Morocco

We study how to better use digitized historical archives to answer sociological and historical questions that require more context than raw text mentions provide. Using Finnish World War II Karelian evacuee family interviews, we build on prior extraction of 350K mentions of leisure activities and organizational memberships (71K unique names) that are too diverse and unstructured to analyze directly. We introduce a categorization framework capturing key dimensions of participation: type of activity/organization, typical sociality, regularity, and the level of physical demand. After creating a gold-standard annotated set, we evaluate whether large language models can apply the schema at scale and find that an open-weight LLM, combined with simple multi-run voting, closely matches expert judgments. We then label all 350K entities to produce a structured resource for downstream analyses of social integration and related outcomes.

EACL 2026 Main Conference

Measuring Social Integration Through Participation: Categorizing Organizations and Leisure Activities in the Displaced Karelians Interview Archive using LLMs

workshop paper

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)*<br><br>

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

With the conflation of digital and non-digital spaces, and NLP technologies being integrated into an increasing number of aspects of daily life, linguistic diversity cannot be fully understood without considering how language is used online. While existing models of linguistic diversity typically have relied on speaker numbers or language production, the dimension of diversity in language consumption remains comparatively understudied. To facilitate such research, we introduce WikiLingDiv, an openly accessible dataset for quantifying linguistic diversity in online knowledge retrieval using Wikipedia page views. Our dataset is based on yearly page views of 340 language editions of Wikipedia, aggregated across 239 countries and territories over 10 years (2015-2024). Using the dataset, we illustrate spatial and temporal patterns of digital linguistic diversity, suggesting that diversity has both increased and decreased across countries and regions, while highlighting country-specific dynamics in language usage. We release the dataset as an openly available and easily integrable data resource for researchers in computational linguistics, digital humanities, and the broader social sciences, enabling further work on linguistic variation, digital inequality, and the interaction between language use and digital technology.

WikiLingDiv: a dataset for quantifying digital linguistic diversity using Wikipedia page views

Large language models (LLMs) are post-trained on human feedback collected from annotator communities, yet the linguistic influence of these annotator communities on language models remains poorly understood. We investigated the stylistic transfer from Nigerian annotators to the LLaMA family of models through a natural experiment with LLaMA 2 and LLaMA 3.1, as their release dates are separated by the shutdown of a major data annotation service provider in Nigeria. We generated corpora from both model families and measured linguistic style by computing the difference-in-difference of the Jensen-Shannon distance on the bigram distribution between model outputs and corpora of Nigerian English and US English. We found that, although both pre-trained model variants exhibit similar proximity to both English variants, the LLaMA 2 post-trained model moved toward Nigerian English, while the LLaMA 3.1 post-trained model moved away from Nigerian English. Qualitatively, we found that post-trained LLaMA 2 models used significantly fewer contractions, in line with Nigerian English speakers opting to use a formal register due to its role as an index of knowledgeability. Our findings suggest that annotator communities can imprint linguistic style on large language models, with potential implications such as a disproportionately higher false positive rate in AI plagiarism detection for users who share a linguistic style with annotator communities.

Stylistic Transfer from Annotator Communities to Large Language Models

Indirect speech is a fundamental yet understudied form of reported speech that plays a crucial role in literary texts and communication. While direct speech detection has received significant attention in computational linguistics, the automatic identification of indirect speech remains a challenge due to its nuanced linguistic structure and contextual dependencies. This paper focuses on the detection of indirect speech in late 19th-century Scandinavian literature, where its presence has been linked to shifting aesthetic ideals. We present an annotated dataset of 150 segments, each randomly selected from 150 different novels, designed to capture indirect speech in Danish and Norwegian literature. We evaluate four pre-trained language models for classifying indirect speech, with results showing that a Danish Foundation Model (DFM Large), trained on extensive Danish data, has the highest performance. Finally, we conduct a classifier-assisted quantitative corpus analysis and find that the prevalence of indirect speech exhibits fluctuations over time.

Speaking on Their Behalf: Detecting Indirect Speech in Historical Danish and Norwegian Texts

Large Language Models (LLMs), even though exhibiting multiple capabilities on many NLP tasks, struggle with phonologically-grounded phenomena like rhyme detection and generation. When one moves to lower-resource languages such as Modern Greek, this is even more evident. In this paper, we present a hybrid neural-symbolic system that combines LLMs with deterministic phonological algorithms to achieve accurate rhyme identification and generation. We implement a comprehensive taxonomy of Greek rhyme types and employ an agentic generation pipeline with phonological verification. We use multiple prompting strategies (zero-shot, few-shot, Chain-of-Thought, and RAG-augmented) across several LLMs including Claude 3.7 and 4.5, GPT-4o, Gemini 2.0 and open-weight models like Llama 3.1 8B and 70B and Mistral Large. Results reveal a significant reasoning gap: while native-like models (Claude 3.7) perform intuitively (40% accuracy in identification), reasoning-heavy models (Claude 4.5) achieve state-of-the-art performance (54%) only when prompted with Chain-of-Thought. Most critically, pure LLM generation fails significantly (under 4% valid poems), while our hybrid verification loop restores performance to 73.1%. Along with the system presented, we further release a corpus of 40,000+ rhymes, derived from the Anemoskala and Interwar Poetry corpora, to support future research.

