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While digitized corpora have transformed the study of intellectual transmission, current methods rely heavily on lexical text reuse detection, capturing verbatim quotations but fundamentally missing paraphrases and complex implicit engagement. This paper evaluates semantic search in 18th-century intellectual history through the reception of John Locke’s foundational work. Using expert annotation grounded in a semantic taxonomy, we examine whether an off-the-shelf semantic search pipeline can surface meaning-level correspondences overlooked by lexical methods. Our results demonstrate that semantic search retrieves substantially more implicit receptions than lexical baselines. However, linguistic diagnostics also reveal a &quot;lexical gatekeeping&quot; effect, where retrieval remains partially constrained by surface vocabulary overlap. These findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of semantic retrieval for analyzing the circulation of ideas in large historical corpora.

ACL 2026

Matching Meaning at Scale: Evaluating Semantic Search for 18th-Century Intellectual History through the Case of Locke

18th-century history

intellectual history

text reuse detection

semantic search

computational history

evaluation

stages 

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for natural language processing and computational linguistics. Often grouped within the field of artificial intelligence, but actually pre-dating the development of artificial intelligence, advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing are now some of the major drivers behind the use of artificial intelligence for commercial and social applications – for example, on-line search, machine translation and with voice-assisted conversational devices.

First established in 1965, the biennial COLING conference is held in diverse parts of the globe and attracts participants from both top-ranked research centers and emerging countries. Today, the most important developments in our field are taking place not only in universities and academic research institutes, but also in industrial research departments and in technological startups. COLING conferences provide opportunities for all these communities to showcase their exciting developments.

COLING 2020

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for natural language processing and computational linguistics. Often grouped within the field of artificial intelligence, but actually pre-dating the development of artificial intelligence, advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing are now some of the major drivers behind the use of artificial intelligence for commercial and social applications – for example, on-line search, machine translation and with voice-assisted conversational devices.

While digitized corpora have transformed the study of intellectual transmission, current methods rely heavily on lexical text reuse detection, capturing verbatim quotations but fundamentally missing paraphrases and complex implicit engagement. This paper evaluates semantic search in 18th-century intellectual history through the reception of John Locke’s foundational work. Using expert annotation grounded in a semantic taxonomy, we examine whether an off-the-shelf semantic search pipeline can surface meaning-level correspondences overlooked by lexical methods. Our results demonstrate that semantic search retrieves substantially more implicit receptions than lexical baselines. However, linguistic diagnostics also reveal a "lexical gatekeeping" effect, where retrieval remains partially constrained by surface vocabulary overlap. These findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of semantic retrieval for analyzing the circulation of ideas in large historical corpora.

workshop paper

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

How did the thematic repertoire of early English-language science fiction change as the genre consolidated between 1818 and 1930? Using a corpus of 238 public-domain texts, we apply temporally binned latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), comparing models with and without Authorless preprocessing (which probabilistically downweights author-specific vocabulary). Cross-period topic alignments exceed a permutation null baseline, indicating continuity in topic structure over time. Full-corpus LDA can produce comparable topic quality, but only temporal binning enables diachronic alignment; within the binned setting, Authorless reduces author concentration and modestly increases the share of thematic topics without materially reducing coherence. Four high-continuity topic chains -- centered on mobility, affect, planetary scale, and scientific knowledge -- suggest a shift from earlier romantic and speculative concerns toward more consolidated technoscientific forms. These chains generate interpretable hypotheses about the literary history of early science fiction, and the workflow supports diachronic analysis in small, author-skewed corpora.

