most recent hypernym discovery models exploit multiple mapping functions to project a term to different semantic spaces and then aggregate these embeddings to a general representation for further classification. We refer to this model as a parallel style model. In this work, we observe that there are hierarchical relations between a target terms&#39; hypernyms. However, these hierarchical relations were not sufficiently considered in the previous parallel style model. To leverage the hierarchical relations, we propose a sequential style model that recurrently maps the query words to their hypernyms, starting from the most specific ones to the less specific ones. Empirical studies on SemEval-2018 Task 9 confirm the effectiveness of the presented model.

IJCNLP-AACL 2021

Hypernym Discovery via a Recurrent Mapping Model

taxonomy learning

hypernym prediction

hypernym discovery

lexical semantics

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The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

Hypernym discovery aims to identify all possible hypernyms of a given term. The most recent hypernym discovery models exploit multiple mapping functions to project a term to different semantic spaces and then aggregate these embeddings to a general representation for further classification. We refer to this model as a parallel style model. In this work, we observe that there are hierarchical relations between a target terms' hypernyms. However, these hierarchical relations were not sufficiently considered in the previous parallel style model. To leverage the hierarchical relations, we propose a sequential style model that recurrently maps the query words to their hypernyms, starting from the most specific ones to the less specific ones. Empirical studies on SemEval-2018 Task 9 confirm the effectiveness of the presented model.

technical paper

The Emotion Cause Extraction (ECE) task aims to identify clauses which contain emotion-evoking information for a particular emotion expressed in text. We observe that a widely-used ECE dataset exhibits a bias that the majority of annotated cause clauses are either directly before their associated emotion clauses or are the emotion clauses themselves. Existing models for ECE tend to explore such relative position information and suffer from the dataset bias. To investigate the degree of reliance of existing ECE models on clause relative positions, we propose a novel strategy to generate adversarial examples in which the relative position information is no longer the indicative feature of cause clauses. We test the performance of existing models on such adversarial examples and observe a significant performance drop. To address the dataset bias, we propose a novel graph-based method to explicitly model the emotion triggering paths by leveraging the commonsense knowledge to enhance the semantic dependencies between a candidate clause and an emotion clause. Experimental results show that our proposed approach performs on par with the existing state-of-the-art methods on the original ECE dataset, and is more robust against adversarial attacks compared to existing models.

Position Bias Mitigation: A Knowledge-Aware Graph Model for Emotion Cause Extraction

Previous work on review summarization focused on measuring the sentiment toward the main aspects of the reviewed product or business, or on creating a textual summary. These approaches provide only a partial view of the data: aspect-based sentiment summaries lack sufficient explanation or justification for the aspect rating, while textual summaries do not quantify the significance of each element, and are not well-suited for representing conflicting views. Recently, Key Point Analysis (KPA) has been proposed as a summarization framework that provides both textual and quantitative summary of the main points in the data. We adapt KPA to review data by introducing Collective Key Point Mining for better key point extraction; integrating sentiment analysis into KPA; identifying good key point candidates for review summaries; and leveraging the massive amount of available reviews and their metadata. We show empirically that these novel extensions of KPA substantially improve its performance. We demonstrate that promising results can be achieved without any domain-specific annotation, while human supervision can lead to further improvement.

Every Bite Is an Experience: Key Point Analysis of Business Reviews

Structured sentiment analysis attempts to extract full opinion tuples from a text, but over time this task has been subdivided into smaller and smaller sub-tasks, e.g., target extraction or targeted polarity classification. 
We argue that this division has become counterproductive and propose a new unified framework to remedy the situation. We cast the structured sentiment problem as dependency graph parsing, where the nodes are spans of sentiment holders, targets and expressions, and the arcs are the relations between them. We perform experiments on five datasets in four languages (English, Norwegian, Basque, and Catalan) and show that this approach leads to strong improvements over state-of-the-art baselines. Our analysis shows that refining the sentiment graphs with syntactic dependency information further improves results.

Structured Sentiment Analysis as Dependency Graph Parsing

Scarcity of parallel data causes formality style transfer models to have scarce success in preserving content. We show that fine-tuning pre-trained language (GPT-2) and sequence-to-sequence (BART) models boosts content preservation, and that this is possible even with limited amounts of parallel data. Augmenting these models with rewards that target style and content –the two core aspects of the task– we achieve a new state-of-the-art.

Thank you BART! Rewarding Pre-Trained Models Improves Formality Style Transfer

Existing works for aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) have adopted a unified approach, which allows the interactive relations among subtasks. However, we observe that these methods tend to predict polarities based on the literal meaning of aspect and opinion terms and mainly consider relations implicitly among subtasks at the word level. In addition, identifying multiple aspect--opinion pairs with their polarities is much more challenging. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of contextual information w.r.t. the aspect and opinion are further required in ABSA. In this paper, we propose Deep Contextualized Relation-Aware Network (DCRAN), which allows interactive relations among subtasks with deep contextual information based on two modules (i.e., Aspect and Opinion Propagation and Explicit Self-Supervised Strategies). Especially, we design novel self-supervised strategies for ABSA, which have strengths in dealing with multiple aspects. Experimental results show that DCRAN significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods by large margins on three widely used benchmarks.

