United States

The Springfield Plateau groundwater province is an aquifer that runs through southwestern Missouri and parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas. It overlies the Ozark confining unit and is mainly recharged by precipitation. This karst aquifer is unconfined, which makes it vulnerable to waste contaminants from animals or other surface activities, that can percolate through the soil and fractured limestone. Little research has been reported on this aquifer since it is not used for drinking supply or irrigation. There are karst features that have form, such as springs that feed into streams that sustain the nearby biota The objective of this study is to evaluate the ground water quality through analysis of the nitrates and selected major ions in samples collected from springs and streams in Polk county Missouri. I will be collecting about 40 samples and will analyze for pH, alkalinity, turbidity, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate. The results will show the extent of contamination of groundwater (springs) and their impact to receiving streams. Also, since I will be collecting samples at intervals of 1-2 months, I will determine seasonal changes in water quality.​ ​

Molsamp 2021

Water Quality Analysis of the Springfield Plateau Aquifer

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The OWSD General Assembly and international conference will be held entirely online for the first time in OWSD's 28-year history, allowing as many of OWSD's 7600+ members to participate as possible.

The conference theme is 'Women, science and development', exploring three areas of relevance: 1) the importance of basic sciences for development; 2) the impact of applied sciences on development and 3) including sex and gender as variables in scientific research.


**Keynote speakers include:** 
* Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN; 
* Bina Agarwal, an internationally celebrated economist specializing in the political economy of gender, poverty and inequality; and 
* Angela Saini, award-winning author of Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story, Superior: The Return of Race Science, and other books. 

OWSD members will present their own research in the three themes during poster sessions throughout the conference. In addition, members will also present their own scientific and personal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. All members will also have the opportunity to take part in a workshop on increasing their visibility and impact as a scientist, with a session on using podcasts for storytelling by Joy Owango and Adelle Onyango of the Training Centre in Communication (TCC Africa), followed by a session on filmmaking for impact by Nicole Leghissa, OWSD video consultant.

The conference will include a handover of the previous OWSD Executive Board to the new members, elected in June-July 2021. On the last day of the conference (19 November), the OWSD Italy Country Network will be launched. **This will be an in-person event in Trieste.** Italian government representatives and donors are invited to attend. The Trieste event will be coordinated with similar in person events being held in OWSD countries throughout the developing world and streamed online. At least 2,000 OWSD members, women scientists from developing countries around the world, are expected to participate online in the General Assembly and conference.

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**ABOUT THE PROGRAMME**

In order to approach the complex and wide-ranging challenges of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, societies around the world must access and harness all the talent and experience available to them. The concerns and perceptions of the greatest number of all possible actors and recipients must be considered in order that the most relevant issues and effective solutions are found. Women are considerably underrepresented as researchers in STEM subjects around the globe; according to UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) data, in 2019 the global average percentage of women researchers was still below 30%. Yet women typically have first hand specialist knowledge of the day-to-day challenges diverse individuals face within communities, and can be key informers in the design and development of their solutions. Moreover, since women are most often the providers of informal community support, if they are not fully informed—and if solutions are developed without their consultation—it may be the case that products, services and solutions are not relevant or appropriate. Technological advances may mean improved machines on large farms, for example, potentially increasing food production, but since the key points of food insecurity in the world are on small-scale farms managed by women throughout the Global South, such capital investments will have little impact in the areas where food production is most critical—and where women’s knowledgeable implementation of appropriate innovative technologies could make the most difference.

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**Keynote Speakers:**
* Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN; 
* Bina Agarwal, an internationally celebrated economist specializing in the political economy of gender, poverty and inequality; and 
* Angela Saini, award-winning author of Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story, Superior: The Return of Race Science, and other books. 

**Eminent Guests:**
* Elena Bonetti, Italian Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities
* Maria Cristina Messa,	Italian Minister of Universities and Research
* Shamila Nair-Bedouelle,	Assistant Director General for Natural Sciences, UNESCO
* Maria Chiara Carrozza,	President, National Research Council of Italy
* Kerstin Jonsson Cisse,	Head of Unit for Globally Sustainable Economic Development, Sida - Sweden
* Naser Faruqui,	Director of Education and Science at IDRC - Canada
* Ylann Schemm,	Director, Elsevier Foundation
* Alberto Quadrio Curzio,	President Emeritus of the Italian Academy of Sciences and Humanities 
* Mohamed Hassan,	President, TWAS the World Academy of Sciences

