France



I. Introduction&lt;br/&gt;Yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine (YASA) is being considered for an advanced electric traction and propulsion in electric vehicles applications, since it has compact construction and high torque density. Compared with other axial flux machine, YASA could have higher winding fill factor and lower stator iron losses because of the absence of the stator yoke [1].&lt;br/&gt;However, it is very difficult to design the stator cooling structure of YASA especially large power motor for electric vehicles as its stator is in the middle of two rotors. [2] gives a stator water-cooling structure for a 30KW YASA machine, in which fins are insert the space between stator modules with U-shape water-cooling pipe. But the manufacturing process is very complicated. Recently, heat pipe, as a small size but highly efficient passive cooling element, is attracting more and more attention [3]. Therefore, in this paper, a novel stator cooling structure combined flat heat pipe with housing water-cooling is presented.&lt;br/&gt;II. Stator Cooling Structure of YASA&lt;br/&gt;For an electric drive motor, the sealing is the primary consideration. As a result, open fan cooling can not be applied and the entire machine must be assembled in a housing. In addition, the weight of the motor should be as light as possible ensuring the mechanical strength. [4] introduces a stator mechanical construction of YASA with a excellent plastic material named polyetheretherketon (PEEK), which verifies the feasibility of stator support made by PEEK. Considering the low density, high thermostability, workability and nonelectroconductibility of PEEK, it is chosen as the material of stator carrier.&lt;br/&gt;In consideration of the fixation improvement of stator modules and the accuracy enhancement of rotor assembly, the ultimate cooling structure is shown in Fig. 1. It is obvious that the stator irons and concentrated windings are imbedded in two plates made of PEEK for full fixation. And the PEEK plates are bolted to the protruding middle part of the inner surface of the housing. A aluminum alloy ring is placed inside to secure the bearing to avoid unbalance air gap. What&#39;s more, several heat pipe is inserted in the gap in parallel between stator modules to enhance the heat transfer efficiency of stator to housing water-cooling. Considering the space limitation, the flat instead of round heat pipe is selected. And The thickness, height and length of flat heat pipe selected are 2mm (one third of the total gap width), 4mm and 85mm, respectively. For the reducing thermal contact resistance and improving mechanical strength, the remainder of stator support is impregnated with epoxy resin.&lt;br/&gt;The spiral type of housing cooling structure is adopted, because of its simple processing.&lt;br/&gt;III. CFD simulation of cooling structure&lt;br/&gt;Before simulation, the properties of epoxy resin and heat pipe should be identified. The selection principle of epoxy is high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansivity, low viscosity and high mechanical stability [5]. Finally, EP2000 from Lord is chosen after comparison. And the thermal conductivity of EP2000 is 1.9 W/mK.&lt;br/&gt;The heat pipe is the heat-transfer device which combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces effectively [6]. Its equivalent heat conductivity can reach hundreds of times more than copper, which is the metal with the best thermal properties. In simulation, a heat pipe is usually equivalent to a copper bar of high thermal conductivity [7]. But its performance should be determined in detail.&lt;br/&gt;Different size of heat pipes have been measured in laboratory under different conditions. And it is found that the performance of them depends on their size and the input power of heat source. With the increase of input power, the equivalent heat conductivity will get higher, and finally plateau. But the relationship between performance with size is still under study. In the most extreme case, the input power is 5W, the average temperature of a 100mm long, 2.5mm high and 0.8mm thick heat pipe is 308K. And the equivalent thermal conductivity is calculated as 14801W/mK. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of heat pipe in CFD is set as 10000W/mK tentatively.&lt;br/&gt;The stator temperature distribution of CFD simulation with heat pipes is shown in Fig. 2 (a), whereas the result without heat pipes is given in Fig. 2 (b). As is shown in Fig. 2, it is evident that the heat pipes accelerate the release of heat from the stator, and reduce the temperature of the stator significantly. The average temperature of stator reduces from 480K to 352K, which is 128K lower.&lt;br/&gt;IV. Conclusion&lt;br/&gt;In this paper, a novel stator cooling system for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with flat heat pipe is developed. The proposed structure can increase the heat transfer efficiency of stator and improve the temperature of stator sufficiently. And the validity of this cooling structure is verified by CFD simulation. However, there are also many works to be done in the future. The thermal properties of heat pipes, especially the relationship between size parameters with thermal conductivity, should be identified. And the mechanical stability of above construction needs to be confirmed.

**References:**

[1] A. Gerlando, G. Foglia and M. Iacchetti, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 750-758, 2016.&lt;br/&gt;[2] J. Chang, Y. Fan and J. Wu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, early access.&lt;br/&gt;[3] J. Huang, S. Naini and R. Miller, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4467-4478, 2019.&lt;br/&gt;[4] B. Zhang, T. Seidler and R. Dierken, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2062-2071, 2016.&lt;br/&gt;[5] S. Nategh, A. Boglietti and D. Barber, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1026-1035, 2020.&lt;br/&gt;[6] A. Faghri, Heat Pipe Science and Technology, Global Digital Press, 2016.&lt;br/&gt;[7] G. Fang, Y. Wei and Z. Yan, Applied Tthermal Engineering, vol. 152, pp. 594-604, 2019.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3a896721b5bca598cb368406564fbfc1.jpg)
Fig. 1 Stator cooling structure of YASA with flat heat pipe

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/15c0ece6138def21a245c72bc21caa06.jpg)
Fig. 2 Temperature distribution of stator (a) cooling without heat pipe (b) cooling with heat pipe

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 A novel stator cooling construction for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with heat pipe

