New Zealand

Stefan Rass, Peter Schartner and Raphael Wigoutschnigg (January 1st 2010). Security as a Game – Decisions from Incomplete Models, Decision Support Systems, Chiang S. Jao, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/39453. 

Yuehai Wang (January 1st 2009). Evolutionary Game Theory Based Cooperation Algorithm in Multi-Agent System, Multiagent Systems, Salman Ahmed and Mohd Noh Karsiti, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/6601.

Welcome Mswazi Kubeka (September 19th 2018). From Comfort Zone to Reality: A Community Engagement to Enhance Student’s Academic Performance, Health and Academic Achievement, Blandina Bernal-Morales, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76010. 

While game-theoretic models and algorithms have been developed to combat illegal activities, such as poaching and over-fishing, in green security domains, none of the existing work considers the crucial aspect of community engagement: community members are recruited by law enforcement agencies as informants and can provide valuable tips, e.g., the location of ongoing illegal activities, to assist patrols. We fill this gap and (i) introduce a novel two-stage security game model for community engagement, with a bipartite graph representing the informant-attacker social network and a level-$\kappa$ response model for attackers inspired by cognitive hierarchy; (ii) provide complexity results and exact, approximate, and heuristic algorithms for selecting informants and allocating patrollers against level-$\kappa$ ($\kappa&lt;\infty$) attackers; (iii) provide a novel algorithm to find the optimal defender strategy against level-$\infty$ attackers, which converts the problem of optimizing a parameterized fixed-point to a bi-level optimization problem, where the inner level is just a linear program, and the outer level has only a linear number of variables and a single linear constraint. We also evaluate the algorithms through extensive experiments.


AAMAS 2020

Green Security Game with Community Engagement

security game; game theory; community engagement;

The Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) is one of the premier international conferences on research related to knowledge representation, learning, and reasoning in the presence of uncertainty. It is supported by the [Association for Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (AUAI).](https://www.auai.org/)

The 37th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 2021) is held fully online. We have an exciting program consisting of keynote talks by [Susan Murphy](https://www.auai.org/uai2021/program?block=A), [Eric Horvitz](https://www.auai.org/uai2021/program?block=B), [Lenka Zdeborová](https://www.auai.org/uai2021/program?block=C), [Judea Pearl](https://www.auai.org/uai2021/program?block=D) and [Ankur Moitra](https://www.auai.org/uai2021/program?block=E), a town hall meeting, peer-reviewed papers, and three workshops. The main conference is single-track and each paper is show-cased with a live component (either a live discussion and Q&A, or a live lightning talk). All papers are also featured in video presentations and in poster sessions in gather.town. The three parallel workshops on Friday allow for smaller meetings on current topics.

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Have a great UAI 2021! 
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<br>Cassio de Campos and Marloes Maathuis
<br>UAI 2021 Program Chairs
<br>uai2021programchairs@gmail.com

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UAI 2021

The Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) is one of the premier international conferences on research related to knowledge representation, learning, and reasoning in the presence of uncertainty. It is supported by the [Association for Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (AUAI).](https://www.auai.org/)

While game-theoretic models and algorithms have been developed to combat illegal activities, such as poaching and over-fishing, in green security domains, none of the existing work considers the crucial aspect of community engagement: community members are recruited by law enforcement agencies as informants and can provide valuable tips, e.g., the location of ongoing illegal activities, to assist patrols. We fill this gap and (i) introduce a novel two-stage security game model for community engagement, with a bipartite graph representing the informant-attacker social network and a level-$\kappa$ response model for attackers inspired by cognitive hierarchy; (ii) provide complexity results and exact, approximate, and heuristic algorithms for selecting informants and allocating patrollers against level-$\kappa$ ($\kappa<\infty$) attackers; (iii) provide a novel algorithm to find the optimal defender strategy against level-$\infty$ attackers, which converts the problem of optimizing a parameterized fixed-point to a bi-level optimization problem, where the inner level is just a linear program, and the outer level has only a linear number of variables and a single linear constraint. We also evaluate the algorithms through extensive experiments.


technical paper

AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. The AAMAS conference series was initiated in 2002 as the merging of three respected scientific meetings: the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), and the International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA). The aim of the joint conference is to provide a single, high-profile, internationally-respected archival forum for scientific research in the theory and practice of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems.

Browse keynotes, discussions, panels and over 300 presentations.


AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. The AAMAS conference series was initiated in 2002 as the merging of three respected scientific meetings: the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), and the International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA). 