**Chairs, panelists, interviewers and other speakers:**
Jennifer Thomson, Tonya Blowers, Rana Dajani, Shobhana Narasimhan, Joy Owango, Elizabeth Pollitzer, Kausila Timsina, Elizabeth Bandason, Susana Arrechea, Reinabelle Reyes, Dorine Odongo, Elizabeth Pollitzer, Adelle Onyango, Nicole Leghissa, Jana Rodriguez Hertz, Maryse Nkoua Ngavouka, Kate Shaw, Chao Mbogo, Prativa Pandey, Edna Patricia Matta-Camacho, Amira Shaheen, Wezi Nyambili, Ana Lucía Martinez Abarca, Mashura Shammi, Therese Umuhoza, Dionica Gamboa, Marian Nkansah, Babalola Olubukola Oluranti, Esi Awuah, Fortunate Farirai, Atya Kapley, Hasin Anupama Azhari, Huda Basaleem, Nashwa Eassa, Shymaa Enany, Kleinsy Bonilla, Patricia Castillo-Briceno, Fang Xin


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OWSD 6th GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

OWSD, the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World, announces its 6th General Assembly and International Conference, which will be held from November 8-19, 2021. The conference theme is **'Women, science and development'**, exploring three areas of relevance: 1) the importance of basic sciences for development; 2) the impact of applied sciences on development and 3) including sex and gender as variables in scientific research.

poster

My research will primarily deal with synthesizing and characterizing various mesoporous nanomaterials and their composites. When synthesizing these materials, we aim to make them tunable in terms of their uniformity, size, and mesporosity to improve the nanomaterial’s nucleic acid binding capabilities for gene therapy, RNA stabilization, vaccine adjuvants, and other biological applications. I will be conducting wetlab research and synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles and their composite colloid via a template method. The precursor will be dissolved, heated in an autoclave, and the resultant powder will be centrifuged and washed. Eventually, the nanoparticles and colloid mixture will be ground and sintered, followed by calcination at 300-450 C. For this semester, my focus will be on synthesizing enough tunable mesoporous nanomaterials for extensive characterization and biological testing.

Synthesis of Tunable Mesoporous Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

Our planet’s energy crisis and environmental pollutions, caused partly by our continuous use of nonrenewable energy sources, have led us to explore new technologies that can harvest energy from the environment. Vibrational energy harvesters, that rely on mechanical energy, have proven themselves to be a useful way of converting ambient energy into electricity. Piezoelectric materials are used as transducers for electromechanical energy harvesting systems. This research will investigate optimal piezoelectric energy harvesting designs.

Analytical Investigation of Optimal Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Designs

Our project focuses on constructing an elementary NV center experiment at a low-cost and at home. Through the Zeeman Effect, the ms= +/- 1 degeneracy is lifted by a magnetic field. Green light induces unpaired electrons in the N-V- center from their spin-1 ground state to their spin-1 excited state. At this point, the electrons either emit red fluorescence when they transition back to ground state or they change their spin-state (if they are ms= +/- 1) and transition to a singlet state before the ground state (ms = 0). The ms= +/- 1 transition to the singlet state reduces its fluorescence intensity. As a result, the more electrons present in the ms = 0 ground state, the greater it fluoresces. Consequently, when a resonant microwave frequency corresponding to the Zeeman shift is applied, the transitions from I 0 > -> I +/- 1 > state results in a decrease in luminescence. External perturbations such as temperature, strain, and magnetic field affect the Zeeman shift and measurement of the adjusted luminescence allows for the detection of these quantities provided the others are known.

High Sensitivity Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacany Centers

Leaf shape is genetically determined, characteristic to each plant species (heterochrony), and changes developmentally (heteroblasty) and seasonally (environmental plasticity). Aside from being a fascinating biological phenomenon, leaf shape is also important from the perspective of agricultural and environmental sustainability, as it influences the efficiency of light harvesting, evapotranspiration and thermal regulation in plants. This study examines the genetic variation of leaf shape in an F1 hybrid population from a cross between two North American grapevine species Vitis rupestris and Vitis riparia. We collected leaf shape data from three different positions in the shoot. The analysis of the data will allow us to assess the phenotypic variation due to heterochrony, heteroblasty and environmental plasticity. The data presented here examine the range of two key phenotypic features, leaf size and leaf blade width) in F1 progeny. The range of variation in these two phenotypes from the parent phenotypes demonstrate transgressional segregation. These traits may be exploited by agricultural sustainability to breed specific plants with agronomically optimal morphology.