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I. Introduction Yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine (YASA) is being considered for an advanced electric traction and propulsion in electric vehicles applications, since it has compact construction and high torque density. Compared with other axial flux machine, YASA could have higher winding fill factor and lower stator iron losses because of the absence of the stator yoke [1]. However, it is very difficult to design the stator cooling structure of YASA especially large power motor for electric vehicles as its stator is in the middle of two rotors. [2] gives a stator water-cooling structure for a 30KW YASA machine, in which fins are insert the space between stator modules with U-shape water-cooling pipe. But the manufacturing process is very complicated. Recently, heat pipe, as a small size but highly efficient passive cooling element, is attracting more and more attention [3]. Therefore, in this paper, a novel stator cooling structure combined flat heat pipe with housing water-cooling is presented. II. Stator Cooling Structure of YASA For an electric drive motor, the sealing is the primary consideration. As a result, open fan cooling can not be applied and the entire machine must be assembled in a housing. In addition, the weight of the motor should be as light as possible ensuring the mechanical strength. [4] introduces a stator mechanical construction of YASA with a excellent plastic material named polyetheretherketon (PEEK), which verifies the feasibility of stator support made by PEEK. Considering the low density, high thermostability, workability and nonelectroconductibility of PEEK, it is chosen as the material of stator carrier. In consideration of the fixation improvement of stator modules and the accuracy enhancement of rotor assembly, the ultimate cooling structure is shown in Fig. 1. It is obvious that the stator irons and concentrated windings are imbedded in two plates made of PEEK for full fixation. And the PEEK plates are bolted to the protruding middle part of the inner surface of the housing. A aluminum alloy ring is placed inside to secure the bearing to avoid unbalance air gap. What's more, several heat pipe is inserted in the gap in parallel between stator modules to enhance the heat transfer efficiency of stator to housing water-cooling. Considering the space limitation, the flat instead of round heat pipe is selected. And The thickness, height and length of flat heat pipe selected are 2mm (one third of the total gap width), 4mm and 85mm, respectively. For the reducing thermal contact resistance and improving mechanical strength, the remainder of stator support is impregnated with epoxy resin. The spiral type of housing cooling structure is adopted, because of its simple processing. III. CFD simulation of cooling structure Before simulation, the properties of epoxy resin and heat pipe should be identified. The selection principle of epoxy is high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansivity, low viscosity and high mechanical stability [5]. Finally, EP2000 from Lord is chosen after comparison. And the thermal conductivity of EP2000 is 1.9 W/mK. The heat pipe is the heat-transfer device which combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces effectively [6]. Its equivalent heat conductivity can reach hundreds of times more than copper, which is the metal with the best thermal properties. In simulation, a heat pipe is usually equivalent to a copper bar of high thermal conductivity [7]. But its performance should be determined in detail. Different size of heat pipes have been measured in laboratory under different conditions. And it is found that the performance of them depends on their size and the input power of heat source. With the increase of input power, the equivalent heat conductivity will get higher, and finally plateau. But the relationship between performance with size is still under study. In the most extreme case, the input power is 5W, the average temperature of a 100mm long, 2.5mm high and 0.8mm thick heat pipe is 308K. And the equivalent thermal conductivity is calculated as 14801W/mK. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of heat pipe in CFD is set as 10000W/mK tentatively. The stator temperature distribution of CFD simulation with heat pipes is shown in Fig. 2 (a), whereas the result without heat pipes is given in Fig. 2 (b). As is shown in Fig. 2, it is evident that the heat pipes accelerate the release of heat from the stator, and reduce the temperature of the stator significantly. The average temperature of stator reduces from 480K to 352K, which is 128K lower. IV. Conclusion In this paper, a novel stator cooling system for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with flat heat pipe is developed. The proposed structure can increase the heat transfer efficiency of stator and improve the temperature of stator sufficiently. And the validity of this cooling structure is verified by CFD simulation. However, there are also many works to be done in the future. The thermal properties of heat pipes, especially the relationship between size parameters with thermal conductivity, should be identified. And the mechanical stability of above construction needs to be confirmed.

**References:**

[1] A. Gerlando, G. Foglia and M. Iacchetti, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 750-758, 2016. [2] J. Chang, Y. Fan and J. Wu, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, early access. [3] J. Huang, S. Naini and R. Miller, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4467-4478, 2019. [4] B. Zhang, T. Seidler and R. Dierken, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2062-2071, 2016. [5] S. Nategh, A. Boglietti and D. Barber, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1026-1035, 2020. [6] A. Faghri, Heat Pipe Science and Technology, Global Digital Press, 2016. [7] G. Fang, Y. Wei and Z. Yan, Applied Tthermal Engineering, vol. 152, pp. 594-604, 2019.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3a896721b5bca598cb368406564fbfc1.jpg)
Fig. 1 Stator cooling structure of YASA with flat heat pipe

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/15c0ece6138def21a245c72bc21caa06.jpg)
Fig. 2 Temperature distribution of stator (a) cooling without heat pipe (b) cooling with heat pipe

technical paper

1. In this paper, an improved modal frequency calculation theory of the stator assembly of the electrical machine is proposed based on the first-order shear deformation laminated theory. The frame, stator core and windings of the assembly are modeled as multilayer cylindrical shell, which are laminated along the radial direction. In order to increase the accuracy, the interference fit is considered in the proposed model, which is widely used in manufacture of the assembly. Due to the lamination characteristics of stator core and the arrangement of copper and insulation of windings, the orthogonal properties of these materials are considered in the modeling. The motion and boundary equations are deduced via variational method, and the modal frequency can be obtained by calculating the eigenvalues of the equations. Then, the experiments is conducted by hammer impact test. The experimental results of the free and simply supported boundary conditions are compared with the calculated results, and the comparison shows good arrangement for the proposed model. 2. Introduction: Electrical machines are widely used in electric vehicles, washing machines, compressors and other people involved areas, and the concomitant electromagnetic vibration and noise have aroused attention to comfort. Based on the modal superposition method, the vibration response can be obtained depending on pressure distribution, excitation frequencies, modal frequencies and shapes. In order to avoid coincidence between excitation frequencies and natural frequencies, the modal frequency of the machine stator should be accurately calculated [1]. Because machine stator assembly contains many parts, such as frame, windings, end covers and stator core, some simplifying assumptions have been made in existing studies [2]-[3]. The ring type model takes all the parts as a single ring and neglects the axial direction, but it can only calculate the pure radial modes and cannot consider the boundary conditions. Other researchers propose different simplification method of teeth, windings and frame, but the calculated modes are only in partial agreement with experimental. As for the materials, most studies consider them as isotropic and continuous. However, this can lead to a noticeable discrepancy between the mode of the analytical result and that of the test result. The interference fit will increase the equivalent stiffness of the stator assembly, but the effect of the fit on the modal frequency are not deeply investigated. In this paper, a modal frequency calculation method is proposed, and the orthogonal properties of materials and the interference fit are considered. 3. Calculation model: A nature frequency calculation theory is proposed based on the first-order shear deformation laminated theory. In the proposed method, the stator assembly is modeled as multilayer cylindrical shell laminated along radial direction. Due to the lamination characteristics of silicon steel sheet and the arrangement of copper and insulation of winding, these two materials can be model as orthotropic materials. In order to approach the realistic situation, the interference fit is modeled in the proposed method, which is a single layer between the frame and stator core. Then, the motion and boundary equations are deduced via the variational method, as shown in Fig. 1. The modal frequencies of three translational and two rational directions can be obtained by calculating the eigenvalues of the equations. The modal frequencies of the stator assembly under free and simply support boundary condition are calculated, and compared with simulation results of the finite element method. In addition to calculating the modal frequency of the radial-flux electrical machines, the proposed model can also be applied to calculated modal frequency of the axial-flux machines. 4. Experimental verification: To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, a 27-slot stator assembly of a radial-flux machine is utilized. The hammer-impact test of the free boundary condition is realized by suspending the assembly using an elastic cord, as shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b). Then, the force and vibration signals of the impact test are input into the signal-processing model to obtain the modal frequency, and the experimental result is shown in Fig. 2 (c). The modal frequencies calculated from isotropic model, the proposed method excluding and including interference fit are compared with the experimental results. The errors between isotropic model and experimental results are up to 30%, especially the interested low-order modal frequencies. Due to considering the interference fit, the calculation results of the proposed model are closer to the experimental results. Then, the experiment of simple support boundary conditions is conducted by fixing the stator assembly on the bench, and the results are compared with the proposed model. The maximum errors between the proposed method and the results are within 5%, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed method.

