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The paper summarises a systematic literature review (SLR) over logic-based technologies for MAS.

AAMAS 2021

Logic-based Technologies for Multi-agent Systems: Summary of a Systematic Literature Review (JAAMAS Track)

AAMAS is the largest and most influential conference in the area of agents and multiagent systems, bringing together researchers and practitioners in all areas of agent technology and providing and internationally renowned high-profile forum for publishing and finding out about the latest developments in the field. AAMAS is the flagship conference of the non-profit International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (IFAAMAS).  

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technical paper

We explore the class of problems where a central planner needs to select a subset of agents, each with different quality and cost. The planner wants to maximize its utility while ensuring that the average quality of the selected agents is above a certain threshold. When the agents' quality is known, we formulate our problem as an integer linear program (ILP) and propose a deterministic algorithm, namely \dpss\ that provides an exact solution to our ILP.

A Multi-Arm Bandit Approach To Subset Selection Under Constraints

Humans can move their bodies and eyes actively to perceive the state of the environment they are surrounded by. Autonomous robots are needed to learn this ability, so called active perception, to behave as humans do. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to make the robots have the perceptual ability. In our algorithm, we simultaneously train two agents which control the robot and its sensor on the robot to achieve a task. We conducted experiments on navigation tasks in a 3D environment where useful information for the task achievement is partially occluded. The experimental results show that our algorithm can obtain better perceptual behavior and achieve higher success rates than conventional reinforcement learning algorithms.

Simultaneous Learning of Moving and Active Perceptual Policies for Autonomous Robot

Robots need task planning to sequence and execute actions toward achieving their goals. On the other hand, Behavior Trees provide a mathematical model for specifying plan execution in an intrinsically composable, reactive, and robust way. PDDL (Planning Domain Definition Language) has become the standard description language for most planners. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to systematically create behavior trees from PDDL plans to execute them. This approach uses the execution graph of the plan to generate a behavior tree. The most remarkable contribution of this approach is the algorithm to build a Behavior Tree that optimizes its execution by paralyzing actions, applicable to any plan, taking into account the actions' causal relationships. We demonstrate the improvement in the execution of plans in mobile robots using the ROS2 Planning System framework.

Optimized Execution of PDDL Plans using Behavior Trees

When agents independently learn knowledge, such as ontologies, about their environment, it may be diverse, incorrect or incomplete. This knowledge heterogeneity could lead agents to disagree, thus hindering their cooperation. Existing approaches usually deal with this interaction problem by relating ontologies, without modifying them, or, on the contrary, by focusing on building common knowledge. Here, we consider agents adapting ontologies learned from the environment in order to agree with each other when cooperating. In this scenario, fundamental questions arise: Do they achieve successful interaction? Can this process improve knowledge correctness? Do all agents end up with the same ontology? To answer these questions, we design a two-stage experiment. First, agents learn to take decisions about the environment by classifying objects and the learned classifiers are turned into ontologies. In the second stage, agents interact with each other to agree on the decisions to take and modify their ontologies accordingly. We show that agents indeed reduce interaction failure, most of the time they improve the accuracy of their knowledge about the environment, and they do not necessarily opt for the same ontology.

Knowledge Improvement and Diversity under Interaction-Driven Adaptation of Learned Ontologies

We study the complexity of finding a Walrasian equilibrium in markets where the agents have  k -demand valuations. These valuations are an extension of unit-demand valuations where a bundle's value is the maximum of its  k -subsets' values. For unit-demand agents, where the existence of a Walrasian equilibrium is guaranteed, we show that the problem is in quasi-NC. For $k=2$, we show that it is NP-hard to decide if a Walrasian equilibrium exists even if the valuations are submodular, while for $k=3$ the hardness carries over to budget-additive valuations. In addition, we give a polynomial-time algorithm for markets with 2-demand single-minded valuations, or unit-demand valuations.

Walrasian Equilibria in Markets with Small Demands

BDI agents act in response to external inputs and their internal plan library. Understanding the root cause of BDI agent action is often difficult, and in this paper we present a dialogue based approach for explaining the behaviour of a BDI agent. We consider two dialogue participants who may have different views regarding the beliefs, plans and external events which drove agent action (encoded via traces). These participants make utterances which incrementally reveal their traces to each other, allowing them to identify divergences in the traces, or to conclude that their traces agree. In practice, we envision a human taking on the role of a dialogue participant, with the BDI agent itself acting as the other participant. The dialogue then facilitates explanation, understanding and debugging of BDI agent behaviour. After presenting our formalism and its properties, we describe our implementation of the system and provide an example of its use in a simple scenario.

Explaining BDI Agent Behaviour through Dialogue

Communication improves the efficiency and convergence of multi-agent learning. Existing study of agent communication has been limited on predefined fixed connections. While an attention mechanism exists and is useful for scheduling the communication between agents, it, however, largely ignores the dynamical nature of communication and thus the correlation between agents' connections. In this work, we adopt a normalizing flow to encode correlation between agents interactions. The dynamical communication topology is directly learned by maximizing the agent rewards. In our end-to-end formulation, the communication structure is learned by considering it as a hidden dynamical variable. We realize centralized training of critics and graph reasoning policy, and decentralized execution from local observation and message that are received through the learned dynamical communication topology. Experiments on cooperative navigation in the particle world and adaptive traffic control tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Learning Correlated Communication Topology in Multi-Agent Reinforcement learning

Designing autonomous agents that act collaboratively to achieve a common set of goals has been a major goal for Artificial Intelligence research for many years. Collaborative Privacy-Preserving Planning (cppp) is a multi-agent planning task in which agents need to achieve a common set of goals without revealing certain private information [2]. In particular, in cppp an individual agent may have a set of private facts and actions that it does not share with the other agents. cppp has important motivating examples, such as planning for organizations that outsource some of their tasks, and has recently received considerable attention from the academic community.

Partial Disclosure of Private Dependencies in Privacy Preserving Planning

Graceful degradation is a desirable trait in applications that require coverage with real, failure-prone robots. Thus paper uses methods informed by Reliability Engineering to study the Reliability-Aware Multi-Agent Coverage Path Planning (RA-MCPP) problem. An augmented stochastic framework is applied to evaluate a strategy's probability of mission completion. An augmented stochastic framework is applied to evaluate a strategy's probability of mission completion (PoC) on 3D lattice graph environments. A Genetic Algorithm optimisation approach is then proposed to find RA-MCPP path plans which maximise PoC. It is shown that the GA provides good solutions at reasonable runtimes, complementing previous approaches which focused on global optimality guarantees at the cost of massive computation, especially for medium and large environments.

Reliability-Aware Multi-UAV Coverage Path Planning using a Genetic Algorithm

In service robot applications, planning is often integrated with task allocation.  Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) as an expressive high-level formalism is widely used for task specification, and allows for formalised restrictions on temporal sequences of tasks.   In multiagent planning, a Multi-Objective Markov Decision Process extends the standard model with vector rewards capturing possibly conflicting planning objectives. Such objectives include the success rates of accomplishing individual tasks, and the cost budgets for individual agents. In this paper, we consider the problem of concurrently allocating LTL task sequences to a team of agents and calculating optimal task schedulers simultaneously, satisfying cost and probability thresholds. We reduce this problem to multi-objective scheduler synthesis for a team MDP structure, whose size is linear in the number of agents. Our preliminary experiment demonstrates the scalability of our approach.

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Next from AAMAS 2021

A Multi-Arm Bandit Approach To Subset Selection Under Constraints

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Cohorting to Isolate Asymptomatic Spreaders: An Agent-Based Simulation Study on the Mumbai Suburban Railway

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