United States

Our project focuses on constructing an elementary NV center experiment at a low-cost and at home. Through the Zeeman Effect, the ms= +/- 1 degeneracy is lifted by a magnetic field. Green light induces unpaired electrons in the N-V- center from their spin-1 ground state to their spin-1 excited state. At this point, the electrons either emit red fluorescence when they transition back to ground state or they change their spin-state (if they are ms= +/- 1) and transition to a singlet state before the ground state (ms = 0). The ms= +/- 1 transition to the singlet state reduces its fluorescence intensity. As a result, the more electrons present in the ms = 0 ground state, the greater it fluoresces. Consequently, when a resonant microwave frequency corresponding to the Zeeman shift is applied, the transitions from I 0 &gt; -&gt; I +/- 1 &gt; state results in a decrease in luminescence. External perturbations such as temperature, strain, and magnetic field affect the Zeeman shift and measurement of the adjusted luminescence allows for the detection of these quantities provided the others are known.

Molsamp 2021

High Sensitivity Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacany Centers

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## Dr. Nishikant (Nish) Sonwalkar: Academician, Scientist, Musician

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Dr. Sonwalkar is regarded as a leading expert in the application of computers in education. He has extensive research and development experience in hypermedia authoring, mobile learning, adaptive learning, and brain-based synaptic learning, advanced scientific visualization, database management systems, and computer simulation.

After receiving doctoral degree from MIT in the area of Molecular Dynamics of Nano-interfaces, he joined MIT as faculty in Mechanical Engineering, but his passion for technology enabled education led him become the founding director of Hypermedia Teaching Facility (Hypermedia Lab) at MIT and later he was appointed as the Principal Educational Architect of MIT.

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NISH 2021

Our project focuses on constructing an elementary NV center experiment at a low-cost and at home. Through the Zeeman Effect, the ms= +/- 1 degeneracy is lifted by a magnetic field. Green light induces unpaired electrons in the N-V- center from their spin-1 ground state to their spin-1 excited state. At this point, the electrons either emit red fluorescence when they transition back to ground state or they change their spin-state (if they are ms= +/- 1) and transition to a singlet state before the ground state (ms = 0). The ms= +/- 1 transition to the singlet state reduces its fluorescence intensity. As a result, the more electrons present in the ms = 0 ground state, the greater it fluoresces. Consequently, when a resonant microwave frequency corresponding to the Zeeman shift is applied, the transitions from I 0 > -> I +/- 1 > state results in a decrease in luminescence. External perturbations such as temperature, strain, and magnetic field affect the Zeeman shift and measurement of the adjusted luminescence allows for the detection of these quantities provided the others are known.

poster

Leaf shape is genetically determined, characteristic to each plant species (heterochrony), and changes developmentally (heteroblasty) and seasonally (environmental plasticity). Aside from being a fascinating biological phenomenon, leaf shape is also important from the perspective of agricultural and environmental sustainability, as it influences the efficiency of light harvesting, evapotranspiration and thermal regulation in plants. This study examines the genetic variation of leaf shape in an F1 hybrid population from a cross between two North American grapevine species Vitis rupestris and Vitis riparia. We collected leaf shape data from three different positions in the shoot. The analysis of the data will allow us to assess the phenotypic variation due to heterochrony, heteroblasty and environmental plasticity. The data presented here examine the range of two key phenotypic features, leaf size and leaf blade width) in F1 progeny. The range of variation in these two phenotypes from the parent phenotypes demonstrate transgressional segregation. These traits may be exploited by agricultural sustainability to breed specific plants with agronomically optimal morphology.

