United States

Instruction Tuning has emerged as a pivotal post-training paradigm that enables pre-trained language models to better follow user instructions. Despite its significance, little attention has been given to optimizing the loss function used. A fundamental, yet often overlooked, question is whether the conventional auto-regressive objective – where loss is computed only on response tokens, excluding prompt tokens – is truly optimal for instruction tuning. In this work, we systematically investigate the impact of differentially weighting prompt and response tokens in instruction tuning loss, and propose Weighted Instruction Tuning (WIT) as a better alternative to conventional instruction tuning. Through extensive experiments on five language models of different families and scale, three finetuning datasets of different sizes, and five diverse evaluation benchmarks, we show that the standard instruction tuning loss often yields suboptimal performance and limited robustness to input prompt variations. We find that a low-to-moderate weight for prompt tokens coupled with a moderate-to-high weight for response tokens yields the best-performing models across settings and also serve as better starting points for the subsequent preference alignment training. These findings highlight the need to reconsider instruction-tuning loss and offer actionable insights for developing more robust and generalizable models. Our code is open-sourced at https://github.com/kowndinya-renduchintala/WIT.

ACL 2026

On the Effect of Instruction Tuning Loss on Generalization

The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was an in-person meeting held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands at the Postillion Hotel & Conference Centre.

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**Thursday, July 25**<br>
0900: [Keynote Speaker Morgan Barense on Enhancing real-world event memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/17997/lecture/99084-dynamics-between-minds-and-the-environment)<br>
1000: [Gleitman Award Winner Isabelle Dautriche on Language Foundations: Insights from acquisition, communication, cognition, and more](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18000/lecture/99085-gleitman-talk)<br>
1415: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds and the environment](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18016&searchGroup=lecture)<br>
1700: [Rumelhart Prize Presentation Speaker Alison Gopnik on Exploit, explore, empower: Three ages and three intelligences](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18028/lecture/99161-rp1-rumelhart-prize-presentation)<br>

**Friday, July 26**<br>
0900: [C.L. de Carvalho-Heineken Prize Keynote Speaker Kia Nobre on Focusing in memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18035/lecture/99162-hp1-c-l-de-carvalho-heineken-prize-keynote-address)<br>
1030: [Rumelhart Symposium: Childhood as exploration](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18038/lecture/100346-childhood-as-exploration)<br>
1415: [Elman Prize Symposium](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18053&searchGroup=lecture)<br>
1600: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18065&searchGroup=lecture)<br>
1745: [Keynote Speaker Andrea E. Martin on Neural dynamics encode the structure and statistics of language](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18077/lecture/99271-neural-dynamics-encode-the-structure-and-statistics-of-language)<br>

**Saturday, July 27**<br>
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1000: [Glushko Talks](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18086&searchGroup=lecture)<br>
1500: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics within minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18100&searchGroup=lecture)<br>


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#### **Letter from the President**

Welcome to the 2024 Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society in Rotterdam! CogSci 2024 brings together a large community of cognitive scientists who have traveled here from around the world, as well as a smaller group of remote presenters. I would like to extend an especially warm welcome to our first-time CogSci meeting attendees, and hope that 
their experience inspires them to join our future meetings for many years to come.

I want to thank this year’s conference co-chairs, Larissa K Samuelson, Stefan Frank, Mariya Toneva, Allyson Mackey, and Eliot Hazeltine, for putting together an amazing series of invited talks and symposia around the theme of Dynamics of Cognition. The co-chairs also deserve credit for handling a record-breaking number of submissions and producing a truly exciting conference program 

Beyond the invited talks and symposia dedicated to this year’s conference theme, I would like to highlight the presentations and events honoring the 
Rumelhart, Elman, Gleitman and C .L . de Carvalho Heineken prize winners, including the Rumelhart reception on Thursday. As you may know, we are recording all of the invited talks and symposia, and all prize-winners’ talks, and will be making this content available after the conference. 

