United States

Clinical language models (LMs) are increasingly applied to support clinical risk prediction from free-text notes, yet their uncertainty estimates often remain poorly calibrated and clinically unreliable. In this work, we propose Clinical Uncertainty Risk Alignment (CURA), a framework that aligns clinical LM-based risk estimates and uncertainty with both individual error likelihoods and cohort-level ambiguities. CURA first fine-tunes domain-specific clinical LMs to obtain task-adapted patient embeddings, and then performs uncertainty fine-tuning of a multi-head classifier using a bi-level uncertainty objective. Specifically, an individual-level calibration term aligns predictive uncertainty with each patient’s likelihood of error, while a cohort-aware regularizer pulls risk estimates toward event rates in their local neighborhoods in the embedding space and places extra weight on ambiguous cohorts near the decision boundary. We further show that this cohort-aware term can be interpreted as a cross-entropy loss with neighborhood-informed soft labels, providing a label-smoothing view of our method. Extensive experiments on MIMIC-IV clinical risk prediction tasks across various clinical LMs show that CURA consistently improves calibration metrics without substantially compromising discrimination. Further analysis illustrates that CURA reduces overconfident false reassurance and yields more trustworthy uncertainty estimates for downstream clinical decision support.

ACL 2026

 CURA: Clinical Uncertainty Risk Alignment for Language Model–Based Risk Prediction

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)*<br><br>

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EACL 2026

Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

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It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

The ability to accurately align LLMs with diverse population groups on subjective questions would have great value. In this work, we show that adding simple supervision can more consistently improve the alignment of LLM-generated distributions with diverse population groups, as measured across three datasets spanning public health, public opinion, and values and beliefs. Beyond evaluating average alignment, we also report how alignment varies across specific groups. Our broad findings provide insights into the distributional alignment of LLM generations with diverse populations. By conducting evaluation over many LLMs and prompting strategies, we provide a benchmark to stimulate future research.

Improving the Distributional Alignment of LLMs using Supervision

Large language models (LLMs) are often assumed to contain "safety regions'' - parameter subsets whose modification directly influences safety behaviors. We conduct a systematic evaluation of four safety region identification methods spanning different parameter granularities, from individual weights to entire Transformer layers, across four families of backbone LLMs with varying sizes. Using ten safety identification datasets, we find that the identified safety regions exhibit only low to moderate overlap, as measured by IoU. The overlap drops significantly when the safety regions are further refined using utility datasets (i.e. non-harmful queries). These results suggest that current techniques fail to reliably identify a stable, dataset-agnostic safety region.

Can LLM Safety Be Ensured by Constraining Parameter Regions?

Decoder-only large language models achieve strong broad performance but are brittle to minor grammatical perturbations, undermining reliability for downstream reasoning. However, directly injecting explicit syntactic structure into an existing checkpoint can interfere with its pretrained competence. We introduce a checkpoint-compatible gated tree cross-attention (GTCA) branch that reads precomputed constituency chunk memory while leaving backbone architecture unchanged. Our design uses a token update mask and staged training to control the scope and timing of structural updates. Across benchmarks and transformer backbones, GTCA strengthens syntactic robustness beyond continued-training baselines without compromising Multiple-Choice QA performance or commonsense reasoning, providing a practical checkpoint-compatible route to more syntax-robust decoder-only LLMs.

Gated Tree Cross-Attention for Checkpoint-Compatible Syntax Injection in Decoder-Only LLMs

Video temporal understanding is crucial for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to reason over events in videos. Despite recent advances in general video understanding, current MLLMs still struggle with fine-grained temporal reasoning. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been explored to address this issue recently, existing RL approaches remain limited in performance on time-sensitive tasks. In this work, we propose **MUSEG**, a novel RL-based method that enhances temporal understanding by introducing timestamp-aware multi-segment grounding. MUSEG enables MLLMs to align queries with multiple relevant video segments, promoting more comprehensive temporal reasoning. To facilitate effective learning, we design a customized RL training recipe with phased rewards that progressively guides the model toward temporally grounded reasoning. Extensive experiments on temporal grounding and time-sensitive video question answering (QA) tasks demonstrate that MUSEG significantly outperforms existing methods and generalizes well across diverse temporal understanding scenarios.

MUSEG: Reinforcing Video Temporal Understanding via Timestamp-Aware Multi-Segment Grounding

Recent advances in reasoning-oriented Large Language Models (LLMs) have been driven by the introduction of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) traces, where models generate intermediate reasoning traces before producing an answer. These traces, as in DeepSeek R1, are not only used to guide model inference but also serve as supervision signals for Knowledge Distillation (KD) to improve smaller models. A prevailing but under-examined implicit assumption is that these CoT traces when emitted at inference time are both semantically correct and interpretable for the end-users. While there are reasons to believe that these intermediate tokens help improve solution accuracy, in this work, we question their validity (semantic correctness) and interpretability to the end user. To isolate the effect of trace semantics, we design experiments in the Question Answering (QA) domain using a rule-based problem decomposition method. This enables us to create Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets for LLMs where - each QA problem is paired with either verifiably correct or incorrect CoT traces, while always providing the correct final solution. Trace correctness at inference time is then evaluated by checking the accuracy of every sub-step in decomposed reasoning chains. To assess end-user interpretability, we finetune LLMs with three additional types of CoT traces: R1 traces, R1 trace summaries, and post-hoc explanations of R1 traces. We further conduct a human-subject study with 100 participants asking them to rate the interpretability of each trace type on a standardized Likert scale. Our experiments reveal two key findings - (1) CoT trace correctness is not reliably correlated with the model’s generation of correct final answers: correct traces led to correct solutions only for 28\% test-set problems while incorrect traces don't necessarily degrade solution accuracy. (2) In end-user interpretability studies, fine-tuning on verbose R1 traces produced the best model performance but these traces were rated as least interpretable by users, scoring on average 3.39 for interpretability and 4.59 for cognitive load metrics on a 5-point Likert scale. In contrast, the decomposed traces that are judged significantly more interpretable don't lead to comparable solution accuracy. Together, these findings challenge the assumption in question suggesting that researchers and practitioners should decouple model supervision objectives from end-user-facing trace design.