Transgressive Segregation of Leaf Shape in Grapevine

Animal diet breadth varies along a continuum, from extreme specialization (foraging on a few or one food type) to extreme generalization (foraging on many different food types). Greater diet breadth is frequently associated with reduced extinction risk. Pollinators such as bees are essential in natural and agricultural landscapes and many species are declining rapidly. Most bee species are thought to be highly specialized to feeding on the pollen of specific plant species, which could increase their extinction risk. Currently, we are experiencing a pollination crisis, with perhaps the majority of pollinator species declining at a rapid rate. However, we currently lack a consolidated accounting of how pollen diet breadth varies across the approximately 20,000 bee species. In this study, we are conducting a literature search to determine the pollen diet breadth of as many bee species as possible. Over 1700 bee species and their pollen hosts have been recorded in our database so far. Our records indicate that of these bee species, around 5% are extreme specialists (monolectic) and a further 73% are strongly specialized (oligolectic); only around 22% of the bee species are extreme generalists (polylectic). On average, bees used 1.4 plant families, 2.6 genera, and 2.6 species as pollen hosts. Diet breadth across all bee species ranged from 1-49 plant families, 1-96 genera, and 1-61 species. Characterizing diet breadth across the bees not only aids in conserving bees, but helps guide conservation of the plants on which bees forage.

Plant Host Specialization By Bees and Implications For Conservation

The goal of this project is to investigate the correlation between discharge and drainage basin area with the hope of being able to create a simple equation relating the average discharge from a spring, to the drainage area feeding that spring. Having such a relationship would allow us to measure discharge from any given spring and estimate the drainage area flowing to that spring. This is helpful in the event of a pollution event occurring within a spring and land managers wondering where the pollution may have come from and can travel to. Study locations include springs on Ward Branch Creek, Doling Park, Silver Springs, Smallin Cave, and Jones Spring. Doling Cave and Jones Spring are home to caves, and water flows exit their respective caves. Smallin Cave, Jones Spring and Doling Park (Giboney Cave) have dataloggers recording water temperature about every 15 minutes. Ward Branch Creek, and Silver Spring do not have temperature loggers. Having temperature-loggers can give insight on whether those sites are being fed by deeper groundwater flow, shallow groundwater, or both. Flow volume is calculated on every site except Smallin Cave. Initial data shown opposite trends in temperature between Doling Park’s cave, and Jones Spring Cave with the introduction of moderate precipitation. The spring’s temperature typically indicates whether the spring is fed by a shallow drainage system (caves or similar) or by a deeper (and larger) groundwater aquifer. Using this information, the discharge volumes will help us sort out smaller drainage basins from larger groundwater systems. We will be using the equation Q=KA^C, to estimate discharge, (“Q”) in ft³/sec. We will be graphing upstream drainage areas (“A”), against baseflow (“Q”), and plotting each spring on the graph. We hope to find a good line of correlation. If there is a good line of best-fit, the slope of that line will equal our (“K”) factor within the full equation. This equation has been used in various other hydrologic studies and practices to estimate discharge amounts in various locations (Galster & Pazzaglia & etc., 2006). Initial data shows that baseline flow for Doling Park and Jones Spring Cave are 4ft^3/sec for Doling Park, and 7.2ft^3/sec for Jones Spring. We have found that Jones Spring consistently drops in temperature with the introduction of precipitation (substantial rain). However, Doling Park has shown it is much more radical, and has little to no relation in temperature trends to Jones Spring. This data so far gives us some insight on the similarities and differences between 2 of our locations. In conclusion, this new data can prove beneficial to the cities and communities on The Springfield Plateau in regard to the movement of water, and the study of groundwater in Springfield Missouri.  

Temperature and Discharge Monitoring of Springs and Streams to Approximate Water Drainage Basins in The Springfield Plateau, Missouri

Current screening procedures for lung cancer involve the use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). However, this approach has correlated with high false-positive rates, invasive and costly workups. In addition, 80% of diagnosed patients are unresponsive to treatment. There is a need for biomarkers with improved diagnostic accuracy and a capability of predicting response in order to improve treatment. In this study, a set of three miRNAs have been identified that can faithfully differentiate between disease free and lung cancer patients. These miRNAs have also shown to converge on pathways responsible for promoting onceogenesis pf lung cancer and mediating resistance, suggesting potential to serve as a predticitve diagnostic tools.

High Sensitivity Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacany Centers

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