Deep Context- and Relation-Aware Learning for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) has received increasing attention recently. Most existing work tackles ABSA in a discriminative manner, designing various task-specific classification networks for the prediction. Despite their effectiveness, these methods ignore the rich label semantics in ABSA problems and require extensive task-specific designs. In this paper, we propose to tackle various ABSA tasks in a unified generative framework. Two types of paradigms, namely annotation-style and extraction-style modeling, are designed to enable the training process by formulating each ABSA task as a text generation problem. We conduct experiments on four ABSA tasks across multiple benchmark datasets where our proposed generative approach achieves new state-of-the-art results in almost all cases. This also validates the strong generality of the proposed framework which can be easily adapted to arbitrary ABSA task without additional task-specific model design.

Towards Generative Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis

Unknown intent detection aims to identify the out-of-distribution (OOD) utterance whose intent has never appeared in the training set.
In this paper, we propose using energy scores for this task as the energy score is theoretically aligned with the density of the input and can be derived from any classifier. 
However, high-quality OOD utterances are required during the training stage in order to shape the energy gap between OOD and in-distribution (IND) , and these utterances are difficult to collect in practice. To tackle this problem, we propose a data manipulation framework to Generate high-quality OOD utterances with importance weighTs (GOT). Experimental results show that the energy-based detector fine-tuned by GOT, can achieve state-of-the-art results on two benchmark datasets.

Energy-based Unknown Intent Detection with Data Manipulation

The automated transcription of spoken language, and meetings, in particular, is becoming more widespread as automatic speech recognition systems are becoming more accurate. This trend has significantly accelerated
since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,
which led to a major increase in the number of online meetings. However, the transcription of spoken language has not received much attention from the NLP community compared to documents and other forms of written language.
In this paper, we study a variation of the summarization problem over the transcription of spoken language: given a transcribed meeting, and an action item (i.e., a commitment or request to perform a task), our goal is to generate a coherent and self-contained rephrasing of the action item. To this end, we compiled a novel dataset of annotated meeting transcripts, including human rephrasing of action items. We use state-of-the-art supervised text generation techniques and establish a strong baseline based on BART and UniLM (two pretrained transformer models). Due to the nature of natural speech, language is often broken and incomplete and the task is shown to be harder than an analogous task over email data. Particularly, we show that the baseline models can be greatly improved once models are provided with additional information. We compare two approaches: one incorporating features extracted by coreference-resolution. Additional annotations are used to train an auxiliary model to detect the relevant context in the text. Based on the systematic human evaluation, our best models exhibit near-human-level rephrasing capability on a constrained subset of the problem.

Automatic Rephrasing of Transcripts-based Action Items

Pre-trained multilingual language models (LMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in cross-lingual transfer, but they often lead to an inequitable representation of languages due to limited capacity, skewed pre-training data, and sub-optimal vocabularies. This has prompted the creation of an ever-growing pre-trained model universe, where each model is trained on large amounts of language or domain specific data with a carefully curated, linguistically informed vocabulary. However, doing so brings us back full circle and prevents one from leveraging the benefits of multilinguality. To address the gaps at both ends of the spectrum, we propose MergeDistill, a framework to merge pre-trained LMs in a way that can best leverage their assets with minimal dependencies, using task-agnostic knowledge distillation. We demonstrate the applicability of our framework in a practical setting by leveraging pre-existing teacher LMs and training student LMs that perform competitively or even outperform teacher LMs trained on several orders of magnitude more data and with a fixed model capacity. We also highlight the importance of teacher selection and its impact on student model performance.

{M}erge{D}istill: {M}erging Language Models using Pre-trained Distillation

sequence-to-sequence models usually transfer all encoder outputs to the decoder for generation. In this work, by contrast, we hypothesize that these encoder outputs can be compressed to shorten the sequence delivered for decoding. We take Transformer as the testbed and introduce a layer of stochastic gates in-between the encoder and the decoder. The gates are regularized using the expected value of the sparsity inducing L0 penalty, resulting in completely masking-out a subset of encoder outputs. In other words, via joint training, the L0DROP layer forces Transformer to route information through a subset of its encoder states. We investigate the effects of this sparsification on two machine translation and two summarization tasks. Experiments show that, depending on the task, around 40–70% of source encodings can be pruned without significantly compromising quality. The decrease of the output length endows L0DROP with the potential of improving decoding efficiency, where it yields a speedup of up to 1.65x on document summarization and 1.20x on character-based machine translation against the standard Transformer. We analyze the L0DROP behaviour and observe that it exhibits systematic preferences for pruning certain word types, e.g., function words and punctuation get pruned most. Inspired by these observations, we explore the feasibility of specifying rule-based patterns that mask out encoder outputs based on information such as part-of-speech tags, word frequency and word position.

Hypernym Discovery via a Recurrent Mapping Model

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Position Bias Mitigation: A Knowledge-Aware Graph Model for Emotion Cause Extraction

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Hypernym Discovery via a Recurrent Mapping Model

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Next from IJCNLP-AACL 2021

Position Bias Mitigation: A Knowledge-Aware Graph Model for Emotion Cause Extraction

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Analysis and Evaluation of Language Models for Word Sense Disambiguation

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PRESENTATIONS

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RESOURCES

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