The Cognitive Science Society relies on the volunteer efforts of our Governing Board members who work on matters related to our membership; conference policies; diversity and inclusion, international, and outreach initiatives; prizes and much more. We welcome interest from Society members who would like to become more involved in what we do. The 
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This year’s Annual Meeting depends critically on the support of Marischal De Armond and his team at Podium Conference Specialists: Sharon Zwack, Cendrine De Vis, Sarah-Kate Burke, and Rachel Waller worked tirelessly to secure the venue and handled a multitude of logistical and organizational issues, from arranging coffee breaks and receptions to making sure that a huge number of posters fits comfortably into the available space. Finally, and importantly, I would like to acknowledge the Cognitive Science Society Executive Officer, Erica Wojcik, for managing the complex and ever expanding sphere of our Society’s activities.

I hope you enjoy this year’s meeting and the many different opportunities to engage with the vibrant community of cognitive scientists gathered here. I also hope you get a chance to explore the great city of Rotterdam with its many attractions, museums, restaurants and scenic views. If you’d like to talk more about our Society, or simply want to say hello, please stop by!

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**Anna Papafragou**  
President, Cognitive Science 
Society 2023-2024

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

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It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

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Existing LLM-based role-playing methods often rely on superficial textual descriptions or simplistic metrics, inadequately modeling both intrinsic and extrinsic character dimensions. Additionally, they typically simulate character memory with implicit model knowledge or basic retrieval augment generation without explicit memory alignment, compromising memory consistency. The two issues weaken reliability of role-playing LLMs in several applications, such as trustworthy social simulation. To address these limitations, we propose PsyMem, a novel framework integrating fine-grained psychological attributes and explicit memory control for role-playing. PsyMem supplements textual descriptions with 26 psychological indicators to detailed model character. Additionally, PsyMem implements memory alignment training, explicitly trains the model to align character's response with  memory, thereby enabling dynamic memory-controlled responding during inference. By training Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct on our  specially designed dataset (including 5,414 characters and 38,962 dialogues extracted from novels), the resulting model, termed as PsyMem-Qwen, outperforms baseline models in role-playing, achieving the best performance in human-likeness and character  fidelity. 

PsyMem: Fine-grained psychological alignment and Explicit Memory Control for Advanced Role-Playing LLMs

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been applied to 3D vision-language (3D-VL) tasks, which require spatial reasoning to identify target objects relative to anchors. Scene graphs are commonly employed to represent such relations, but reasoning over complete graphs incurs high token costs and computational inefficiencies, motivating the need for pruning. Existing pruning methods primarily rely on spatial proximity and often remove task-relevant relations, thereby undermining reliable spatial reasoning. To address these limitations, we derive a key requirement for scene graph pruning: preserving spatial relations that are most pertinent to the specific 3D-VL task. Guided by this insight, we propose the Conceptual-Adjacent Scene Graph Pruner (CAPruner). CAPruner integrates fuzzy semantic relevance with spatial proximity to estimate the importance of relations, enabling the selection of critical relations in a task-specific context. Moreover, to avoid costly relation-level annotations, CAPruner is trained by supervising the aggregated scores of each node's incident edges. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CAPruner effectively preserves relations essential for spatial reasoning, leading to substantial performance improvements of LLMs on 3D-VL tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/fz-zsl/CAPruner.

CAPruner: Conceptual-Adjacent Scene Graph Pruner for Enhancing 3D Spatial Reasoning of Large Language Models

Large language models (LLM) have emerged as a promising avenue for time series forecasting, offering the potential to integrate multimodal data. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations—such as marginalized role in model architectures, reliance on coarse statistical text prompts, and lack of interpretability. In this work, we introduce Augur, a fully LLM driven time series forecasting framework that exploits LLM causal reasoning to discover and use directed causal associations among covariates. Augur uses a two stage teacher student architecture where a powerful teacher LLM infers a directed causal graph from time series using heuristic search together with pairwise causality testing. A lightweight student agent then refines the graph and fine tune on high confidence causal associations that are encoded as rich textual prompts to perform forecasting. This design improves predictive accuracy while yielding transparent, traceable reasoning about variable interactions. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets with 25 baselines demonstrate that Augur achieves competitive performance and robust zero-shot generalization.