**References:**

[1] Lin F. , S. Zuo and W. Deng, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., Vol. 63 (12), p.7455-7466, (2016) [2] J. Le Besnerais, V. Lanfranchi and M. Hecquet, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46(4), pp. 1367–1373, (2010) [3] D. Torregrossa, B. Fahimi and F. Peyraut, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59(2), pp. 839–847, (2012)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/09d93fcb2ec6baf3c27351c6ed39c6df.jpg)
Fig. 1 Motion equations of the proposed modal frequency calculation theory

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/a1e101a1733ca4f2c6009405f245f957.jpg)
Fig. 2 Modal test and experimental result

 Modal Frequency Calculation of Stator Assembly of the Electrical Machine Considering Interference Fit and Orthogonal Properties of Materials

Critical raw materials are key issues in many applications in the field of energy and transportations since their stock market price is highly unstable due to geopolitical reasons and increase of the demand. The problem is that all efficient hard magnets needs critical materials, either cobalt, platinum, rare-earth (RE) in a small or large extend (see Fig. 1). Everybody knows that the problem with Pt is its low abundance in earth-crust and relatively high demand in jewelry, for catalysis and magnetic recording, but its price is quite stable around 35 000 $/kg. In contrast, cobalt market is volatile. It oscillates between 20 and 100 $/kg depending mainly on the political situation in Democratic Republic of Congo, (because RDC produces 60%, i.e. 90 kt in 2018) and, more recently, because of the speculation crisis mainly linked with Chinese demand. The situation with RE is more complicated, one can classify RE into 2 categories: heavy RE (64Gd to 71Lu), light RE (57La to 63Eu) from which 57La, 58Ce and 39Y are almost free, though Y is not exactly a RE but chemically behaves as such. Dy oxide price was around 125$/kg in 2009, grows to 2300$ during summer 2011 and then stabilized between 150 and 300$. RE market is controlled by China where 70% of RE ore is produced though having 30% only of reserves. So the question is why this critical materials are necessary and in which extend we can get rid of them? The answer to this question is not straightforward because many factors have to be taken into account : price of raw elements, volatility of their market, processing cost, added value, application class and life cycle. More than the price itself, volatility can affect the profit if the cost of raw material changes appreciably between design and production stages of a product. The processing cost may be involved if substituting a expensive element or material by a cheaper one is counterbalanced by an increase in processing cost. In contrast, added value can compensate the price of raw elements if it stands only for a tiny part of the total cost. For example, a luxury watch can use a 0.1g PtCo magnet because its cost would be negligible compared to advertising, total cost of precious metals or stones, trade mark rights… The class of application is a key parameter : the 3 main classes are aeronautics, energy production and automobile. In aeronautics price doesn’t matter compared to weight (or safety), so any element can be used if for a given energy the magnet is lighter. For energy production, e.g. in a wind turbine, the price of magnet is easily balanced by the cost of Joules losses summed over 30 years if a DC excitation is used instead of a hard magnet. By opposition, a car runs typically 1000h in 3 years, so the situation is reversed compared to the wind turbine. At last, life cycle is an important issue, magnets can be either milled and reprocessed – to the price of downgrading – or or reused from the fist step of synthesis. In the latter case, separation of RE elements would be necessary and this process is costly. Among magnets, it is well known that the RE-based are the harder, this is typically due to the strong spin-orbital coupling of RE elements which arises from the unfilled inner electronic shell and to the two fold symmetry of the crystal. FeNdB is the most powerful magnet known, but its coercive field has a quite large dependence on temperature. Dysprosium substitution is therefor necessary for power applications. A strategy to reduce the Dy content will be described [2]. Another way could be getting rid of heavy RE by cooling more efficiently the magnets. In this case, even reducing the Nd content can be envisaged, using cerium [3] or mischmetal, which is a mix of RE containing Ce, La, Nd and Pr obtained at an intermediate step of separation and therefor cheaper . SmCo can be synthesized into two structures having are RE-TM ratio 1-5 or 2-17. Both are very good at high temperature though having lower energy product than NdFeB. Sm is not expensive and can be substituted by Y, but the problem is that they contains mainly cobalt [4]. Also magnet with a 1-12 ratio , thus containing less RE, can be synthesized but at the present date the phase is difficult to stabilize. Hexagonal ferrites remains still an interesting option because they are near perfect magnets and have a positive thermal dependence of coercivity. They where discovered 60 years ago, but they have been improved continuously and remained cheap. There are many possibilities to make RE free magnets base don cobalt: alnico, carbides, Co-Zr, nanowires. Some have quite good properties, but actually not better than SmCo and not cheaper. Lastly, research on RE free hard magnets based on manganese will be reviewed. Focus will be done on Mn-Al which exhibits a good potential and uses only almost free elements. At last, a comparison will be tried on the basis of cost per Joule.

**References:**

[1] JMD Coey, Scripta Materialia 67 (2012) 524–529 [2] H. Nakamura, K. Hirota, M. Shimao, T. Minowa, M. Honshima, IEEE Trans. Magn. 41 (2005) 3844 [3] Z.B. Li et al., Journal of Alloys and Compounds 628 (2015) 325–328 [4] K.P. Skokov, O. Gutfleisch, Scripta Materialia 154 (2018) 289–294 [5] A.M. Gabay, G.C. Hadjipanayis, Scripta Materialia 154 (2018) 284–288 [6] Muriel Tyrman, AIP Advances 8 (2018) 056217

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/92f08a97a9b11b04e1f0c7a4a738919e.jpg)
Cost periodic table (reviewed 2020) in $ per kg of pure element.

 Getting rid of critical raw materials in hard magnets: is it feasible?