Transgressive Segregation of Leaf Shape in Grapevine

Animal diet breadth varies along a continuum, from extreme specialization (foraging on a few or one food type) to extreme generalization (foraging on many different food types). Greater diet breadth is frequently associated with reduced extinction risk. Pollinators such as bees are essential in natural and agricultural landscapes and many species are declining rapidly. Most bee species are thought to be highly specialized to feeding on the pollen of specific plant species, which could increase their extinction risk. Currently, we are experiencing a pollination crisis, with perhaps the majority of pollinator species declining at a rapid rate. However, we currently lack a consolidated accounting of how pollen diet breadth varies across the approximately 20,000 bee species. In this study, we are conducting a literature search to determine the pollen diet breadth of as many bee species as possible. Over 1700 bee species and their pollen hosts have been recorded in our database so far. Our records indicate that of these bee species, around 5% are extreme specialists (monolectic) and a further 73% are strongly specialized (oligolectic); only around 22% of the bee species are extreme generalists (polylectic). On average, bees used 1.4 plant families, 2.6 genera, and 2.6 species as pollen hosts. Diet breadth across all bee species ranged from 1-49 plant families, 1-96 genera, and 1-61 species. Characterizing diet breadth across the bees not only aids in conserving bees, but helps guide conservation of the plants on which bees forage.

Plant Host Specialization By Bees and Implications For Conservation

The goal of this project is to investigate the correlation between discharge and drainage basin area with the hope of being able to create a simple equation relating the average discharge from a spring, to the drainage area feeding that spring. Having such a relationship would allow us to measure discharge from any given spring and estimate the drainage area flowing to that spring. This is helpful in the event of a pollution event occurring within a spring and land managers wondering where the pollution may have come from and can travel to. Study locations include springs on Ward Branch Creek, Doling Park, Silver Springs, Smallin Cave, and Jones Spring. Doling Cave and Jones Spring are home to caves, and water flows exit their respective caves. Smallin Cave, Jones Spring and Doling Park (Giboney Cave) have dataloggers recording water temperature about every 15 minutes. Ward Branch Creek, and Silver Spring do not have temperature loggers. Having temperature-loggers can give insight on whether those sites are being fed by deeper groundwater flow, shallow groundwater, or both. Flow volume is calculated on every site except Smallin Cave. Initial data shown opposite trends in temperature between Doling Park’s cave, and Jones Spring Cave with the introduction of moderate precipitation. The spring’s temperature typically indicates whether the spring is fed by a shallow drainage system (caves or similar) or by a deeper (and larger) groundwater aquifer. Using this information, the discharge volumes will help us sort out smaller drainage basins from larger groundwater systems. We will be using the equation Q=KA^C, to estimate discharge, (“Q”) in ft³/sec. We will be graphing upstream drainage areas (“A”), against baseflow (“Q”), and plotting each spring on the graph. We hope to find a good line of correlation. If there is a good line of best-fit, the slope of that line will equal our (“K”) factor within the full equation. This equation has been used in various other hydrologic studies and practices to estimate discharge amounts in various locations (Galster & Pazzaglia & etc., 2006). Initial data shows that baseline flow for Doling Park and Jones Spring Cave are 4ft^3/sec for Doling Park, and 7.2ft^3/sec for Jones Spring. We have found that Jones Spring consistently drops in temperature with the introduction of precipitation (substantial rain). However, Doling Park has shown it is much more radical, and has little to no relation in temperature trends to Jones Spring. This data so far gives us some insight on the similarities and differences between 2 of our locations. In conclusion, this new data can prove beneficial to the cities and communities on The Springfield Plateau in regard to the movement of water, and the study of groundwater in Springfield Missouri.  

Temperature and Discharge Monitoring of Springs and Streams to Approximate Water Drainage Basins in The Springfield Plateau, Missouri

Current screening procedures for lung cancer involve the use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). However, this approach has correlated with high false-positive rates, invasive and costly workups. In addition, 80% of diagnosed patients are unresponsive to treatment. There is a need for biomarkers with improved diagnostic accuracy and a capability of predicting response in order to improve treatment. In this study, a set of three miRNAs have been identified that can faithfully differentiate between disease free and lung cancer patients. These miRNAs have also shown to converge on pathways responsible for promoting onceogenesis pf lung cancer and mediating resistance, suggesting potential to serve as a predticitve diagnostic tools.

Water Quality Analysis of the Springfield Plateau Aquifer

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