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Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in a human. It works in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In addition to its major role in neuromuscular junctions, ACh functions in memory and cognition in the brain. It is known that many Alzheimer’s disease patients have lower levels of acetylcholine. RNase H2 is a ribonuclease that removes ribonucleotides from DNA. It is also involved in gene expression. Although the full scope of this enzyme’s role in vivo is not fully known, it is a well-known fact that mutations in the RNase H2 genes in humans causes Aicardi- Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe neurological disorder characterised by abnormal neurology and different types of encephalopathies. C. elegans is a nematode and model organism that has been widely used in Biomedical Research. Not only are they easy to work with and have quick generation times that allow for efficiency in research, but the organism also share more than 80% of their genes with humans. The purpose of this study was to determine, using the organism C. elegans, the effects of a mutation in the RNase H2 gene on cholinergic neurotransmission and the associated behaviours. RNase H2 S114F mutant worms were examined in time course experiments in the presence of ACh in the medium and their behaviours were compared to those of wild-type worms. The specific behaviour I observed were locomotion, pharyngeal pumping, and defecation. I found that the rnh-2 S114F mutation significantly affected all these behaviours in which cholinergic neurotransmission is involved. These results suggest that RNase H2 plays an important role in regulation of cholinergic neurotransmission and associated behaviours in C. elegans.

Delaware Neuroscience Symposium 2021

The role of RNase H2 in cholinergic neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans

This annual event showcases and celebrates the neuroscience research in Delaware.  Posters and talks highlight neuroscience research carried out by graduate students, undergraduate students, and research staff at all of Delaware’s research and education institutions. The Lounge section of the symposium allows real-time interactions and networking among attendees.  New this year is an expo of research core facilities in Delaware.  Check them out in the Research Cores section of our poster session, or see the logos below.

poster

The inability to determine corresponding ages between humans and model organisms has inhibited progress in mapping findings from model systems to humans. We build upon the translating time project (http://www.translatingtime.org), which utilizes neural development models from 18 mammalian species including humans, macaques, and other rodent species. To extend the translating time project from up to 2 years after birth in humans and its equivalent in model organisms to span postnatal ages, we utilize transcriptional, behavioral, and anatomical variation data across humans, mice, and non-human primates. We capture temporal changes in gene expression from RNA sequencing extracted from bulk samples of the frontal cortex in humans and chimpanzees. To find corresponding time points across species, we dynamically time warped trajectories and collected other time points to generate in 137 time points from prenatal to approximately 55 years in humans and their equivalent in other species (chimpanzees). We find consistency in results of the time points from the different scales of organization (i.e transcriptional, anatomical, behavioral), and conservation in the timing of developmental programs across humans and other model organisms. This work will be an important resource in finding corresponding ages across species and identifying conserved developmental programs across species.

Translating time in humans and other species from brain transcriptional and structural variation.

Synchronous neuronal activity is a hallmark of developing as well as fully developed neuronal networks and is necessary for the functional organization of the brain. However, the mechanisms of the development of these synchronous oscillations are poorly understood. While existing models assume it as a process intrinsic to neurons, recent evidence suggests that astrocytes have an important role in the development of synchronous activity. We established pure neuron only and mixed (astrocyte and neuron) cultures on multielectrode arrays (MEAs) from the embryonic chick optic tectum. Our preliminary results indicate that astrocytes are necessary for synchronous activity of neurons in culture. Mixed neuron and astrocyte cultures show random spiking activity which synchronizes over time whereas astrocyte-free neurons only show random activity without synchronization. Our model predicts that glutamate sensing at tripartite synapses via mGluRs elevates local calcium stores within astrocyte processes. With sufficient activation, the localized calcium elevation crosses a threshold causing a calcium induced calcium release (CICR) within the astrocyte leading to glutamate exocytosis. We targeted the SNARE protein Synaptobrevin (Vamp2) within astrocytes as crucial for communication with neurons via exocytotic release of glutamate. We proposed to test this model by expressing a truncated Vamp2 subunit (Vamp2 DN) which acts as a dominant negative to block exocytotic release. Astrocytes expressing the Vamp2 DN are expected to release significantly less glutamate upon calcium elevation thereby reducing synchrony of neuronal activity. We have generated astrocyte lines expressing the Synaptobrevin dominant negative (Vamp2 DN) along with the glutamate sensor iGluSnFR. We demonstrate that Vamp2 DN expressing astrocytes have significantly reduced glutamate exocytosis when CICR is induced with Ionomycin. With these tools a more comprehensive molecular model for astrocyte involvement in the generation of neuronal synchrony can be developed.