Amidst burgeoning attention for local manufacturing, manufacturing must adopt innovations that lie at the heart of the Industry 4.0 transformation. All need to offer (or at least start to think about offering) a unique combination of high-quality electric drives that incorporate electrical machines, software, mathware, mechatronics, electronics, assembly ánd predictive maintenance. In integrated drives data driven rapid development will be paramount to the electric drive systems (motor with power electronics drive and embedded intelligence). This will allow for predictive maintenance to illustrate the state of both the electrical machine as the power electronics. Integrating or bringing the power electronics in very close proximity to the electrical machines is not new. Engineers have been pursuing this for a few decades due to the obvious potential benefits including: higher system power density/smaller system footprint, reduced system cost, reduced cabling, reduced EMI issues, and more potential for modular systems [1]. However, integrating power electronics components as close as possible to an electrical machine is not an easy task, because inside an electrical machine is a very disturbed environment: strong electric and magnetic fields can occur, temperature conditions are way beyond power electronics standards and the drives may be subjected to unusual mechanical vibrations and stress [2]. Although all the aforementioned arguments are in effect true, and integrated drive with predictive maintenance using motor current signature analysis (MCSA) and condition monitoring will introduce a paradigm shift for future electric drive applications by utilizing the full potential of electrical motor drives. For example, by implementation of GaN-based inverters with the addition of condition monitoring. This shift is essential to embrace the advantages of smaller footprint/higher power density, minimization of cost and implementation, increased system efficiency, reduced Electromagnetic Emission (EME) issues. For many years the condition monitoring industry relied on vibration analysis and other traditional techniques to identify developing faults in electric motors. In recent years, however, condition monitoring based on motor current signature analysis has begun to provide a more effective and efficient alternative to traditional techniques [3]. As such we have identified research challenges and will highlight there current status, these include: - Thermal/cooling management - Hard- and soft magnetic materials - Power electronics that can tolerate higher temperatures - Distribution of the power electronics using modular/segmented machine topologies - Synchronization of the commutation control algorithms - Integrated condition and predictive maintenance algorithms - Coil/teeth/Magnet configurations - Cabling, manufacturing and integration challenges Within this invited symposium, Electrical Machines and Drives 2020 and Beyond these various aspect will be highlighted. We look forward to your presence to discuss this truly multi-disciplinary challenges!

**References:**

[1] Ayman M. EL-Refaie, 2015, “Integrated Electrical Machines and Drives: An Overview”, 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 10.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409083 [2] Hossam Al Ghossini, Thu Thuy Dang, and Stéphane Duchesne, 2019, “A New Concept for Deeper Integration of Converters and Drives in Electrical Machines: Simulation and Experimental Investigations”, Open Physics Volume 17: Issue 1, 10.1515/phys-2019-0084 [3] https://www.semioticlabs.com/resources/motor-current-signature-analysis

**Images:**

 Integration of electrical machine and drive

In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered the superconducting state of the mater. After more than a century of intensive researches worldwide, significant improvement of the performance of high temperature superconducting wires and the cryogenic cooling systems has been done. This led to a rising motivation and interest of users and manufacturers to develop HTS electrical machines for their energy savings potential. Furthermore, the HTS motor will also be smaller in size than its conventional motor counterpart, particularly for high torque/low speed applications like marine propulsion and wind energy generation. Among the problems encountered in HTS motor drive systems, the torque transmission from the cryogenic environment to the load at room temperature is a key factor. Contactless torque transmission devices like magnetic couplings and gears constitute interesting solutions. The following items will be discussed in the presentation: 1- Operating current of an HTS coil HTS materials exhibit a non-linear relation between the electric field E and the current density J. This non-linearity is usually described by the power law which depends on an important parameter called the critical current Ic [1]. The operating current is defined as the maximal allowable current avoiding thermal limits. It depends on magnetic flux density components, cooling temperature and mechanical constraints [2]. A simple method to determine the operating current of a coil made from HTS tapes and supplied with a current Is is to determine the intersection between the Ic(B) curve of the tape and the Is(B) curve of the coil. An illustrative example for a stack composed of 4 tapes is given in Fig. 1. 2- HTS electrical machines and HTS magnetic couplers design The design of HTS machines is different from that of conventional machines because it is necessary to include operating current calculation during the sizing procedure. Furthermore, the inclusion of a magnetic coupling to transmit the torque from the cryogenic environment to the load increases the design difficulties. An example of an HTS machine with integrated coupling is shown in Fig. 2. It is an axial flux topology intended for high torque/low speed applications. The modelling and optimization of such a machine topology will be detailed [3], [4]. Finally, the potential of HTS motors/generators with integrated HTS torque transmission in making a real jump in performance will be discussed.

**References:**

[1] Y. Kim, C. Hempstead, and A. Strnad, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 9, p. 306–309 (1962). [2] J. Pitel, Supercond. Sci. Technol., Vol. 26, p.1 -13 (2013). [3] L. Belguerras, S. Mezani, T. Lubin and al., Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 28, p. 095003 (2015). [4] B. Dolisy, S. Mezani, T. Lubin, and al., Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 30, p. 35015 (2017).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/db35b587c0410681c56b1da69ef95894.jpg)
Fig.1 Definition of the operating current

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/888fa9c840d298e18c6a656d106405a0.jpg)
Fig.2 Axial HTS motor with integrated HTS magnetic coupling

 HTS machines

In order to develop the next generation of fixed wing and vertical lift aircraft, the aircraft efficiency, emissions, reliability, and noise needs to be improved [1]. An electric aircrafts drivetrain needs to operate at a very high mass torque density whilst also being exceptionally reliable, efficient, robust and environmentally benign. Mechanically geared drivetrains are often utilized as they enable the aircraft drivetrain to be more compact. However, the use of mechanical gears within an aircraft introduces a number of system level consequences such as the need for a lubrication system to reduce tooth friction and remove heat [2]. A back up lubrication system is then also required to meet certification requirements in the advent of loss of lubrication performance. The mechanical gearing system also introduces significant cabin noise due to the gear-tooth vibrations [2]. To mitigate tooth wear and failure, the aircrafts need to be grounded periodically for inspection and maintenance. One of the main alternatives to using mechanical gearing is the use of a direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) motors [3]. The use of a direct-drive PM motor removes the reliability concerns with respect to the mechanical gearbox. However, the torque density of a direct-drive PM motor is thermally limited (by current) and therefore a PM motor does not normally achieve torque densities much greater than 50Nm/L [4-10]. For this reason, direct-drive PM generators become very large when scaled-up in size. Superconducting motors are being considered for use in electric aircraft as the torque density can be much higher [11], however the required cooling system is highly complex. Recently the use of magnetic gearing (MG) within an aircraft drivetrain has been proposed as a means of achieving a higher mass torque density and power density that is competitive to mechanically geared systems [1, 2]. Magnetic gears (MGs) utilize magnetic field space modulation to create speed amplification without any physical contact [12]. As a MG does not rely on current excitation, the MG can sustain a very high magnetic air-gap sheer stress value. MGs can operate with low noise and vibration and its noncontact operation means that no gear lubrication is required. In addition, MGs have the unique ability to pole slip when overloaded rather than catastrophically failing, thereby providing built-in overload protection [2]. Recently, MGs have been shown to be able to operate at 99% efficiency [13]. The MG can be nested internally with a much smaller motor or connected in series with a motor thereby enabling a compact electric drivetrain typology. This presentation will review the performance potential of MGs relative to alternative direct-drive aircraft drivetrains. The paper will provide an up-to-date review of electric aircraft drivetrain motor research conducted at government agencies, such as NASA [1, 2], as well as at universities and companies (such as Magnix and Siemens [14]) The performance potential of utilizing a magnetically geared aircraft drivetrain relative to the alternative direct drivetrain technology will be discussed.