 Interpretable Traces, Unexpected Outcomes: Investigating the Disconnect in Trace-Based Knowledge Distillation

Specifications are vital for ensuring program correctness, yet writing them manually remains challenging and time-intensive. Recent large language model (LLM)-based methods have shown successes in generating specifications such as postconditions, but existing single-pass prompting often yields inaccurate results. In this paper, we present SpecMind, a novel framework for postcondition generation that treats LLMs as interactive and exploratory reasoners rather than one-shot generators. SpecMind employs feedback-driven multi-turn prompting approaches, enabling the model to iteratively refine candidate postconditions by incorporating implicit and explicit correctness feedback, while autonomously deciding when to stop. This process fosters deeper code comprehension and improves alignment with true program behavior via exploratory attempts. Our empirical evaluation shows that SpecMind significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in both accuracy and completeness of generated postconditions.

SpecMind: Cognitively Inspired, Interactive Multi-Turn Framework for Postcondition Inference

Autoregressive LLMs perform well on relational tasks that require linking entities via relational words (e.g., father/son, friend), but it is unclear whether they learn the logical semantics of such relations (e.g., symmetry and inversion logic) and, if so, whether reversal-type failures arise from missing relational semantics or left-to-right order bias. We propose a controlled Knowledge Graph-based synthetic framework that generates text from symmetric/inverse triples, train GPT-style autoregressive models from scratch, and evaluate memorization, logical inference, and in-context generalization to unseen entities to address these questions. We find a sharp phase transition in which relational semantics emerge with sufficient logic-bearing supervision, even in shallow (2–3 layer) models, and that successful generalization aligns with stable intermediate-layer signals. Finally, order-matched forward/reverse tests and a diffusion baseline indicate that reversal failures are primarily driven by autoregressive order bias rather than deficient inversion semantics.

Memorization, Emergence, and Explaining Reversal Failures: A Controlled Study of Relational Semantics in LLMs

Recent research has devoted considerable effort to verifying the intermediate reasoning steps of chain-of-thought (CoT) trajectories using process reward models (PRMs) and other verifier models. However, training a PRM typically requires human annotators to assign reward scores to each reasoning step, which is both costly and time-consuming. Existing automated approaches, such as Monte Carlo (MC) estimation, also demand substantial computational resources due to repeated LLM rollouts. To overcome these limitations, we propose **contrastive pointwise mutual information (CPMI)**, a novel automatic reward labeling method that leverages the model’s internal probability to infer step-level supervision while significantly reducing the computational burden of annotating dataset. CPMI quantifies how much a reasoning step increases the **mutual information** between the step and the correct target answer relative to hard-negative alternatives. This **contrastive** signal serves as a proxy for the step’s contribution to the final solution and yields a reliable reward. The experimental results show that CPMI-based labeling reduces dataset construction time by **84\%** and token generation by **98\%** compared to MC estimation, while achieving higher accuracy on process-level evaluations and mathematical reasoning benchmarks.

Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a dominant post-training approach to elicit agentic RAG behaviors such as search and planning from language models. Despite its success with larger models, applying RL to compact models (e.g., 0.5-1B parameters) presents unique challenges. The compact models exhibit poor initial performance, resulting in sparse rewards and unstable training. To overcome these difficulties, we propose Distillation-Guided Policy Optimization (DGPO), which employs cold-start initialization from teacher demonstrations and continuous teacher guidance during policy optimization. To understand how compact models preserve agentic behavior, we introduce Agentic RAG Capabilities (ARC), a fine-grained metric analyzing reasoning, search coordination, and response synthesis. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that DGPO enables compact models to achieve sophisticated agentic search behaviors, even outperforming the larger teacher model in some cases. DGPO makes agentic RAG feasible in computing resource-constrained environments.

Can Compact Language Models Search Like Agents? Distillation-Guided Policy Optimization for Preserving Agentic RAG Capabilities

Recent advancements in text-guided audio generation have yielded promising results in diverse domains, including sound effects, speech, and music. However, jointly generating speech with environmental audio remains challenging due to the inherent disparities in their acoustic patterns and temporal dynamics. We propose ImmersiveTTS, an environment-aware text-to-speech (TTS) model that generates natural speech seamlessly integrated within environmental contexts by explicitly modeling cross-modal interactions. Our model builds on a multimodal diffusion transformer and fuses transcript-aligned speech latent with text-conditioned environmental context via joint attention. To enhance semantic consistency, we introduce a domain-specific representation alignment objective tailored to environment-aware TTS, leveraging complementary self-supervised representations from speech and audio encoders. Experimental results show that ImmersiveTTS achieves higher naturalness, intelligibility, and audio fidelity than existing approaches across objective metrics and human listening tests.

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Improving the Distributional Alignment of LLMs using Supervision

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