Singapore

Frontier AI developers are relying on layers of safeguards to protect against catastrophic misuse of AI systems. Anthropic guards their latest Claude 4 Opus model using one such defense pipeline, and other frontier developers including Google DeepMind and OpenAI pledge to soon deploy similar defenses. However, the security of such pipelines is unclear, with limited prior work evaluating or attacking these pipelines. We address this gap by developing and red-teaming an open-source defense pipeline. 1 First, we find that a novel few-shot-prompted input and output classifier outperforms state-of-the-art open-weight safeguard model ShieldGemma across three attacks and two datasets, reducing the attack success rate (ASR) to 0% on the catastrophic misuse dataset ClearHarm. Second, we introduce a STaged AttaCK (STACK) procedure that achieves 71% ASR on ClearHarm in a black-box attack against the few-shot-prompted classifier pipeline. Finally, we also evaluate STACK in a transfer setting, achieving 33% ASR, providing initial evidence that it is feasible to design attacks with no access to the target pipeline. We conclude by suggesting specific mitigations that developers could use to thwart staged attacks.

AAAI 2026

STACK: Adversarial Attacks on LLM Safeguard Pipelines

nlp: safety and robustness

nlp: (large) language models

robustness & trustworthiness

peai: safety

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EMNLP 2021

EMNLP 2021 is planned to be a hybrid event in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with both on-site and fully virtual participation possible.

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Hyperedge prediction plays a critical role in high-order relational modeling with hypergraphs, yet most existing methods primarily focus on sampling strategies or local aggregation within candidate hyperedges. These approaches often overlook global structural dependencies that are essential for learning expressive node and hyperedge representations. In this paper, we propose **HyperNoRA**, a novel self-supervised hypergraph learning framework that integrates global node-level relation awareness with contrastive learning. Specifically, we construct a global node relation graph that captures both direct and indirect structural correlations, which guides a structure-aware aggregator to enhance node representations with informative global context. To prevent over-smoothing and maintain discriminability, a contrastive learning module is introduced to align representations across graph augmentations while separating semantically dissimilar nodes. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate that **HyperNoRA** consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, and ablation studies verify the effectiveness of its key components.

HyperNoRA: Hyperedge Prediction via Node-Level Relation-Aware Self-Supervised Hypergraph Learning

Due to the continuous increase of multimedia data on the internet, online hashing has garnered considerable attention for handling multi-modal data streams. However, most existing online hashing approaches focus solely on data growth of samples, overlooking the dynamics of classes. In this paper, we simultaneously address the challenges of both sample-level and class-level growth, and propose a novel Online Hashing method with Expanding Label Space (OH-ELS) for cross-modal retrieval. In OH-ELS, multi-modal data arrives continuously, and incoming data may introduce new classes. To avoid catastrophic forgetting, we transfer the historical knowledge at both the sample and class levels. At the sample-level, a small subset of anchor codes from old data are replayed to preserve the similarities between new data and old data. At the class-level, a consistency regularizer is applied to new classifiers to leverage the priors of historical classes. To ensure both efficiency and accuracy, a discrete optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the binary-constrained optimization problem without relaxation. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of OH-ELS in class-incremental cross-modal retrieval compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

Online Cross-Modal Hashing with Expanding Label Space

Comprehensively and flexibly capturing the complex spatio-temporal dependencies of human motion is critical for multi-person motion prediction. Existing methods grapple with two primary limitations: i) Inflexible spatiotemporal representation due to reliance on positional encodings for capturing spatiotemporal information. ii) High computational costs stemming from the quadratic time complexity of conventional attention mechanisms. To overcome these limitations, we propose the Spatiotemporal-Untrammelled Mixture of Experts (ST-MoE), which flexibly explores complex spatio-temporal dependencies in human motion and significantly reduces computational cost. To adaptively mine complex spatio-temporal patterns from human motion, our model incorporates four distinct types of spatiotemporal experts, each specializing in capturing different spatial or temporal dependencies. To reduce the potential computational overhead while integrating multiple experts, we introduce bidirectional spatiotemporal Mamba as experts, each sharing bidirectional temporal and spatial Mamba in distinct combinations to achieve model efficiency and parameter economy. Extensive experiments on four multi-person benchmark datasets demonstrate that our approach not only outperforms state-of-art in accuracy but also reduces model parameter by 41.38\% and achieves a 3.6× speedup in training.