We study a general multi-dueling bandit problem, where an agent compares multiple options simultaneously and aims to minimize the regret due to selecting suboptimal arms. This setting generalizes the traditional two-dueling bandit problem and finds many real-world applications involving subjective feedback on multiple options. We start with the two-dueling bandit setting and propose two efficient algorithms, DoublerBAI and MultiSBM-Feedback.DoublerBAI provides a generic schema for translating known results on best arm identification algorithms to the dueling bandit problem, and achieves a regret bound of $O(\ln T)$. MultiSBM-Feedback not only has an optimal $O(\ln T)$ regret, but also reduces the constant factor by almost a half compared to benchmark results. Then, we consider the general multi-dueling case and develop an efficient algorithm MultiRUCB. Using a novel finite-time regret analysis for the general multi-dueling bandit problem, we show that MultiRUCB also achieves an $O(\ln T)$ regret bound and the bound tightens as the capacity of the comparison set increases. Based on both synthetic and real-world datasets, we empirically demonstrate that our algorithms outperform existing algorithms. 


Dueling Bandits: From Two-dueling to Multi-dueling

Signalized intersections are managed by controllers that assign right of way (green, yellow, and red lights) to non-conflicting directions. Optimizing the actuation policy of such controllers is expected to alleviate traffic congestion and its adverse impact. Given such a safety-critical domain, the affiliated actuation policy is required to be interpretable in a way that can be understood and regulated by a human. This presentation demonstrates and gives an overview of how we approached solving such a problem.

Learning an Interpretable Traffic Signal Control Policy

Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs) are a powerful tool to model multi-agent coordination problems that are distributed by nature. The formulation is suitable for problems where variables are discrete and constraint utilities are represented in tabular form. However, many real-world applications have variables that are continuous and tabular forms thus cannot accurately represent constraint utilities. To overcome this limitation, researchers have proposed the Continuous DCOP (C-DCOP) model, which are DCOPs with continuous variables. But existing approaches usually come with some restrictions on the form of constraint utilities and are without quality guarantees. Therefore, in this paper, we (i) propose an exact algorithm to solve a specific subclass of C-DCOPs; (ii) propose an approximation method with quality guarantees to solve general C-DCOPs; (iii) propose additional C-DCOP algorithms that are more scalable; and (v) empirically show that our algorithms outperform existing state-of-the-art C-DCOP algorithms when given the same communication limitations.

New Algorithms for Continuous Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems

Recent years have witnessed a tremendous improvement of deep reinforcement learning. However, a challenging problem is that an agent may suffer from inefficient exploration, particularly for on-policy methods. Previous exploration methods either rely on complex structure to estimate the novelty of states, or incur sensitive hyper-parameters causing instability. We propose an efficient exploration method, Multi-Path Policy Optimization (MPPO), which does not incur high computation cost and ensures stability. MPPO maintains an efficient mechanism that effectively utilizes a population of diverse policies to enable better exploration, especially in sparse environments. We also give a theoretical guarantee of the stable performance. We build our scheme upon two widely-adopted on-policy methods, the Trust-Region Policy Optimization algorithm and Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm. We conduct extensive experiments on several MuJoCo tasks and their sparsified variants to fairly evaluate the proposed method. Results show that MPPO significantly outperforms state-of-the-art exploration methods in terms of both sample efficiency and final performance. 


Multi-Path Policy Optimization

In this work, we consider a student-project-resource matching-allocation problem, where students have preferences over projects and the projects have preferences over students. Although students are many-to-one matched to projects, indivisible resources are many-to-one allocated to projects whose capacities are endogenously determined by the resources allocated to them. Traditionally, this problem is decomposed into two separate problems: (1) resources are allocated to projects based on expectations (resource allocation problem), and (2) students are matched to projects based on the capacities determined in the previous problem (matching problem). Although both problems are well-understood, if the expectations used in the first are incorrect, we obtain a suboptimal outcome. Thus, this problem must be solved as a whole without dividing it in two parts. We show that no strategyproof mechanism satisfies fairness (i.e., no student has justified envy) and weak efficiency requirements on students' welfare. Given this impossibility result, we develop a new strategyproof mechanism that strikes a good balance between fairness and efficiency and assess it by experiments


Game Theoretic Analysis for Two-Sided Matching with Resource Allocation

The ability to cooperate is one of the key features of many multi- agent systems. In this paper, we extend the well-known model of graph-restricted games due to Myerson to signed graphs, where the link between any two players may be either positive or negative. Hence, in our model, it is possible to explicitly define not only that some players are friends (as in Myerson’s model) but also that some other players are enemies. As such our games can express a wider range of situations, e.g., animosities between political parties. We say that a coalition is feasible if every two players are connected by a path of positive edges and no two players are connected by a negative edge. We define the value for signed graph games using the axiomatic approach that closely follows the celebrated char- acterisation of the Myerson value. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm for computing an arbitrary semivalue, including the one proposed by us. Moreover, we consider signed graph games with a priori defined alliances (unions) between players and propose an algorithm for the extension of the Owen value to this setting.