Tracing Thematic Change in Early English-Language Science Fiction, 1818-1930

This study investigates whether a high-quality, 19-label named entity recogniser for medieval Latin charters can be constructed using only a few hundred annotated sentences. The authors introduce "semantic scaffolding," an innovation that utilizes richly descriptive English label phrases as prompts to activate latent multilingual knowledge within the model. This is paired with a custom span-based architecture utilizing XLM-ROBERTa-large, 4-head attention pooling to handle long property descriptions, and a hybrid loss system including Asymmetric Focal-Dice and InfoNCE contrastive terms. Results demonstrate that semantic scaffolding enables fine-tuned GLiNER to reach 80.8% overlap F1, while the custom architecture achieves 83.4% overlap F1 using only 298 training sentences. Significantly, the paper provides an empirical demonstration that domain-specific pre-training on medieval Latin offers no performance advantage once task-specific fine-tuning is applied. While the model excels at frequent categories like PER (95.7% F1) and LOC (93.5% F1), challenges persist for rare, position-dependent legal categories such as LEG (53.1% F1) and TRANS (52.6% F1).

Twenty’s Plenty: Semantic Scaffolding and Span Architecture for 19-Label NER in Medieval Latin Charters

Motherboard’s Mother Tongue is a computational linguistics and artistic research project that explores a Large Language Model’s (LLM) vocal production of glossolalia-like language. Glossolalia, colloquially known as ‘speaking in tongues,’ consists of the human production of seemingly unintelligible utterances. It is, by its nature, difficult to annotate accurately with linguistic features relevant for natural language. The glossolalia-producing system demonstrated here consists of the interaction of 1) a ‘nonsense’ linguistic corpus 2) a micro-controller based environmental data stream and 3) a fine-tuned LLM. While discussing some philosophical and artistic considerations of machinic glossolalia, we also address some methodological considerations for NLP. Using the artistic project as a case study, we argue that machinic glossolalia presents a ‘stress test’ that could inform some creative redirections of NLP methods and reconsiderations of definitions held by the subfield.

Artistic Interventions for NLP Annotation Challenges: The Stress Test of Machinic Glossolalia

This paper addresses a practical problem in computational literary history: retrieving adventure novels from a large digitized collection of French fiction where genre metadata are sparse and unreliable. We begin with supervised genre modeling based on a historically situated seed list of 101 adventure novels drawn from literary scholarship. We compare several classifiers and representations, and validate them against 364 independently labeled adventure novels from the Chapitres corpus. The best-performing model, HistGradientBoosting on mean paragraph embeddings, achieves strong external recall (81\%) despite the small training set. We then apply this model to the 12,176-novel Fictions litt\éraires de Gallica archive and refine the resulting candidate corpus through a graph-based post-processing step over a $k$-nearest-neighbor similarity graph. On the Chapitres benchmark, this graph correction produces negligible changes in retrieval performance, indicating that it is not a generally superior classifier. On Gallica, however, it yields a more cohesive and homogeneous candidate corpus and surfaces interpretable correction cases, including missed canonical adventure novels and excluded borderline texts. We therefore argue that graph-based correction is best understood not as a replacement for supervised classification, but as a heuristic for refining large, noisy archival corpora where exhaustive manual annotation is impossible.

In Search of Lost Adventure Novels: Supervised Genre Retrieval and Corpus Refinement in Gallica

This study examines narratives in which students describe challenges they faced in higher education due to low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds and the strategies they used to overcome them. Using computational text analysis, we operationalize three educational theories, Paulo Freire’s Critical Pedagogy, Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, and Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Capital and Habitus to analyze patterns in these narratives. To strengthen the theory-to-method connection, we incorporate temporal timeline extraction, identifying ordered event sequences and tracking how challenges and forms of capital evolve across a student’s posting history. This temporal lens links theoretical categories (barriers, supports, forms of capital) to when they occur, highlighting moments for timely interventions. By combining theory-driven features with temporal analysis, we evaluate the explanatory capacity of each framework and demonstrate how computational methods can quantitatively examine qualitative lived experience at scale, supporting interdisciplinary research on equity in education.

