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Physics has greatly impacted society, both in solving problems and perpetuating harm. Yet we rarely train physics students to grapple with their responsibilities to society by facilitating conversations about ethical issues. We developed and collected classroom video of a unit on the development of the atomic bomb. Here, we analyze students&#39; small group interactions to reveal factors that enable and limit their engagement. Enabling factors include: (a) curricular materials that elicit students&#39; opinions, (b) opportunities for students to push each other to engage with the content, and (c) instructor facilitation that further pushes and validates student reasoning. Limiting factors include: (a) students&#39; discomfort around inexperience with ethical reasoning in physics, (b) students&#39; anticipation of their lack of agency in the physics community, and (c) students&#39; projections of their lack of agency in a historical context due to their race and gender. We consider the implications of these factors for instruction.

PERC SM 20

&quot;I&#39;m not that important&quot;: Barriers and bolsters to student agency during conversations about the intersections of physics and ethics

manhattan project

agency

ethics

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Physics has greatly impacted society, both in solving problems and perpetuating harm. Yet we rarely train physics students to grapple with their responsibilities to society by facilitating conversations about ethical issues. We developed and collected classroom video of a unit on the development of the atomic bomb. Here, we analyze students' small group interactions to reveal factors that enable and limit their engagement. Enabling factors include: (a) curricular materials that elicit students' opinions, (b) opportunities for students to push each other to engage with the content, and (c) instructor facilitation that further pushes and validates student reasoning. Limiting factors include: (a) students' discomfort around inexperience with ethical reasoning in physics, (b) students' anticipation of their lack of agency in the physics community, and (c) students' projections of their lack of agency in a historical context due to their race and gender. We consider the implications of these factors for instruction.

"I'm not that important": Barriers and bolsters to student agency during conversations about the intersections of physics and ethics

poster

Join us in exploring emergent themes in PER as a scholarly endeavor and as a research community!  Since its inception, PER has served as a confluence of discipline, theory, research methodology, practice, and application.  How have these facets and the interplays among them been fruitful for physics education globally, regionally, locally, or otherwise?  And, how have our successes and interactions influenced the very nature of PER itself?
Following the lead of AAPT for the summer meeting, PERC 20/20 was virtual. Enjoy browsing the content.

Since its inception, PER has served as a confluence of discipline, theory, research methodology, practice, and application.  How have these facets and the interplays among them been fruitful for physics education globally, regionally, locally, or otherwise?  And, how have our successes and interactions influenced the very nature of PER itself?

The American Physical Society calls for improving the diversity of physics by supporting an inclusive culture that encourages women and people of color to become physicists. Evidence shows that a major barrier to pursuing a career in physics or any other STEM discipline is passing the introductory physics course. We investigated the intersectional nature of racism, sexism, and classism in inequities in student rates of earning a non-passing grade (d, f, or withdrawal; DFW) using a quantitative critical framework. The analyses examined DFW rates for students in LA and non-LA supported physics courses at a Hispanic Serving Institution. Results identified large differences across intersecting identities. Controlling for instructors, LAs were found to be associated with decreases in DFW rates across all demographic groups.

A critical examination of DFW rates in LA supported physics courses

In redesigning the Modern Physics Lab at Strive University, where its purpose was in developing writing skills. We also implemented the pedagogical method Letters Home which offers students the ability to practice communication in a form of letters to experts and non-experts. We used the AAPT guidelines to develop a coding scheme with 8 categories. And used a linguistic analysis software program called LIWC to assess the datas language variables authenticity, clout, tone, and analytics. This case study investigates 6 students completion of 6 writing assignments (letters and reports) to a real audience. Our results indicate 6 of the 8 coding categories appear in at least 50% of the data. Also, there are similarities in artifacts' analytics, and authenticity scores were double for artifacts to non-experts than experts. We concluded our coding scheme characterizes physics communication, and the similarities between letters and lab reports may be due to our curriculum redesign.

Comparative Analysis of Letters and Reports in an Upper-Division Lab

Students positions within the social network of a physics classroom have been shown to correlate with students sense of belonging, performance, and persistence in physics. Current research in PER aims to understand how different types of active learning classrooms promote the development of students social networks. In this work, we examine how these networks develop in introductory physics labs where there is typically ample space and freedom for students to interact with their peers and build a community of learners. We explore the effectiveness of using video to capture information about student networks in this setting using two distinct methods of video coding. We find that these methods are robust and offer complementary information about students' social networks. We also present preliminary data exploring how the topologies of these networks evolve over time.

Connecting the dots: Student social networks in introductory physics labs

We discuss an investigation of student difficulties with concepts related to the many-particle stationary state wavefunction for a system of non-interacting fermions or bosons in cases in which the many-particle stationary state wavefunction can be written as the product of the spatial and spin parts. The investigation was carried out in advanced quantum mechanics courses by administering free-response and multiple-choice questions and conducting individual interviews with students. We find that students share many common difficulties related to these concepts. Many students struggled to write a many-particle stationary state wavefunction consistent with the symmetrization requirements for the system, i.e., a completely antisymmetric wavefunction for a system of fermions or a completely symmetric wavefunction for a system of bosons. We discuss the common difficulties pertaining to these concepts that can be used as a guide to develop research-validated learning tools.

