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There is content such as hate speech, offensive, toxic or aggressive documents, which are perceived differently by their consumers. They are commonly identified using classifiers solely based on textual content that generalize pre-agreed meanings of difficult problems. Such models provide the same results for each user, which leads to high misclassification rate observable especially for contentious, aggressive documents. Both document controversy and user nonconformity require new solutions. Therefore, we propose novel personalized approaches that respect individual beliefs expressed by either user conformity-based measures or various embeddings of their previous text annotations. We found that only a few annotations of most controversial documents are enough for all our personalization methods to significantly outperform classic, generalized solutions. The more controversial the content, the greater the gain. The personalized solutions may be used to efficiently filter unwanted aggressive content in the way adjusted to a given person.

ACL-IJCNLP 2021

Controversy and Conformity: from Generalized to Personalized Aggressiveness Detection

aggressiveness detection

user embeddings

personalization

sentiment analysis

natural language processing

**Welcome to ACL-IJCNLP 2021!**

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). 

As in previous years, the program of the conference includes a poster session, tutorials, workshops and demonstrations in addition to the main conference.


We were able to keep the registration fees similar to those charged for the virtual ACL 2020. The one fee allows attendance at the main conference and any/all tutorials and workshops. These fees would be $125 Regular Early and $175 Regular Late; $50 Student Early and $75 Student Late. Early registration closes at midnight July 11, 2021 (Eastern Daylight Time).

**Reminder:** It is ACL’s policy that at least one author of each accepted paper (including ACL Finding papers) must register for the conference.

**Reminder2:** Underline site will open closer to the event. If you already registered you will receive access detail

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poster

Unlike English letters, Chinese characters have rich and specific meanings. Usually, the meaning of a word can be derived from its constituent characters in some way. 
Several previous works on syntactic parsing propose to annotate shallow word-internal structures for better utilizing character-level information. 
This work proposes to model the deep internal structures of Chinese words as dependency trees with 11 labels for distinguishing syntactic relationships. 
First, based on newly compiled annotation guidelines, we manually annotate a word-internal structure treebank (WIST) consisting of over 30K multi-char words from Chinese Penn Treebank. 
To guarantee quality, each word is independently annotated by two annotators and inconsistencies are handled by a third senior annotator. 
Second, we present detailed and interesting analysis on WIST to reveal insights on Chinese word formation. 
Third, we propose word-internal structure parsing as a new task, and conduct benchmark experiments using a competitive dependency parser. 
Finally, we present two simple ways to encode word-internal structures, leading to promising gains on the sentence-level syntactic parsing task.

An In-depth Study on Internal Structure of Chinese Words

Named Entity Recognition (NER) for low-resource languages is a both practical and challenging research problem. This paper addresses zero-shot transfer for cross-lingual NER, especially when the amount of source-language training data is also limited. The paper first proposes a simple but effective labeled sequence translation method to translate source-language training data to target languages and avoids problems such as word order change and entity span determination. With the source-language data as well as the translated data, a generation-based multilingual data augmentation method is introduced to further increase diversity by generating synthetic labeled data in multiple languages. These augmented data enable the language model based NER models to generalize better with both the language-specific features from the target-language synthetic data and the language-independent features from multilingual synthetic data. An extensive set of experiments were conducted to demonstrate encouraging cross-lingual transfer performance of the new research on a wide variety of target languages.

MulDA: A Multilingual Data Augmentation Framework for Low-Resource Cross-Lingual NER

Lexicon information and pre-trained models, such as BERT, have been combined to explore Chinese sequence labeling tasks due to their respective strengths. However, existing methods solely fuse lexicon features via a shallow and random initialized sequence layer and do not integrate them into the bottom layers of BERT. In this paper, we propose Lexicon Enhanced BERT (LEBERT) for Chinese sequence labeling, which integrates external lexicon knowledge into BERT layers directly by a Lexicon Adapter layer. Compared with existing methods, our model facilitates deep lexicon knowledge fusion at the lower layers of BERT. Experiments on ten Chinese datasets of three tasks including Named Entity Recognition, Word Segmentation, and Part-of-Speech Tagging, show that LEBERT achieves state-of-the-art results.

Lexicon Enhanced Chinese Sequence Labeling Using BERT Adapter

In recent years, math word problem solving has received considerable attention and achieved promising results, but previous methods rarely take numerical values into consideration.
Most methods treat the numerical values in the problems as number symbols, and ignore the prominent role of the numerical values in solving the problem.
In this paper, we propose a novel approach called NumS2T, which enhances math word problem solving performance by explicitly incorporating numerical values into a sequence-to-tree network.
In addition, a numerical properties prediction mechanism is used to capture the category and comparison information of numerals and measure their importance in global expressions.
Experimental results on the Math23K and APE datasets demonstrate that our model achieves better performance than existing state-of-the-art models.

