United States

Linguistic annotation tools that work well for non-Indic languages (e.g. English, German, Spanish, etc.) often fail with Indic scripts due to complex Unicode properties, including visual reordering of vowel matras, conjunct characters, and grapheme clusters spanning multiple code points. In this paper, we present a web-based annotation platform \textit{IndiAnn}, designed for low-resource Indic languages, which uses native browser Unicode rendering, offset-based storage that preserves grapheme clusters, and no forced tokenization in the user interface. The tool supports annotation for tasks such as part-of-speech (POS) tagging, named entity recognition (NER), dependency relation annotation, and semantic role labelling (SRL), that maintain correct character boundaries and enable seamless interoperability with standard NLP pipelines and tools. The framework is designed for Indic languages and has been tested on Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam, Bengali, Odia, Marathi, and Kannada, with no script breakage during annotation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever attempt at building a unified annotation framework (IndiAnn), which covers annotation for such varieties of key NLP tasks, having provision for eight Indic languages. The code repository is made publicly available\footnote{ \url{https://github.com/Lavadeep/INDIANN}}.

ACL 2026

IndiAnn: An Annotation Platform for Low-Resource Indic Languages

simple workflow

indic scripts

annotation tool

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

[![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/b087f8a4dc5816d6e1a6514e59c59ac3.png)](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T96GzPqObXrMln2BMByCSXTSizjTg69P/view?usp=sharing)

You need to log in with the email address you registered with. Access credentials have been sent to your email. 

Please be sure to check your spam and other email folders if you do not see an email confirmation right away.

Please log in to explore this event.

To access NAACL 2025 event page you are required to register. Please follow [**this link**](https://2025.naacl.org/registration/registration/) to register. Access will depend on your registration type.

Please register!

NAACL 2025

Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

workshop paper

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. 
[Full Message from General Chair Philipp Koehn](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QiJFOmMjvDgsDo3i1XzlQnImxe3RU_Cy/view?usp=sharing) 
<html><button style="display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; white-space: nowrap; border-radius: 9999px; font-weight: bold; background: #7c3aed; color: white; font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; height: 40px; font-size: 16px; padding: 0 20px; border: none; cursor: pointer" onclick="window.open('https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QiJFOmMjvDgsDo3i1XzlQnImxe3RU_Cy/view?usp=sharing')">Conference Handbook</button></html>

To access this event page, you need to log in with the **email address you registered with**. Access credentials will be sent to your email from Underline - subject line "Welcome to ACL 2026". Please be sure to check your spam email folder if you do not see an email confirmation right away.

To access this event page, you are required to register.
Please complete your registration to continue.

We recommend reading [**the registration information**](https://2026.aclweb.org/registration/) first.

Registration Required

The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) fundamentally depends on high-quality annotated data, yet systematic approaches to developing annotation guidelines remain largely undocumented, especially for Arabic. We present a comprehensive methodology for trait-based Arabic AES annotation, applied to build a dataset of 7,859 essays by high school students annotated across seven writing traits, achieving substantial inter-annotator agreement (QWK: 0.66--0.75). Our methodology encompasses: (1) a seven-dimensional scoring framework grounded in Arabic linguistic and rhetorical conventions; (2) over 25 pages of Arabic-language guidelines with terminology unification, text-type-specific scoring descriptors, and annotated student examples; (3) a multi-stage training protocol that raised annotator agreement (QWK) from 0.58 to 0.71 before production began; and (4) quality assurance mechanisms, including dual annotation and supervisor adjudication. We release all materials publicly, providing both a validated foundation for Arabic AES research and a replicable template for annotation guideline development in other morphologically complex, under-resourced languages.