**References:**

[1] J. J. Scheidler, V. M. Asnani, and T. F. Tallerico, "NASA’s magnetic gearing research for electrified aircraft propulsion," presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 9-11, 2018. [2] V. Asnani, J. Scheidler, and T. Tallerico, "Magnetic gearing research at NASA," presented at the AHS International 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 14-17, 2018. [3] I. Pazdera, P. Prochazka, D. Cervinka, and B. Klima, "Electrical drivetrain of the small airplane and mutual interaction of this drivetrain," presented at the 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Ind. Elect. Society, Vienna, 2013. [4] M. R. J. Dubois, "Optimized Permanent Magnet Generator Topologies for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines," Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 2004. [5] W. M. Arshad, T. Backstrom, and C. Sadarangani, "Analytical design and analysis procedure for a transverse flux machine," in IEEE Inter. Elect. Mach. Drives Conf., Cambridge, MA, pp. 115-121,June,2001. [6] M. R. Harris, G. H. Pajooman, and S. M. A. Sharkh, "Comparison of alternative topologies for VRPM (transverse-flux) electrical machines," in IEE Coll.on New Topologies for Perm. Magnet Mach., London, pp. 2/1- 2/7,1997. [7] M. R. Harris, G. H. Pajooman, and S. M. A. Sharkh, "The problem of power factor in VRPM (transverse-flux) machines " presented at the 8th Inter. Elect. Mach. Driv. Conf., Sep. , 1997. [8] S. Jinhao, L. Yongbin, and Z. Wenpeng, "Survey on the development of transverse flux machines," in Inter. Conf. Elect. Mach., Beijing, China, pp. 127-141,2003. [9] P. Kasinathan, A. Grauers, and E. S. Hamdi, "Force density limits in low-speed permanent-magnet machines due to saturation," IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 37-44, Mar. 2005. [10] D. G. Dorrell, S. S. Ngu, and C. Cossar, "Comparison of high pole number ultra-low speed generator designs using slotted and air-gap windings," IEEE Trans. Mag., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 3120-3123, Nov. 2012. [11] K. S. e. al., "Development of a High Speed HTS Generator for Airborne Applications," IEEE Trans. Applied Super., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1656-1661, June 2009. [12] K. Atallah, J. Wang, S. Mezani, and D. Howe, "A novel high-performance linear magnetic gear," IEEJ Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 126, no. 10, pp. 1352-1356, 2006. [13] M. C. Gardner, M. Johnson, and H. A. Toliyat, "Performance Impacts of Practical Fabrication Tradeoffs for a Radial Flux Coaxial Magnetic Gear with Halbach Arrays and Air Cores," presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, USA, , 2019. [14] M. Duffy, A. Sevier, R. Hupp, E. Perdomo, and S. Wakayama, "Propulsion Scaling Methods in the Era of Electric Flight," presented at the AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium Cincinnati, Ohio, July, 9-11, 2018.

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 A Review of Electric Aircraft Drivetrain Motor Technology

This paper overviews recent developments and novel topologies of a new class of asymmetric rotor pole interior permanent magnet (AIPM) machines for torque enhancement. The principle for torque enhancement by utilizing magnetic-field-shifting is introduced firstly. AIPM machine topologies are then categorized in terms of asymmetries of PM configurations and rotor core geometries. Subsequently, various AIPMs in each category are described and analyzed with respect to merits and demerits. Finally, electromagnetic performances of selected AIPM machines are compared. INDEX TERMS: Asymmetric interior permanent magnet (AIPM), Magnetic-field-shifting (MFS), PM torque, Reluctance torque I. Introduction Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines having PMs buried inside the rotor cores are of growing interests due to superior torque density, high efficiency, wide constant power operating speed range, and high rotor robustness [1]. In IPMs, the reluctance torque resulted from the rotor saliency can be utilized to enhance the torque density without increasing the PM usage. However, in conventional IPM machines with symmetrical rotor structures, the maximum PM and reluctance torque components are achieved at different current angles whose difference is theoretically 45 electrical degrees. Consequently, only a portion of both torque components can be utilized at the current angle of maximum synthetic torque. To deal with this issue, a novel design concept for torque enhancement of IPMs by making the maximum PM and reluctance torque components to be reached with a smaller difference of current angles has been firstly proposed by setting the optimal displacement angle between the surface-mounted PM rotor and the reluctance rotor in a two-part rotor PM machine [2] and by employing asymmetric rotor flux barriers in a V-shape IPM [3], respectively. To utilize the concept designated as magnetic-field-shifting (MFS) effect in this paper, the PM field and reluctance axes of IPM machines need to be shifted, resulting in a new class of novel asymmetric rotor IPM machines. The torque enhancement principle of AIPM is illustrated in Fig. 1. This paper overviews various novel AIPM topologies which are categorized in terms of asymmetries of PM configurations and rotor core geometries, analyses various AIPMs in each category with respect to merits and demerits, and compares electromagnetic performances of selected AIPM machines. II. AIPM Machine Topologies In this section, novel AIPM machine topologies in literature are categorized according to whether their PM configurations and rotor core geometries are symmetrical or asymmetric, respectively. The proposed categorization method and some examples reported in references for each category are shown in Fig. 2 (a). An AIPM topology with the asymmetric hybrid-layer PM configuration and asymmetric rotor cavity has been proposed in [4], which achieves torque enhancement with simple structure due to utilizing MFS effect and also shows reduced torque ripples. A hybrid-pole AIPM machine is proposed in [5] that employs V-shape and inset PMs in adjacent poles alternatively, which has asymmetric PMs due to shifted positions of inset PMs but symmetrical rotor core geometry. This hybrid-pole AIPM has higher torque density compared with a V-shape IPM with the same PM usage. An AIPM machine with asymmetric PMs and symmetrical rotor structure is also reported in [6] that can achieve fully aligned maximum PM and reluctance torque components, although the increase of synthetic torque is not notable compared with a PM-assisted reluctance machine because of significant reduction of maximum reluctance torque. The asymmetric flux barrier in one side of symmetrical V-shape PMs in each pole is used in [3] to utilize the MFS effect by shifting the angle of reluctance axis and to clearly increase the synthetic torque. Similar to [2], a two-part rotor design with a SPM rotor and a multi-layer reluctance rotor is proposed in [7] that exhibit symmetrical PM configuration and rotor cavity design, respectively. The MFS effect is utilized by adjusting the displacement angle between both rotor parts, which can also achieve fully aligned maximum PM and reluctance torque components and shows a clear torque enhancement. Four selected AIPM machines with rotor topologies proposed in references [3]-[5] and [7] are redesigned by using the same stator, rotor diameter and PM usage to the conventional Toyota Prius 2010, and their torque performances at 750 r/min and 236A are compared in Fig. 2 (b). Comprehensive overview of more AIPM topologies will be given in the full paper.