Computational Modeling of Educational Theory in Low-Socioeconomic Contexts

The diachronic evolution from Latin to the Romance languages involved a restructuring of the grammatical gender system from a tripartite configuration (masculine, feminine, neuter) to a bipartite one (masculine, feminine). In this work, we introduce an interpretable deep learning framework to investigate this phenomenon at both lexical and contextual levels. First, we show that conventional tokenization strategies are insufficiently robust for this low-resource historical setting, and that our proposed tokenizer improves performance over these baselines. At the lexical level, we evaluate the contribution of morphological features to grammatical gender prediction. Subsequently, at the contextual level, we analyze how different part-of-speech categories contribute to grammatical gender prediction.

Lost in Translation? Exploring the Shift in Grammatical Gender from Latin to Occitan

Part-of-speech (POS) tagging for Medieval Romance languages remains challenging due to orthographic variation, morphological complexity, and limited annotated resources. This paper presents a systematic empirical evaluation of large language models (LLMs) for POS tagging across three medieval varieties: Medieval Occitan, Medieval Catalan, and Medieval French. We compare traditional rule-based and statistical taggers with modern open-source LLMs under zero-shot prompting, few-shot prompting, monolingual fine-tuning, and cross-lingual transfer learning settings.

Experiments on historically grounded datasets show that LLM-based approaches consistently outperform traditional taggers, with fine-tuning and multilingual training yielding the largest improvements. In particular, cross-lingual transfer learning substantially benefits under-resourced varieties, while targeted bilingual training can outperform broader multilingual configurations for specific target languages. The results highlight the importance of linguistic proximity and dataset characteristics when designing transfer strategies for historical NLP.

These findings provide empirical insights into the applicability of modern neural methods to medieval text processing and provide practical guidance for deploying LLM-based POS tagging pipelines in digital humanities research. All code, models, and processed datasets are released for reproducibility.

Unlocking Medieval Texts: How Large Language Models Transform POS Tagging for Historical Romance Languages

This paper introduces a computational framework for evaluating structural properties of the undeciphered Indus script. The study uses a corpus of approximately 6,100-6,500 inscriptions. The analytical approach combines unsupervised visual clustering of sign morphology, entropy-based sequence analysis, Kullback-Leibler divergence comparison, and neural sequence modeling (BiLSTM). The results indicate directional asymmetry and structured combinatorial patterns in sign sequences. We conclude that the Indus sign sequences exhibit statistical properties consistent with structured symbolic systems and not easily explained by random generation.

Statistical Structure in Indus Sign Sequences

We present the result of preliminary explorations of using the topology of embedded manifolds as a semantic invariant. Our main question is whether the topology of large embedded corpora is invariant in the following two senses. First, one might reasonably expect that the same corpus in two languages would give topologically equivalent embeddings. Second, one might reasonably expect that the same corpus embedded by two different embedding models might give topologically equivalent embeddings. In the paper we will justify these intuitions and give preliminary results indicating that they are, to some extent, justified.

Exploring Topological Invariance in Semantic Embeddings

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is shifting from feature-engineering to LLMs, yet current training-free approaches struggle with calibration, often exhibiting a "middle-score bias" that fails to distinguish between exceptional and weak writings. In this work, we introduce MADRAG (Multi-Agent Debate with Retrieval-Augmented Generation), a training-free framework designed to achieve the reliability of supervised models without the need for labeled training data. MADRAG decomposes the scoring process into a multi-agent interaction: an Advocate highlights essay strengths, a Skeptic critiques weaknesses, and a Judge synthesizes these arguments to assign a score. Crucially, we augment the Judge with RAG mechanism that retrieves rubric-aligned exemplar essays spanning the full score range, grounding the debate in concrete evidence. Evaluating our approach on the ASAP dataset for analytic trait scoring, we demonstrate that MADRAG significantly outperforms existing prompt-based LLM baselines and achieves performance competitive with state-of-the-art supervised models.

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Tracing Thematic Change in Early English-Language Science Fiction, 1818-1930

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Next from ACL 2026

Tracing Thematic Change in Early English-Language Science Fiction, 1818-1930

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Temporal Referencing with Semantic Network Distances

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