Augur: Modeling Covariate Causal Associations in Time Series via Large Language Models

Large Language Model (LLM)-based optimization has recently shown promise for autonomous problem solving, yet most approaches still cast LLMs as passive constraint checkers rather than proactive strategy designers, limiting their effectiveness on complex Constraint Optimization Problems (COPs). To address this, we present AutoCO, an end-to-end Automated Constraint Optimization method that tightly couples operations-research principles of constraint relaxation with LLM reasoning. A core innovation is a unified triple-representation that binds relaxation strategies, algorithmic principles, and executable codes. This design enables the LLM to synthesize, justify, and instantiate relaxation strategies that are both principled and executable. To navigate fragmented solution spaces, AutoCO employs a bidirectional global–local coevolution mechanism, synergistically coupling Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) for global relaxation-trajectory exploration with Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) for local solution intensification. This continuous exchange of priors and feedback explicitly balances diversification and intensification, thus preventing premature convergence. Extensive experiments on three challenging COP benchmarks validate AutoCO's consistent effectiveness and superior performance, especially in hard regimes where current methods degrade. Results highlight AutoCO as a principled and effective path toward proactive, verifiable LLM-driven optimization.

Learn to Relax with Large Language Models: Solving Constraint Optimization Problems via Bidirectional Coevolution

Representation Fine-tuning (ReFT), a recently proposed parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PeFT) method, significantly improves parameter efficiency by modifying the representation space alone. However, directly applying ReFT, which alters a fixed number of representations at the beginning and end positions of each layer, results in suboptimal performance for two reasons. (i) The impact of these fixed-position representations on the output is uncertain; (ii) As the sequence length increases, fine-tuning a fixed number of representations may have diminishing effects on the final results. Based on our observations that punctuation plays a crucial role in integrating representations from preceding layers and modulating those of subsequent layers, we introduce Punctuation-steered Representation Fine-tuning (PuReFT), a straightforward yet powerful approach that additionally fine-tunes punctuation representations to achieve performance improvements. Extensive evaluations on common-sense, arithmetic, and code datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of PuReFT. Furthermore, our analysis of its training speed and memory overhead confirms its greater ease of use and efficiency.

Punctuation-Steered Representation Fine-Tuning

Effective poster design requires rapidly capturing attention and clearly conveying messages. Inspired by the ``contrast effects'' principle, we propose ReContraster, the first training-free model to leverage regional contrast to make posters stand out. By emulating the cognitive behaviors of a poster designer, ReContraster introduces the compositional multi-agent system to identify elements, organize layout, and evaluate generated poster candidates. To further ensure harmonious transitions across region boundaries, ReContraster integrates the hybrid denoising strategy during the diffusion process. We additionally contribute a new benchmark dataset for comprehensive evaluation. Seven quantitative metrics and four user studies confirm its superiority over relevant state-of-the-art methods, producing visually striking and aesthetically appealing posters.

ReContraster: Making Your Posters Stand Out with Regional Contrast

Researchers have explored ways to improve large language models (LLMs)' capabilities via dummy token insertion in contexts. However, existing works focus solely on the dummy tokens themselves, but failed to leverage the inherent sentence-level structure of natural language. This is a critical oversight, as LLMs acquire linguistic capabilities through exposure to human-generated texts, which are inherently structured at the sentence level. Motivated by the gap, we proposed a method that inserts delimiters at sentence boundaries. Our method not only integrates dummy tokens into contexts, but also enables LLMs with sentence-by-sentence processing behavior during reasoning. Two approaches are proposed: (1). In-context learning and (2). Supervised fine-tuning are experimented from 7B LLMs to 600B Deepseek-V3. Experimental results demonstrate consistent improvements in various tasks, with notable gains of up to 7.7% on GSM8k and 12.5% on DROP. Furthermore, LLMs fine-tuned via our strategy further incorporate sentence awareness into their inner representations. Our work establishes a simple yet effective technique for enhancing LLM's capabilities, offering promising directions for cognitive-inspired LLM enhancement paradigm.