Molecular Role of Synaptobrevin & Glutamate in astrocyte-neuron interactions in the development of synchronized activity in neuronal networks

Neurons must fire together in networks to perform a variety of functions but the mechanisms by which they accomplish this synchronization are not entirely understood. In some cases, this phenomenon does not function as intended, leading to states like epileptic seizures. Existing models of synchronous activity assume that it is intrinsic to neurons. Astrocytes have been shown to modulate oscillatory activity in networks of neurons possibly by releasing gliotransmitters like glutamate and ATP. Using the mitotic inhibitor 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) we established pure neuron only cultures from chick embryonic day 7 (E7) optic tectum and recorded neuronal network activity on multielectrode arrays (MEAs). Our preliminary results indicate that astrocytes are necessary for synchronous activity of neurons in culture. Mixed neuron and astrocyte cultures on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) show random spiking activity which synchronizes over time whereas astrocyte-free neurons only show random activity without synchronization. Our results validated that the physical presence of astrocytes is required to properly establish synchronized activity in neuronal networks. We implicate calcium mobilization within astrocytes via metabotropic g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways leading to gliotransmitter release as a possible mechanism for neuronal synchronization. To test this hypothesis, we used an optogenetic approach – using a lentiviral vector we expressed the photopigment melanopsin, a Gaq coupled GPCR with an absorption peak of around 470nm, in chick optic tectum astrocytes. Our preliminary optogenetic activation experiments indicate Ca++ flux in astrocytes upon optogenetic stimulation with 470nm blue light. This powerful tool allows us to combine live calcium imaging with multielectrode array experiments to clearly define the role of astrocytic calcium in the development of network activity of neurons, particularly synchronization.

An Optogenetic Approach To Understand Molecular Mechanisms of Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in the Development of Neuronal Synchrony

The mission of the Bioinformatics Core Facility at UD’s Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CBCB) is to provide scientific expertise, training, and infrastructure support in bioinformatics and data science for the Delaware life science and biomedical research and education community. Drawing on the combined resources of CBCB, the Delaware Biotechnology Institute (DBI), the Data Science Institute (DSI), and the Protein Information Resource (PIR), the Core provides both computing infrastructure and knowledgeable staff with significant expertise across various specialties in bioinformatics, data science, and related fields. The Core is further supported by the Delaware Biotechnology Institute’s BioIT team providing support for systems administration and high performance computing support. A special focus of the Core has been omics data analysis, and pipelines and support are available under fee-for-service models to support investigators. The facility also has substantial capabilities built upon its close relationship with the Protein Information Resource (PIR) that have been successfully applied to a number of research projects including proteomic analysis using tools such as iProXpress and literature and data mining capabilities of iProLINK. These combined omics analysis and data integration pipelines form the nucleus of a bioinformatics framework to provide a user portal for dynamic analysis and visualization of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data to its users at UD. Consultation, advice, and training offerings are also available to help support researchers in analysis and interpretation of data. The Core also works with investigators to design and host web portals and databases to store, organize, and share scientific data and findings. The Center’s in-house High-Performance Computational hardware include the Biomix cluster (freely accessible to members of Delaware INBRE partner institutions), as well as development and production web/database servers and data storage options including a triple redundancy Hadoop data archiving system.

CBCB Bioinformatics Core Facility

The Center for Biomedical and Brain Imaging is a core facility at the University of Delaware. We provide instruments for structural and functional imaging. We have a research-dedicated Siemens Prisma 3T MRI scanner for humans, and a Bruker 9.4T MRI scanner for small animals. Our instruments are capable of acquiring images in multiple modalities, including structural MRI, functional MRI (fMRI), DTI, spectroscopy and X-nuclei imaging. We have multiple MRI coils specialized for body and brain imaging, and a variety of peripheral devices for physiological monitoring, stimulus presentation and subject responses. In addition to the MRI scanners, we also have instruments for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), both inside and outside the MRI scanner, and an EEG system for simultaneous EEG/fMRI. We have three full-time staff, including a certified MRI technologist and an MRI physicist. We are available for consultation to help design your MRI experiments.