Spatiotemporal-Untrammelled Mixture of Experts for Multi-Person Motion Prediction

Inferring humans' private valuations for goods from their observed market behavior is essential for evaluating market efficiency and improving trading mechanism design. A core challenge lies in uncovering the human decision function that maps private valuations and observed market states to actions. In complex market settings where humans make sequential decisions in stochastic environments, neural networks offer the flexibility to model this decision function. However, training them without access to private valuations or environment dynamics remains challenging. We tackle this challenge and study how to infer heterogeneous human valuations from offline decision data in continuous double auctions. We propose learning the decision function via risk‑sensitive utility maximization. First, we train a generative model on offline bid and ask data to simulate individual trading behavior. Using this generative model, we instantiate simulated markets composed of randomly generated buyers and sellers. Second, we introduce an agent into these simulated markets and use reinforcement learning to learn a risk-sensitive utility-maximizing decision function for the agent. Third, we formulate a bilevel optimization to jointly recover private valuations and risk preference parameters. Our extensive experiments on a large‑scale continuous double auction dataset demonstrate that our framework significantly reduces errors in inferring real human valuations.

Inferring Heterogeneous Private Valuations from Offline Market Data via Entropic Risk-Sensitive Utility Maximization

Large language models have enabled sophisticated dialogue planning policy, but their reliance on LLM-generated simulation and feedback for policy optimization may introduce systematic preference bias. We present the first comprehensive analysis of preference bias in LLM-based dialogue planners, evaluating four state-of-the-art planning policies across three dialogue domains using multiple LLM families at varying scales. Our investigation reveals that all tested planners exhibit significant preference bias, systematically favoring narrow strategy sets rather than maintaining balanced distributions. User simulation emerges as the primary bias driver, while diverse persona simulation fails as an effective mitigation strategy. Most concerning, preference bias drives planners toward ethically problematic strategies that achieve short-term success while undermining real-world effectiveness and ethical standards. Our findings establish fundamental challenges for responsible deployment of LLM-based dialogue systems and provide crucial insights for developing more reliable and ethically-aligned planning approaches.

Simulated Rewards, Skewed Strategies: Tracing the Acquired Preference Bias in LLM-Based Dialogue Planners

With the wide adoption of online education platforms, adaptive learning systems have become increasingly important. Learning Path Recommendation (LPR) aims to dynamically adjust learning content to optimize learning efficiency based on individual student needs.
However, current LPR methods suffer from sparse reward for precise assessment and only focus on anonymous sessions that overlook more personalized and effective paths.
To address these challenges, we propose UNO, UNified Offline Training Paradigm for Learning Path Recommendation.
This approach introduces an offline training paradigm in RL-based LPR to provide dense process rewards by a personalized advantage based on a reward model, which can estimate the students' internal knowledge levels on the learning targets.
Additionally, we propose UniLPR model, a personalized recommendation system that unifies modeling the implicit relationships between students' long-term accumulation and evolving requirements for questions, and refines through Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO).
Finally, we design learning tasks that encompass historical reviewing, recent learning, and long-term exploratory learning to simulate the comprehensive and diverse learning needs of students. Our UNO achieves state-of-the-art performance across all tasks, demonstrating its effectiveness.