Investigating Student Understanding of the Many-Particle Wavefunction for a System of Identical Particles

Diagrams are ubiquitous in STEM. These diagrams vary from problem solving tools (like force diagrams) to ways to visualize information and concepts (like a cell diagram or ATP cycle) or understand an equation or data set (like graphs). I will describe the two theories - affordance and visual attention and I will present several cases from the literature and my own research showing how these theories are lenses for understanding student difficulties with diagrams. In addition, I will present data from a set of experiments my group has done that examines prior student knowledge and its effect on diagram use and visual attention within images of fluid flow through pipes. This data illustrates that, while current STEM diagrams have a lot of room for improvement as instructional tools, designing improvements for these diagrams will be complex.

Visual Attention and Affordance Lenses for: Understanding Student Diagram Use and Designing Improved Instruction of Fluid Dynamics in a Physics for Life Science Class

Instructional physics labs are critical junctions for many STEM majors to develop an understanding of experimentation in the sciences. Students can acquire useful experimental skills and grow their identities as scientists. However, many traditionally-instructed labs do not necessarily involve authentic physics experimentation features in their curricula. Recent research calls for a reformation in undergraduate labs that incorporate more student agency and choice in the learning processes. In our institution, we have adopted open-ended lab teaching in the introductory physics courses. By using reformed curricula that provide higher student agency, we analyzed approximately 100 students in the introductory-level lab courses to examine their views towards the open-ended physics labs. Between the start and the end of the semester, we found a statistically significant shift in students' perceptions about the autonomy given in lab activities. We also examined student views across gender and found no significant gender effect on students' agency views.

Sense of agency, gender, and students perception in open-ended physics labs

The Physics and Astronomy Department at a large, diverse, public university has recently implemented a pedagogy training course for graduate teaching assistants (GTAs). Using survey and interview testimonies from GTAs and other lab instructors over the course of three semesters, we identify potential areas of growth that can result from taking the pedagogy course. These areas include: developing a growth mindset and asset-based thinking, identifying the need for inclusive teaching practices, and implementing such practices. To help inform future pedagogy training courses, we have identified four personas that represent key archetypes of instructors that are likely to teach physics and astronomy labs. By cross-examining both sets of data, we have observed multiple areas that each persona is likely to develop as a result of training. We aim to use these results as evidence to further demonstrate the necessity for professional development for early career instructors.

Pedagogy training for the development of GTA mindsets and inclusive teaching practices

Covariational reasoning---reasoning about how changes in one quantity relate to changes in another quantity---has been examined extensively in mathematics education research. Little research has been done, however, on covariational reasoning in introductory physics contexts. We explore one aspect of covariational reasoning: ``goes like'' reasoning. ``Goes like'' reasoning refers to ways physicists relate two quantities through a simplified function. For example, physicists often say that ``the electric field goes like one over r squared.'' While this reasoning mode is used regularly by physicists and physics instructors, how students make sense of and use it remains unclear. We present evidence from reasoning inventory items which indicate that many students are sense making with tools from prior math instruction, that could be developed into expert ``goes like'' thinking with direct instruction. Recommendations for further work in characterizing student sense making as a foundation for future development of instruction are made.

Exploring student facility with "goes like" reasoning in introductory physics

Research shows a correlation between physics identity and retention of students. A physics identity is deeply related to perceived self-association with the field. Indicators of identity development are enthusiasm about, connection with members of, and recognition of personal contribution to the discipline. Traditionally, informal programs have been characterized as spaces where participants engage voluntarily and have a sense of agency and autonomy. Furthermore, there are varying practices, people and places involved. For these reasons it can be difficult to study informal spaces. Therefore an intricate framework is necessary that looks at identity as a social construct, highlighting the dependency on socio-cultural environments. We operationalize Wegners Community of Practice framework to study facilitators identity formation, adapting it to include the dynamics of identity development and facilitators positionality within the community. To demonstrate the use of the framework we present analysis of the identity development of facilitators of three informal physics programs.

A Community of Practice Approach to Identity Formation-

This study examines the relationship between students' online learning behavior and overall performance in an introductory physics course. We constructed four separate linear regression models, incorporating increasing levels of contextual information, and correlating students' pass-fail events in a sequence of online learning modules with their normalized total course score. We found that the best performing model is the one that includes contextual information on instructional condition, internal condition, and learning strategy. The model shows that while most students failed on a challenging learning module, those who continued to study were more likely to obtain higher total course scores, whereas those who resorted to guessing on the following modules tended to receive lower total scores. A possible interpretation of this observation is that both high and low performing students struggle with the same challenging content, but behavior after experiencing a setback is a characteristic difference between the two cohorts. Our results also demonstrate that considering more contextual information related to each online learning event can be an effective method to improve the quality of learning analytics, leading to more accurate and actionable recommendations for instructors. The results and implications of this study are immediately relevant amid the COVID-19 pandemic, as instructors now face the challenge of abruptly switching to online learning while motivating students to continue their learning effort. Results from our analyses have already been submitted as a journal paper and will be expanded as new data from the current semester become available.

A click is more than a click: exploring the relation between students’ online learning behavior and course performance by increasing contextual information in data analysis

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A critical examination of DFW rates in LA supported physics courses

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