Designing Annotation Guidelines for Trait-Based Arabic Automated Essay Scoring: A Systematic Methodology

Benchmarks for long-form summaries (four or more sentences) generated by language models increasingly serve as gold-standard references for developing, evaluating, and comparing faithfulness-checking systems. As their influence grows, understanding the challenges of annotating faithfulness errors within long, discourse-rich summaries becomes critical. We revisit three benchmarks spanning diverse text types and contrasting annotation designs. Using a discourse-aware evaluation framework together with human auditing, we identify cases where benchmark labels may be unreliable. Manual verification shows that $3.4$\%-$5.4$\% of sentence-level labels warrant revision due to discourse-level inconsistencies that standard annotation procedures overlook. We introduce a taxonomy of five recurring annotation error types, propose revised labels, and show that correcting these cases leads to meaningful shifts in system rankings. We conclude with recommendations for future annotation practices.

Revisiting Faithfulness Annotations for Long-form Summaries

Although widely used in dialog act prediction and generation, the Switchboard Dialog Act (SwDA) corpus has performed poorly in models incorporating prosodic information because of misalignment between speech and text data. In this paper, we report our completion of the work begun in Chen et al. (2024) in addressing these misalignment issues with an improved SwDA corpus called RASwDA (Re-Aligned Switchboard Dialog Act Corpus). Now fully re-aligned and validated, RASwDA finally meets standards of accuracy that allow for classification models trained on it to exceed classification benchmarks set by models trained on other Switchboard subcorpora.

Completing and Validating the Re-Aligned Switchboard Dialog Act Corpus

Despite a long tradition of work on extractive summarization, which by nature aims to recover the most important propositions in a text, little work has been done on operationalizing graded proposition salience in naturally occurring data. In this paper, we adopt graded summarization-based salience as a metric from previous work on Salient Entity Extraction (SEE) and adapt it to quantify proposition salience. We define the annotation task, apply it to a small multi-genre dataset, evaluate agreement and carry out a preliminary study of the relationship between our metric and notions of discourse unit centrality in discourse parsing following Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST).

Not Worth Mentioning? A Pilot Study on Salient Proposition Annotation

Off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate text annotation, yet their effectiveness remains underexplored for underrepresented languages and specialized domains where the class definition requires subtle expert understanding. We investigate LLM-based annotation for a novel legal NLP task: identifying the presence and sentiment of credibility assessments in asylum decision texts. We introduce RAB-Cred, a Danish text classification dataset featuring high-quality, expert annotations and valuable metadata such as annotator confidence and asylum case outcome. We benchmark 21 open-weight models and 30 system-user prompt combinations for this task, and systematically evaluate the effect of model and prompt choice for zero-shot and few-shot classification. We zoom in on the errors made by top-performing models and prompts, investigating error consistency across LLMs, inter-class confusion, correlation with human confidence and sample-wise difficulty and severity of LLM mistakes. Our results confirm the potential of LLMs for cost-effective labeling of asylum decisions, but highlight the imperfect and inconsistent nature of LLM annotators, and the need to look beyond the predictions of a single, arbitrarily chosen model. The RAB-Cred dataset and code are available at https://github.com/glhr/RAB-Cred

LLMs as annotators of credibility assessment in Danish asylum decisions: evaluating classification performance and errors beyond aggregated metrics

In this paper, we perform an error analysis on human and LLM annotation data from the recent GUMBridge corpus for varieties of bridging anaphora. We explore the distribution of precision and recall errors made by annotators and how that distribution correlates with bridging subtypes. We find that while LLMs perform substantially worse than human annotators, they are more balanced in their precision and recall scores than humans, whose performance strongly favors precision. With regard to subtypes, we find that comparison and meronomy relations are easier to reliably annotate than the more broadly construed entity relations for both human and LLM annotators, but that LLM errors are more distributed across subtypes than human errors. Analyzing these results, we provide insights for future annotation projects on bridging anaphora.