**References:**

[1] Z. Zhu and D. Howe, Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, p.746-765 (2007). [2] P. Winzer and M. Doppelbauer, 2014 Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. (ICEM), Berlin, 2014, p. 641-647. [3] W. Zhao, F. Zhao, T. A. Lipo, and B.-I. Kwon, IEEE Trans. on Magn., vol. 50, no. 11, p. 1-4 (2014). [4] Y. Xiao, Z. Q. Zhu, J. T. Chen, D. Wu, and L. M. Gong, 2020 Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. (ICEM), Gothenburg, 2020, p. 26-32. [5] G. Xu, G. Liu, W. Zhao, Q. Chen, and X. Du, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 4, p. 2580-2591 (2018). [6] F. Xing, W. Zhao, and B.-I. Kwon, IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 13, no. 5, p. 573-580 (2018）. [7] H. Yang, Y. Li, H. Y. Lin, Z. Q. Zhu, et al., 2017 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, 2017, pp. 2362-2367.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/339b97d20cc7f72fd8fd7d97e5455425.jpg)
Fig.1.Principle of torque enhancement of AIPM. (a) Conventional IPM. (b) AIPM with reduced △β. Tsyn, Tpm and Trel denote maximum synthetic, PM, and reluctance torques, respectively, and △β denote the current angle difference between maximum PM and reluctance torque components.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4d44aa957f2775e6ab24c779072c37ef.jpg)
Fig.2. Categorization of some typical AIPM machine topologies. In (a), PMs in red and blue denote N- and S-poles.

 Novel Asymmetric Rotor Pole Interior Permanent Magnet Machines with Enhanced Torque Density: An Overview

I. Introduction Hybrid excited synchronous machines (HESM) combine permanent-magnet (PM) excitation with wound field excitation. The goal behind the principle of hybrid excitation is to combine the advantages of PM excited machines and wound field synchronous machines. The principle of hybrid excitation allows responding to many problematic related to electric machines: flux weakening [1], energy efficiency [1], and fluctuations of permanent magnets price [2]. Due to their advantageous characteristics, this type of machines is gaining more and more attention [1]–[8]. They have been identified as one of the emerging technologies of modern energy conversion systems [3]–[5]. They have been the subject of many review papers [6]. Figure 1 shows the evolution of the number of contributions dedicated to HESM in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library, between 1989 and 2019. As can be seen this number is in constant evolution, going from one contribution in 1989 [6], to more than 350 contributions in 2019. In this contribution, after a description of the operating principal of HESM, a brief literature review of scientific and technical literature dedicated to HESM will be established. Then, the use of this type of electric machines for different applications (constant and variable speeds applications) will be discussed. The design and operation of three particular structures will be presented. Two of them have been designed as generators for transportation applications [7] [8], and the third one has been designed as generator for renewable energies conversion [2]. All of them are flux switching structures. II. Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines The hybrid excitation principle allows a wide variety of structures to be realized. Figure 2 shows three different structures of rotating HESM. All of them are flux switching hybrid excited synchronous machine (FSHESM). Due to their advantageous characteristics FSHESM are the subject of increasing attention. This figure illustrates the variety of HESM structures. More structures will be presented in the full version of the contribution. In most references dedicated to HESM, it is mainly rotating machines which are studied. Nevertheless, many linear HESM are also studied. Examples will be provided in the full version. III. Study of Three HESM Prototypes HESM characteristics make them well suited for transportation applications [1] [5] [7] [8]. Nevertheless, HESM could also be used as renewable energy conversion generators [2], even if, in these applications, it is not all of their advantageous characteristics which are exploited. In fact, it is mainly economic considerations which are driving the use of an electric machine technology [2]. The use of HESM in renewable energies applications is mainly driven by fluctuations of rare earth PM price and their availability [2]. Another important reason is the fault tolerance characteristic which could be brought by HESM. Considering the evolution of wind energy market toward the use of large power rated offshore wind turbines, the fault tolerance characteristic is very important. In fact, the HESM allow controlling the air-gap magnetic field, even with the presence of permanent magnets, and they therefore offer a protection against faults as stator short circuits, for example. The fault tolerance allows the reduction of maintenance requirements, and consequently exploitation costs. The fault tolerance they bring increases their attractiveness in many applications. The design studies of three HESM prototypes (Fig. 2) will be presented. The first one [Fig. 2(a)] has been studied for an aircraft DC electric power generation [7]. This prototype weight 3.5 kg, and was designed to deliver 6 kW at 6000 rpm. It is a 2D flux switching structure. The second prototype can be used as a car alternator [Fig. 2(b)] [8]. Instead of having a distributed excitation windings, the excitation coil is annular without end windings. The excitation flux has a 3D nature, which requires the use of massive ferromagnetic material to channel it. This prototype was able to deliver 2.5 kW at a speed of 11 krpm. The third prototype [Fig. 2(c)] was designed to be used as a generator for renewable energy conversion (10 kW at 300 rpm). As compared to transportation applications, where the speed is relatively high, renewable energy conversion systems operate at relatively low speed, which requires the development of high torque machines. This prototype includes the Vernier effect in order to be able to cope with the torque production requirement. It is a water cooled machine. It has a 2D structure. The full version will include more details about the three prototypes. HESM machines may seem more complicated as compared to classical machines, as PM machines for example, but regarding the worldwide shift toward a greener economy, economic considerations will be in the favor of the development of even more complex electric machines technologies [5]. Indeed, considering the number of pieces required for the construction of even the simplest IC engine, the construction of even the much complex electric machines requires much more less operations, and simpler production lines.

**References:**

[1] Y. Amara, S. Hlioui, A. H. Ben Ahmed and M. Gabsi, "Power capability of hybrid excited synchronous motors in variable speed drives applications," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 55, no. 8, paper 8204312, August 2019. [2] A. S. McDonald, "Hybrid Excitation of Synchronous Generators for Wind Turbines," Proceedings of the 2nd IET Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG2013), 9-11 September 2013, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China. [3] G.-A. Capolino and A. Cavagnino, “New trends in electrical machines technology—Part II,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4931–4936, Sep. 2014. [4] C. Liu et al., "Guest Editorial Emerging Electric Machines and Drives for Smart Energy Conversion," in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1931–1933, Dec. 2018. [5] K. Akatsu et al., "Message from Editors", CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 231–232, Sept. 2019. [6] E. Spooner, S. A. W. Khatab and N. G. Nicolaou, "Hybrid excitation of AC and DC machines," in Proc. 1989 Fourth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives Conf., London, UK, 1989, pp. 48–52. [7] A. Nasr, S. Hlioui, M. Gabsi, M. Mairie, and D. Lalevee, “Design optimization of a hybrid-excited flux-switching machine for aircraft-safe DC power generation using a diode bridge rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 9896–9904, Dec. 2017. [8] A. Dupas, S. Hlioui, E. Hoang, M. Gabsi and M. Lécrivain, "Investigation of a new topology of hybrid-excited flux-switching machine with static global winding: experiments and modeling," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1413–1421, March/April 2016.