Math Word Problem Solving with Explicit Numerical Values

Previous math word problem solvers following the encoder-decoder paradigm fail to explicitly incorporate essential math symbolic constraints, leading to unexplainable and unreasonable predictions. Herein, we propose Neural-Symbolic Solver (NS-Solver) to explicitly and seamlessly incorporate different levels of symbolic constraints by auxiliary tasks. Our NS-Solver consists of a problem reader to encode problems, a programmer to generate symbolic equations, and a symbolic executor to obtain answers. Along with target expression supervision, our solver is also optimized via 4 new auxiliary objectives to enforce different symbolic reasoning: a) self-supervised number prediction task predicting both number quantity and number locations; b) commonsense constant prediction task predicting what prior knowledge (e.g. how many legs
a chicken has) is required; c) program consistency checker computing the semantic loss between predicted equation and target equation to ensure reasonable equation mapping; d) duality exploiting task exploiting the quasi-duality between symbolic equation generation and problem’s part-of-speech generation to enhance the understanding ability of a solver. Besides, to provide a more realistic and challenging benchmark for developing a universal and scalable solver, we also construct a new largescale MWP benchmark CM17K consisting of 4 kinds of MWPs (arithmetic, one-unknown linear, one-unknown non-linear, equation set) with more than 17K samples. Extensive experiments on Math23K and our CM17k demonstrate the superiority of our NS-Solver compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Neural-Symbolic Solver for Math Word Problems with Auxiliary Tasks

Recently, the performance of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) has been significantly improved by injecting knowledge facts to enhance their abilities of language understanding. For medical domains, the background knowledge sources are especially useful, due to the massive medical terms and their complicated relations are difficult to understand in text.
In this work, we introduce SMedBERT, a medical PLM trained on large-scale medical corpora, incorporating deep structured semantic knowledge from neighbours of linked-entity.
In SMedBERT, the mention-neighbour hybrid attention is proposed to learn heterogeneous-entity information, which infuses the semantic representations of entity types into the homogeneous neighbouring entity structure.
Apart from knowledge integration as external features, we propose to employ the neighbors of linked-entities in the knowledge graph as additional global contexts of text mentions, allowing them to communicate via shared neighbors, thus enrich their semantic representations.
Experiments demonstrate that SMedBERT significantly outperforms strong baselines in various knowledge-intensive Chinese medical tasks. It also improves the performance of other tasks such as question answering, question matching and natural language inference.

SMedBERT: A Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Model with Structured Semantics for Medical Text Mining

When evaluating an article and the claims it makes, a critical reader must be able to assess where the 
information presented comes from, and whether the various claims are mutually consistent and support the conclusion. This motivates the study of \emph{claim provenance}, which seeks to trace and explain the origins of claims. In this paper, we introduce new techniques to model and reason about the provenance of \emph{multiple} interacting claims, including how to capture \emph{fine-grained} information about the context. Our solution hinges on first identifying the sentences that potentially contain important external information. We then develop a query generator with our novel \emph{rank-aware cross attention} mechanism, which aims at generating metadata for the source article, based on the context and the signals collected from a search engine. This establishes relevant search queries, and it allows us to obtain source article candidates for each identified sentence and propose an ILP based algorithm to infer the best sources. We experiment with a newly created evaluation dataset, Politi-Prov, based on fact-checking articles from \url{www.politifact.com}; our experimental results show that our solution leads to a significant improvement over baselines.

What is Your Article Based On? Inferring Fine-grained Provenance

This paper describes our system participated in Task 6 of SemEval-2021: the task is focused on multimodal propaganda technique classification and it aims to classify given image and text into 22 classes. In this paper, a multi-model architecture for learning representations by using a Transformer encoder to fusion text and vision features is proposed. To increase the diversity of the system, we have tested both grid and region features for the visual input. Furthermore, ERNIE-ViL, a transformer- based model specifically designed for multi-mode, is applied to produce a better representation for both text and image. Besides, as the distribution of the classification labels is very unbalanced, we also make a further attempt on the evaluation function and the experiment result shows that focal loss would perform better than cross-entropy loss. Last we have won first for subtask C in the final competition.

Alpha at SemEval-2021 Tasks 6: Transformer Based Propaganda Classification

The poster describes the winning system in the End-to-end Pipeline phase for the NLPContributionGraph task. Given a paper in NLP domain, the model can automatically construct knowledge graph for this paper. The work aims to help researches read various papers and do their work more efficiently.

Boosting BERT with Sampling and Adversarial Training for Knowledge Extraction

This paper describes our system for verifying statements with tables at SemEval-2021 Task 9. We developed a two-stage verifying system based on the latest table-based pre-trained model GraPPa. Multiple networks are devised to verify different types of statements in the competition dataset and an adaptive model ensembling technique is applied to ensemble models in both stages. A statement-slot-based symbolic operation module is also used in our system to further improve the performance and stability of the system. Our model achieves second place in the 3-way classification and fourth place in the 2-way classification evaluation. Several ablation experiments show the effectiveness of different modules proposed in this paper.

Controversy and Conformity: from Generalized to Personalized Aggressiveness Detection

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