Cracks in the Bridge—or A Bridge Too Far? Comparing Human and LLM Errors in the Annotation of Bridging Anaphora

This paper introduces a method for the automatic detection of annotation errors and corrections using a novel two-stage dimension reduction of dense sentence embeddings. We first find the top-\textit{n} principal components of an embedding and then use UMAP for second-stage, non-linear dimension reduction and clustering using different distance metrics. We analyze these clusters using silhouette scores to flat outlier mentions for correction. Using the corrections in the CoNLL\# dataset as a benchmark, all of the top five outliers needed correction, as did 7 of the top 10, and 32 of the top 50. This method offers a relatively low-effort way to leverage text embeddings and dimensionality reduction to identify likely annotation errors.

Clustering Analysis for Error Detection in Named Entity Recognition Datasets

Linguistic annotation of high-stakes narrative data is often constrained by data confidentiality, domain expertise, and the lack of large-scale multi-annotator pipelines. We present a human-in-the-loop framework for auditing annotation discrepancies in crash narratives, combining structured labels, narrative-based annotation, and expert adjudication. Using 9,387 crash reports, we conduct a multi-layer analysis of disagreement across annotation sources. Nearly half of the records (49.4\%) exhibit discrepancies between structured and narrative labels, driven mainly by unsupported structured assignments. In contrast, narrative-based annotation achieves near-perfect agreement with adjudication ($\kappa = 0.990$), indicating strong consistency when grounded in textual evidence. We introduce a taxonomy of discrepancies, showing refinement opportunities and missing details are the most common, while linguistic factors such as hedging and underspecification contribute to ambiguity. We further show that annotator-reported uncertainty strongly predicts annotation difficulty, with uncertain records nearly nine times more likely to disagree with structured labels. These findings highlight limitations of administrative coding and support a scalable, uncertainty-guided annotation paradigm for restricted-access domains.

When Ground Truth Disagrees: A Human-in-the-Loop Audit of Annotation Errors in High-Stakes Crash Narratives

The behavior of contemporary generative Large Language Models (LLMs) is directly shaped by prompts, unstructured texts that describe the desired output and model behavior. In this paper we argue that prompts are linguistic objects that merit investigation in their own right. To this end, we collect 57.5K unique samples of prompts from GitHub. Specifically, we focus on transactional prompts: reproducible natural language instructions that are integrated into software. To enable the empirical, quantitative study of prompts, we introduce a structured ontology, capturing the properties of prompts as well as their formal and semantic. components. Based on this ontology, we transform prompts from unstructured raw texts into richly structured linguistic objects. Analysis of these structured data reveals significant diversity of usage patterns across languages, domains, tasks, and modalities, in a typical Zipf-like distribution where some clearly prevail and others, more diverse, appear in the long tail. To validate the reliability of the ontology-based annotation of the prompts, we perform a comprehensive error analysis across all fields, providing a detailed assessment of annotation quality. We release the dataset together with a browsing and exploration interface.

Prompts in the Wild: A Large Analyzed Collection of Transactional Prompts in Code

Fine-grained morphosyntactic error annotation is important in clinical and developmental language research, yet it is labour-intensive, expert-dependent, and difficult to scale. We present TalkTag, an LLM-based lightweight tool fine-tuned to automate CHAT-style error annotation in spoken-language transcripts. Developed under conditions of extreme data scarcity using children’s narrative data, the system shows the feasibility of linguistic analysis in low-resource settings. Our evaluation demonstrates that TalkTag produces encouragingly precise annotation while effectively identifying instances where linguistic ambiguity makes automated tagging genuinely complex. In summary, with TalkTag, we provide a scalable alternative to manual error annotation and practically viable support for morphosyntactic error annotation.

Downloads

Next from ACL 2026

Designing Annotation Guidelines for Trait-Based Arabic Automated Essay Scoring: A Systematic Methodology

Similar lecture

Multilingual State Space Models for Structured Question Answering in Indic Languages

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES

.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}Downloads

Next from ACL 2026

Designing Annotation Guidelines for Trait-Based Arabic Automated Essay Scoring: A Systematic Methodology

Similar lecture

Multilingual State Space Models for Structured Question Answering in Indic Languages

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES

Downloads