**Images:**
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 Hybrid Excited Synchronous Machines

I. Introduction With the rapid development of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, they put forward more critical and complicated requirements for driving motor drive systems. Double stator permanent magnet (DSPM) motors have become promising candidates for driving motors, due to its advantages of high torque/power density and relatively compact structure. DSPM motor can be considered as the integration of inner and outer motors. By the flexible control of inner and outer motors of double stator motors, different operation modes of motors can be realized. In [1], a double stator permanent magnet motor is proposed, and corresponding multi-mode characteristics are investigated. It is noted that current research on double stator motors mainly biased on proposing novel motor topologies, realizing different operation modes, and verifying motor electromagnetic performances. However, the reasonable power split and allocation of inner and outer motors are seldom investigated, especially for the multi-mode operation. Hence, it is very necessary and essential to purposefully determine power ratio of inner and outer motors, considering design requirements of multiple operation modes. Split ratio, which termed as the ratio of inner and outer diameter of stator, often determines motor magnetic and electrical loading. It possesses significant influences on motor performances, including torque output capability, loss characteristics, and efficiency. So, motor split ratio is considered as one of most crucial motor design parameters and often investigated during the motor initial design stage. In [2], the split ratio of surface-mounted permanent magnet motor is analyzed and the optimal motor split ratio is decided by analytical method. While for double stator motors, split ratios of inner and outer motors determine not only motor magnetic and electrical loading, and but also the power split characteristics of the whole motor. However, it is noted current publications of motor split ratio mainly focus on the split ratio of single-stator motors which mainly work on rated condition. Since double stator motor are required to work in different operation modes, traditional design methods of motor split ratio cannot be applied for double stator motors directly. Consequently, it has been a hot but challenging issue on how to determine split ratio of double stator permanent magnet motors during the initial design stage, considering the design requirements of multiple operation modes. In this paper, a double stator permanent magnet (DSPM) motor is investigated, and the relationship between motor split ratio and power split characteristics of different motor operation mode is analyzed in detail. Furthermore, by the purposeful design and optimization of motor split ratio, design requirements of multiple operation modes can be satisfied comprehensively. II. Motor topology and split ratio investigation Fig. 1 presents the configuration of the investigated DSPM motor. As can be seen, inner stator and middle rotor form inner motor, while outer motor consists of outer stator and middle rotor. In order to realize multimode operation effectively, the torque-speed curves of inner and outer motor are designed purposefully, as shown in Fig. 2. The inner motor is designed to have a relatively flat torque curve over a wide speed range, which is utilized to augment the output torque of outer motor, especially in the range of torque of outer motor is dropping off. In addition, driving requirements of whole DSPM motor are arranged purposefully as optimization objectives for the inner and outer motors of DSPM motor. So, by the purposeful and reasonable design and optimization of split ratios of inner and outer motors, design requirements of multi-mode operation can be satisfied. III. Optimization results and performances validation In order to satisfy design requirements of multiple operation modes, response surface method and multi-objective genetic algorithm are utilized for DSPM motor, the optimal motor split ratio and pole teeth ratio can be determined. Distribution of optimization objectives and design parameters are presented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. And, based on finite element analysis, electromagnetic performances of DSPM motor can be obtained. Fig. 5(a) depicts the flux lines and flux densities distributions of DSPM motor after optimization. Table I presents the multi-mode performance comparison of initial and optimal DSPM motor. And, torque performances of overall DSPM motor before and after optimization are shown in Fig. 5(b). As can be seen, after optimization, the average output torque increases from 71.83Nm to 82.81Nm, while the torque ripple reduces from 10.93% to 7.78%. Electromagnetic performances verify that, by the reasonable design and cooperation of inner and outer motors of DSPM motor, design requirements of different operation mode can be realized more effectively, which provides a research path for the optimization design of multi-port PM motors. More detailed theoretical analysis, optimization design results, and experimental validations will be presented in the full paper.

**References:**

[1] Y. Wang, W. Xu, X. Zhang, and W. Ma, “Harmonic analysis of air gap magnetic field in flux-modulation double-stator electrical-excitation synchronous machine,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 5302-5312, Jul. 2020. [2] Y. Ni, Z. Liu, B. Xiao, and Q. Wang, “Optimum split ratio in surface-mounted permanent magnet machines with pieced halbach magnet array,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1877-1885, Dec. 2020.

**Images:**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d6b43446fde4a1a6ef7b49cb73d872c0.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/ae52277ced06753e709cdcc2710dce16.jpg)

 Split Ratio Investigation of Double Stator Permanent Magnet Motor Considering Multimode Operation

High torque-density, high efficiency and robust rotor structure are the key features of flux switching motors (FSMs) [1]. Permanent magnet (PM) FSMs are preferred choice, however, these machines consume high amount rare-earth magnet and its resources are depleting with the passage of time. The degradation of performance with increase in temperature and uncontrolled flux are the other concerns with PMFSMs. The flux of electrically excited (EE) FSM can be controlled electronically, performance is not degraded with increase in temperature and overall cost is low. The simple manufacturing process of single phase EEFSM, easy maintenance, longer lifetime and low cost are the main characteristic that prioritized it for high speed applications [2-3]. Authors [4-6] have proposed novel single phase EEFSM designs, they have successfully accomplished their targets in the form of good average torque and efficiency etc. These designs have overlapped windings and segmented or modular rotor. High copper losses are caused by overlapped windings and segmented or modular rotor is not suitable for high speed applications. High power density, torque and efficiency are key factors for motors used in high speed applications. Flux switching motor (FSM) designs with the conventional stator slot have relatively good average torque but high copper losses and low efficiency. This paper has proposed an optimized octane modular stator (OMS) 8slots-6poles (8S-6P) single phase electrically excited (EE) FSM design. The geometric representation of the OMS design is given in Fig.1 (a), Rse, Rre, βsθs, βrθr, and θ are stator outer radius, rotor outer radius, stator slot opening, rotor slot opening and rotor position respectively. The proposed OMS design has high copper slot filling factor and high efficiency than the conventional stator trapezoidal slot [3]. Moreover, the purpose of this paper is to analyze OMS EEFSM design by means of simplified analytical method. For electromagnetic performance investigation numerical based technique finite element analysis (FEA) is powerful tool. But, computational complexity, high computational time and high drive storage compel researchers to model and analyze electric machines and especially FSMs analytically. In this paper, doubly-salient air-gap permeance, magneto-motive force (MMF) and inductance calculation is performed to obtain radial magnetic flux density distribution in the air-gap and electromagnetic torque, accounts the influence of all parts of EEFSM. This simplified approach has reduced the computational time, drive storage and computational complexity. Geometric optimization (GO) is implemented in multiple steps to optimize the initial design. The analytical results are validated via JMAG v18.1 finite element analysis (FEA) simulator. Finally, prototype is fabricated and experimentally tested. Prototype stator without windings and with windings are shown in Fig.1 (b) and (c) respectively. The analytical results has good agreement with FEA and experimental results and the deviancy is from 3 to 4%. Overall GO implementation, average torque of the proposed optimized EEFSM design is enhanced 42.5% and comparison of the electromagnetic performance is plotted in Fig.2.