Center for Biomedical and Brain Imaging at the University of Delaware

The Nemours Biomedical Research Informatics Center (BRIC) (formerly Bioinformatics Core facility) provides consultation, training and computational resources (both hardware and software). Services offered by BRIC include experimental design of parallel, crossover, longitudinal and cross-section studies, generalized statistical analysis, EHR and PEDSnet data requests and analysis and development of special purpose software and applications. BRIC serves as the interface between PEDSnet and the Nemours Children’s Healthcare System. This includes maintaining relationships with the partner institutions, facilitating data transfer from our institution to the national pediatric database, and aiding other entities from within Nemours in participating in the PEDSnet community. As a member of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative, BRIC and the DE-CTR aid in providing COVID-related patient data to an open-source national database and serve as an ambassador for the program to the entire Nemours and DE-CTR community. BRIC maintains the Nemours distribution of REDCap. Responsibilities include aiding in project setup and management as well as maintaining hosting and compute resources for Nemours sponsored projects.

Nemours Biomedical Research Informatics Center (BRIC)

DHIN Introduction to Neuroscience Symposium 2021 April

The primary objective of the Cell Electrophysiology Core is to provide critical collaboration for neuroscience projects across University of Delaware (UD), Delaware State University (DSU) and the Nemours AI DuPont Children’s Hospital that require analysis of ion channel, synaptic, and network activity in neurons and glia. The Core is also open to outside investigators for data collection and collaboration. The Core will perform experiment design, data acquisition, data analysis and assist with result presentation for patch-clamp studies. The Core will also provide training and access to microelectrode array (MEA) system for users to perform their own experiments. The primary service of the Electrophysiology Core is to provide expert consultation and assistance with electrophysiological analyses of ion channel, synaptic, and network activity in neuronal cells and tissues with patch-clamp and MEA techniques plus optogentic stimulation and fluorescence imaging. Typically, this involves assessment of neuronal excitability and action potential firing, measurements of synaptic transmission and its plasticity, or recordings of the activity of specific ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels. The Core performs experiments for the User, and provides access and training in the use of certain equipment, consultation on experimental design, assistance with data analysis and publication. The experiment preparations include: • Primary cell cultures • Cell lines • Acute slices • Cultured slices The experiment types are: • Basic cell membrane properties • Action potential properties • Ion channel currents • Synaptic transmissions • Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity • Fluorescence imaging • MEA for network study • Optogenetics for network study

Cell Electrophysiology Core Facility

The current study focuses on disentangling some of the neurobiological, developmental, and relational theories and factors that affect adoptees academic performance. Specifically, we aim to differentiate the impact of age of adoption and the length of time adoptees spend in their new homes on parental perception of academic performance. Previous investigations have suggested that adopted children perform less well academically in both reading and math (Beckett, 2007). Yet, this result—children who are adopted having poorer academic performance—is not consistent across the literature (Bramlett et al., 2011). This is likely due to evidence of behavioral and neurobiological developmental delays (Grotevant & McDermott, 2014). However, this interpretation does not account for the period in which adoptees and their new families adjust to one another. A period we refer to as relational uncertainty. The present study includes participants from the National Survey of Adopted Parents (NSAP, 2007). This included 1,647 (757 male) children from adopted families ranging from 3 - 6 years old. To examine this issue, we investigated indices of parental perception of the academic performance of adopted children using a difference score, which captured the number of years between the child’s current age and the age at which the child was placed in their adoptive home. As hypothesized, we found a positive significant effect of relational uncertainty on both reading (β = .09, SE = .02, z = 5.16, p < .0001) and math (β = .07, SE = .02, z = 3.85, p < .001). This indicates the longer the child is with their adopted family the more likely the family is to perceive the adopted child as academically successful. After providing evidence for this period of relational uncertainty, we investigated the impact of factors previously found to be associated with the academic performance of adoptees.

How does parental perception of adoptive children’s academic performance change

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in which dopaminergic neurons are lost. The cause of PD is still unknown; however, it is believed that environmental factors may contribute to the development of PD. Rotenone is a pesticide that blocks mitochondrial respiration in the Electron Transport Chain by inhibiting Complex I. Rotenone is an environmental risk factor for sporadic PD. Here we intend to develop strategies that can lead to the development of potential preventative measures against PD. In this project, Rotenone will be mixed in fly food to analyze its effects in adult Drosophila melanogaster in terms of behavior and longevity. Dacarbazine is a possible anti-PD drug that is known for its use in chemotherapy for skin cancer. We hypothesize that Dacarbazine can help ameliorate or reverse the effects of Rotenone in Drosophila. We will set up a study to analyze the effect of Rotenone, Dacarbazine, and a mixture of the two. There will also be a control group that we will use to compare our findings to. The compounds will be mixed in the fly food and fly activity will be under observation. Ultimately, we plan to establish research that shows that Dacarbazine is a potential neuroprotective chemical against a model of PD.

The role of RNase H2 in cholinergic neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans

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