Signed Graph Games: Coalitional Games with Friends, Enemies and Allies

We study the well-known Sequential Posted Pricing scheme with one item, under the Bayesian setting that the value of each participating agent to the item is drawn from her own value distribution, which is known to the auctioneer as prior information. Each agent comes in to the auction market sequentially, and is offered a take-it-or-leave-it price. The goal of the auctioneer is to maximize her expected revenue.
This family of mechanisms has been proved to perform well compared to optimal mechanism under the Bayesian framework in various settings, but nothing was previously known on the complexity of computing an optimal sequential posted pricing. 

In this paper, we show that finding an optimal sequential posted pricing is NP-complete even when the value distributions are of support size three. For the upper bound, we introduce polynomial-time algorithms when the distributions are of support size at most two, or their values are drawn from any identical distributions. As a by-product, we also show the same results hold for order-oblivious posted pricing scheme where after the auctioneer posts the prices, agents come into the auction in an adversarial order.
We also study the constrained sequential posted pricing where the auction only runs for a fixed number of $\tau$ rounds, and give polynomial-time algorithms when the distributions are of support size at most two. Moreover, we extend our algorithm to cases when the values are decayed with time or the item has several copies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result that fully characterizes the computational complexity of sequential posted pricing family. 


On the Complexity of Sequential Posted Pricing

The Belief Desire Intention (BDI) model of agency is a popular and mature paradigm for designing and implementing multiagent systems. There are several agent implementation platforms that follow the BDI model. In BDI systems, the agents typically have to pursue multiple goals, and often concurrently. The way in which the agents commit to achieving their goals forms their intentions. There has been much work on scheduling the intentions of agents. However, most of this work has focused on scheduling the intentions of a single agent with no awareness and consideration of other agents that may be operating in the same environment. They schedule the intentions of the single-agent in order to maximise the total number of goals achieved. In this work, we investigate techniques for scheduling the intentions of an agent in a multiagent setting, where an agent is aware (or partially aware) of the intentions of other agents in the environment. We use a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) based approach and show that our intention-aware scheduler generates better outcomes in cooperative, neutral (selfish) and adversarial settings than the state-of-the-art schedulers that do not consider other agents' intentions.

Intention-Aware Multiagent Scheduling

Threshold task games (TTGs) are a class of cooperative games in which participants form coalitions to complete tasks associated with different rewards and thresholds for success. We provide efficient algorithms for computing approximately optimal coalition structures in TTGs. We also present non-trivial bounds on the cost of stability for this class. We put our theoretical results to practice; we design a web-based framework which allows human players to interact in a collaborative task-based model. Our analysis of human play in two different countries shows that players succeed in general to form optimal coalition structures, and converge to approximately stable payoff divisions.


Threshold Task Games: Theory, Platform and Experiments

Recent work studied Stackelberg security games with multiple defenders, in which heterogeneous defenders allocate security resources to protect a set of targets against a strategic attacker. Equilibrium analysis was conducted to characterize outcomes of these games when defenders act independently. Our starting point is the observation that the use of resources in equilibria may be inefficient due to lack of coordination. We explore the possibility of reducing this inefficiency by coordinating the defenders---specifically, by pooling the defenders' resources and allocating them jointly. The defenders' heterogeneous preferences then give rise to a collective decision-making problem, which calls for a mechanism to generate joint allocation strategies. We seek a mechanism that encourages coordination, produces efficiency gains, and incentivizes the defenders to report their true preferences and to execute the recommended strategies. Our results show that, unfortunately, even these basic properties clash with each other and no mechanism can achieve them simultaneously, which reveals the intrinsic difficulty of achieving meaningful defense coordination in security games. On the positive side, we put forward mechanisms that fulfill some of these properties and we identify special cases of our setting where more of these properties are compatible.


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Dueling Bandits: From Two-dueling to Multi-dueling

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Robust Reinforcement Learning Under Minimax Regret for Green Security

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Next from AAMAS 2020

Dueling Bandits: From Two-dueling to Multi-dueling

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Robust Reinforcement Learning Under Minimax Regret for Green Security

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PRESENTATIONS

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