**References:**

[1] X. Sun, Z. Shi, G. Lei, Y. Guo, and J. Zhu, “Multi-objective design optimization of an IPMSM based on multilevel strategy”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2020). [2] M. Lihong, Z. Gangxu, Z. Tao, L. Qing and L. Baolian, “Multi-level optimization design for a Flux-Concentrating Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machine Considering PM demagnetization limitation”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2020). [3] B. Khan, F. Khan, W. Ullah, M. Umair and S. Hussain, “Slot Filling Factor Calculation and Electromagnetic Performance of Single Phase Electrically Excited Flux Switching Motors”, Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, 35(8), pp.922-928, (2020). [4] M. F. Omar, E. Sulaiman, M. Jenal, R. Kumar and R. N. Firdaus, “Magnetic flux analysis of a new field-excitation flux switching motor using segmental rotor”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 53(11), pp.1-4, (2017). [5] Y. J. Zhou and Z. Q. Zhu, “Comparison of low-cost single-phase wound-field switched-flux machines”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(5), pp.3335-3345, (2014). [6] J. Yuan, D. Meng, G. Lian, J. Zhang, H. Li and F. Ban, “The stator slot-type optimization of electrical excitation flux-switching motor and its maximum torque/copper loss control”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 29(2), pp.1-5, (2019).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/182a3564aced1ceec14372100b2edd6c.jpg)
Fig.1: Proposed OMS single phase 8s-6p EEFSM (a) geometry (b) stator (c) stator with windings

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/43f48b1a116f8f4d1324142f6b37b415.jpg)
Fig.2: Performance of OMS 8S-6P EEFSM (a) Flux density (b) Flux linkage (c) Torque (d) Back-emf

 Analytical Modelling, Optimization and Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of Electrically Excited Flux Switching Motor

I.Introduction The vertical axis wind turbine has been widely concerned because of its advantages such as multiphase wind, stable force, easy installation and maintenance, and small starting wind speed. Vertical axis wind turbines mostly use permanent magnet synchronous generators or doubly fed induction wind turbines, and most of them are axial flux permanent magnet generators[1]. Compared with doubly fed induction wind turbine, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) has the advantage of high power density and is the main research object of vertical axis wind turbine. However, the direct coupling of the high power axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator and wind turbine causes the starting of the wind turbine to become more difficult. In order to improve the starting performance of vertical axis wind turbines, maglev technology is considered to reduce the starting resistance as the development direction of vertical axis wind turbines. Therefore, an asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid- electricity generator is proposed in this paper, and the decoupling control of levitation force and output power is implemented using asymmetric primary and hybrid excitation. II.operation principle The proposed asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator for the vertical axis wind turbine structure is shown in the Fig.1. The generator is composed of double stator primary and single actuator. The double stator primary has an asymmetric structure design, and the rotor shaft is connected with the wind turbine shaft to realize direct drive wind power generation. The rotor adopts the spacing design of permanent magnet and modulating tooth to reduce the consumption of permanent magnet. Both the excitation winding and the armature winding are located in the primary stator, so the mixed excitation and magnetic field can be adjusted without adding any mechanism such as brush slip ring, which reduces the complexity of the structure. In general, the proposed generator has the following characteristics (1) The flat structure shortens the axial length of the generator and is suitable for direct drive of vertical axis wind power generation system. (2) The levitation force is provided by bilateral unbalance design of axial flux. The two sides adopt different primary sizes, and then the axial electromagnetic force imbalance of the bilateral air gap forms the suspension force, which avoids adding active and passive levitation mechanisms and reduces the complexity of the overall system. (3) The levitation force and output power are controlled by hybrid excitation. The primary tooth DC excitation is adopted to realize zero crosslinking of the excitation with permanent magnet and armature, and the levitation force regulation does not affect the output power. The system can start at low wind speed, and the levitation force and total output power can be adjusted according to the change of wind speed. Through free distribution of bilateral power to achieve the total power following the wind speed and the levitation force following the lift force of the wind turbine. (4) Using magnetic field modulated axial magnetic field structure, the rotor structure is simple and reliable. If the pole pair numbers of rotor and armature are pr and ps, and the number of the stator tooth is pn, there is pr = pn±ps. The design makes it have the magnetic field modulation effect, which can increase the magnetic field change rate under the low speed, thus increasing the generation power. (5) The use of concentrated armature windings and excitation windings reduces the end, thus reducing magnetic leakage and losses. III.simulation and results A three-dimensional finite element model of the asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator is established, and the no-load characteristics and load characteristics of the generator are obtained. The no-load characteristics under different excitation current are simulated, and the flux linkage of armature coils and DC excitation coils are shown in Fig.2. We can see that when different excitation currents are applied, the crossing flux linkage between DC excitation winding and secondary permanent magnet is almost 0, and DC flux has little effect on the armature flux. Therefore, When the excitation changes, the unilateral levitation force changes only in amplitude, but there is no harmonic phase shift, and positioning torque is almost unaffected. he proposed generator has good decoupling performance of levitation force, output power, and DC excitation. In addition, the optimization design of the generator is further studied such as pole arc coefficient, positioning moment and pole slot ratio. IV.conclusion In this paper, we proposed an asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator, studied the no-load characteristics, load characteristics and excitation characteristics, and optimized the structural parameters of the generator. The simulation results are obtained, and state that the generator can realize the decoupling of the levitation force of excitation and power, which is suitable for vertical axis wind turbine.

**References:**

[1]Ghulam Ahmad, Uzma Amin, Design, construction and study of small scale vertical axis wind turbine based on a magnetically levitated axial flux permanent magnet generator[J]. Renewable Energy, 101(2017): 286-292, 2017

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/d924fadd5a021735274eef34834cd215.jpg)
Fig.1. The structure of the proposed asymmetric-primary axis-flux hybrid-excitation generator

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8d0f10e0585dcc735e6d439ba8d2b921.jpg)
Fig. 2. The performance under different excitation current

A novel stator cooling construction for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with heat pipe

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A novel stator cooling construction for yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine with heat pipe

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