Think in Sentences: Explicit Sentence Boundaries Enhance Language Model's Capabilities

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) has emerged as a critical technique for customizing Large Language Models (LLMs) to meet diverse downstream applications. However, recent studies have revealed that IFT can compromise the built-in security mechanisms of LLMs, thereby posing significant security risks. Although defense methods targeting various training stages have been proposed, they either face challenges in practical deployment or exhibit instability and limited performance gains. In our study, we propose a novel SWAT method that introduces a key idea: shifting more of the learning burden onto security-robust parameters. To this end, our study investigates how module-level parameters affect LLMs' internal security feature space, aiming to uncover robustness patterns in parameters. Guided by this analysis, we identify a robust module set (Mods_Rob) that exhibits minimal effects on LLMs' security feature space. Leveraging this insight, SWAT proceeds in two phases: (1) a warm-up phase that preferentially trains Mods_Rob to learn low-level features with minimal security risk, followed by (2) standard tuning to achieve optimal task performance. Across diverse knowledge-intensive datasets, scenarios, and LLMs, SWAT substantially reduces security risks without sacrificing task performance gains.

Toward Secure Tuning: Mitigating Security Risks from Instruction Fine-Tuning

Multi-hop claim verification is inherently challenging, requiring multi-step reasoning to construct verification chains while iteratively searching for information to uncover hidden bridging facts. This process is fundamentally interleaved, as effective reasoning relies on dynamically retrieved evidence, while effective search demands reasoning to refine queries based on partial information. To achieve this, we propose Hierarchical Agent Reasoning and Information Search (HARIS), explicitly modeling the coordinated process of reasoning-driven searching and search-informed reasoning. HARIS consists of a high-level reasoning agent that focuses on constructing the main verification chain, generating factual questions when more information is needed, and a low-level search agent that iteratively retrieves more information, refining its search based on intermediate findings. This design allows each agent to specialize in its respective task, enhancing verification accuracy and interpretability. HARIS is trained using reinforcement learning with outcome-based rewards. Experimental results on the EX-FEVER and HOVER benchmarks demonstrate that HARIS achieves strong performance, greatly advancing multi-hop claim verification.

Coordinating Search-Informed Reasoning and Reasoning-Guided Search in Claim Verification

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) relies on reward models to align large language models with human preferences. However, RLHF often suffers from reward hacking, wherein policy learning exploits flaws in the trained reward model to maximize reward scores without genuinely aligning with human preferences. A significant example of such reward hacking is length bias, where reward models usually favor longer responses irrespective of actual response quality. Previous works on tackling length bias have notable limitations, these approaches either mitigate bias without characterizing the bias form, or simply assume a linear length-reward relation. To accurately model the intricate nature of length bias and facilitate more effective bias mitigation, we propose FiMi-RM (Bias Fitting to Mitigate Length Bias of Reward Model), a framework that autonomously learns and corrects underlying bias patterns. Our approach consists of three stages: First, we warm up by training a standard reward model which inherently contains length bias. Next, we deploy a lightweight fitting model to capture the non-linear relation between length and reward. Finally, we incorporate this learned relation into the reward model, effectively decoupling length from reward while preserving preference modeling capabilities. Experimental results demonstrate that FiMi-RM achieves a more balanced length-reward distribution. Furthermore, when applied to alignment algorithms such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and Best-of-N (BoN), our debiased reward model improves length-controlled win rate and reduces verbosity without compromising its performance.

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PsyMem: Fine-grained psychological alignment and Explicit Memory Control for Advanced Role-Playing LLMs

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