LLMs Got Rhyme? Hybrid Phonological Filtering for Greek Poetry Rhyme Detection and Generation

This paper investigates how language models (LMs) reproduce the existing gender disparity found in German media discourse about artificial intelligence (AI). Building on a human-annotated corpus of quotations from German media discourse on AI, we first quantify the frequency with which male and female speakers are directly cited across domains and speaker roles. We then train LLäMmlein (Pfister et al., 2025), a state-of-the-art German-only language model, GBERT, and a logistic regression model using only the quoted text as input and without providing any gender cues to classify the quotation as originating from a male or female speaker. By comparing model predictions with corpus-based gold labels, we find that male voices dominate both the corpus and the model predictions. Balancing the data mitigates but does not fully eliminate this disparity, indicating that the strong male-default tendency of transformer models cannot be explained by corpus skew alone, but also by their priors from pretraining. The study contributes to the interpretability of language models' output for DH-related tasks, adaptation of NLP tools to domain-specific humanities corpora, and knowledge modelling in the humanities.

Invisible Speakers? Gender Disparity in German AI Discourse and Its Reflection in Language Models

Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is increasingly used to explore long, heterogeneous, and weakly structured corpora, including historical archives. However, in such settings, naive full-corpus indexing is often computationally costly and sensitive to OCR noise, document redundancy, and topical dispersion. In this paper, we investigate corpus pre-targeting strategies as an intermediate layer to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of graph-based RAG for historical research. We evaluate a set of pre-targeting heuristics tailored to single-hop and multi-hop of historical questions on HistoriQA-ThirdRepublic, a French question-answering dataset derived from parliamentary debates and contemporary newspapers. Our results show that appropriate pre-targeting strategies can improve retrieval recall by 3–5% while reducing token consumption by 32–37% compared to full-corpus indexing, without degrading coverage of relevant documents. Beyond performance gains, this work highlights the importance of corpus-level optimization for applying RAG to large-scale historical collections, and provides practical insights for adapting graph-based RAG pipelines to the specific constraints of digitized archives.

How to Efficiently Explore Noisy Historical Data? Leveraging Corpus Pre-Targeting to Enhance Graph-based RAG

Armenian epigraphy, one of the world's oldest and most diverse inscriptional traditions, remains largely absent from digital research infrastructures due to a lack of basic linguistic and conceptual resources. No machine-readable corpus, standardized terminology, or controlled vocabulary exists for describing Armenian inscription types, preventing indexing and interoperability. This paper addresses this gap by constructing the first dataset of Armenian inscription-type terminology and by developing a computational pipeline for analyzing it at scale. We digitize and preprocess a broad corpus of authoritative printed publications; curate a culturally grounded terminology list; and train transformer-based NER models to identify both attested inscription types and potential terminological variants across unseen texts. The resulting resources form the first empirical foundation for modelling Armenian epigraphic concepts needed for further developing a SKOS vocabulary aligned with, yet culturally distinct from, existing international epigraphic ontologies.

From Corpus to Concept Scheme: Developing a SKOS Vocabulary for Armenian Epigraphic Heritage

This paper presents the first application of an automatic token-classification approach for detecting reported speech spans in Classical Latin using transformer-based neural architectures. Focusing on Seneca the Elder's Declamatory Anthology, the study addresses the text's highly polyphonic nature, resulting from the use of reported speech. Instead of relying exclusively on sentence-level syntactic information, the proposed approach treats reported speech detection as a token-level sequence labeling problem. This enables the identification of reported speech spans extending across multiple sentences. We fine-tune three Latin neural language models —LatinBERT, LaBERTa, and PhilBERTa— for binary token-level classification and conduct experiments both with and without punctuation. The results show that RoBERTa-based models effectively identify reported speech, with LaBERTa achieving the best performance (F1 scores above 0.90).

Detecting reported speech as a token classification task: an application to Classical Latin?

We introduce CroCoSyn, a controlled, cross-lingual and cross-model corpus of 25,920 LLM-generated film synopses in English and French. Each synopsis is generated under systematically varied conditions, including model type, temperature, genre, protagonist gender, and narrative constraints, and enriched with structured metadata capturing characters and their relationships. Comparing Mistral and Llama across different model temperature degrees, CroCoSyn enables fine-grained analysis of narrative content, style, and character representation across models and languages. The corpus supports research on gender and cultural biases and story generation evaluation, and provides a foundation for comparative studies between LLM-generated and human-written narratives.

CroCoSyn: A Cross-Lingual and Cross-Model Corpus of LLM-Generated Film Synopses

Armenian epigraphy is extensively documented in printed scholarly corpora, yet lacks machine-readable editions that support interoperability or computational analysis. In this paper, we present Armenian AutoEpiDoc, a system that automatically converts expert-verified Armenian inscription records into EpiDoc-compliant TEI/XML files. Operating on curated and domain-validated data, AutoEpiDoc maps Armenian-specific metadata to EpiDoc structures through rule-based templates and schema-aware validation. The workflow significantly reduces manual encoding effort and provides a scalable path toward producing digital editions and integrating Armenian inscriptions into international epigraphic infrastructures.

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