UNO! UNified Offline Training Paradigm for Learning Path Recommendation

With the exponential growth of video traffic, traditional video streaming systems are approaching their limits in communication capacity. To further reduce bitrate while maintaining quality, we propose Promptus, a disruptive semantic communication system that streaming prompts instead of videos, which represents real-world video frames with a series of "prompts" for delivery and employs Stable Diffusion to generate the same video at the receiver. To ensure that the generated video is pixel-aligned with the original video, a gradient descent-based prompt fitting framework is proposed. Further, a low-rank decomposition-based bitrate control algorithm is introduced to achieve adaptive bitrate. For inter-frame compression, an interpolation-aware fitting algorithm is proposed. Evaluations across various video genres demonstrate that, compared to H.265, Promptus can achieve more than a 4x bandwidth reduction while preserving the same perceptual quality. On the other hand, at extremely low bitrates, Promptus can enhance the perceptual quality by 0.139 and 0.118 (in LPIPS) compared to VAE and H.265, respectively, and decreases the ratio of severely distorted frames by 89.3% and 91.7%. Our work opens up a new paradigm for efficient video communication. Promptus is open-sourced at the supplementary material. Please refer to the code appendix.

Promptus: Can Prompt Streaming Replace Video Streaming

Multi-view clustering of remote sensing data presents significant challenges, as it integrates diverse data representations to improve Earth observation. Although existing anchor graph-based methods have yielded promising results, they generally exhibit two key limitations: (1) the time-consuming process of directly exploring pixel clustering structures, and (2) insufficient modeling of high-order correlations among different views. To address these issues, we propose an \textbf{E}fficient \textbf{T}ensorized multi-view anchor graph clustering method with \textbf{A}ffinity \textbf{P}ropagation (ETAP) for remote sensing data. Based on superpixel preprocessing, anchor graphs are learned from view-specific pixels and anchors, while compressed anchor graphs are simultaneously learned from the view-specific anchors. An adaptive weighting scheme is introduced to facilitate the learning of these anchor graphs. To capture high-order correlations, tensor Schatten $p$-norm regularization is applied to the compressed anchor graphs. A connectivity constraint is introduced to uncover the clustering structures of anchors. Finally, pixel clustering structures are then efficiently revealed from the pseudo-labeled anchors through affinity propagation without requiring additional clustering steps. To solve the proposed formulation, we develop an alternating optimization algorithm. Extensive experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed method over state-of-the-art methods.

Efficient Tensorized Multi-View Anchor Graph Clustering with Affinity Propagation for Remote Sensing Data

Answering complex medical questions requires not only adequate domain knowledge and patient information, but also multi-perspective and in-depth logical tree structure reasoning. Existing multi-intelligentsia approaches usually use fixed roles or simple hints for collaboration, which makes it difficult to detect and resolve fine-grained logical conflicts, leading to incomplete or imprecise conclusions. To this end, we propose MedLA: a logic-driven multi-intelligentsia framework based on a large language model. Each intelligence explicitly represents its reasoning process as a logical tree - a sequence of trinomial reasoning consisting of “major premise, minor premise → conclusion” - and guides the discussion through a multi-round graph. The logical tree is then compared, calibrated, and corrected through a multi-round graph-guided discussion. We also demonstrate that MedLA is better at solving difficult medical problems and has the potential to demonstrate higher performance with larger base models. On both the MedDDx Benchmarks and standard medical quiz benchmarks, MedLA leads substantially in accuracy and robustness compared to both the static role system and the single-intelligent body baseline, setting a new optimal score. The code of HDTree is available at anonymous link https://anonymous.4open.science/status/MedLA_review-1410.

MedLA: A Logic-Driven Multi-Agent Framework for Complex Medical Reasoning with Large Language Models

Many organizations are increasingly relying on unstructured documents such as PDFs and scanned forms to sup-port downstream large language model (LLM) services, including search, summarization, and recommendation. However, traditional OCR systems struggle with diverse layouts of documents, leading to frequent errors and high costs of labor. So, this study developed DATALUX - a robust document layout system that transforms unstructured documents into structured, machine-readable data suitable for automation. Built on a transformer-based detector, DATA-LUX incorporates several modules for layout refinement, text-visual fusion, and layer-wise optimization to improve coherence and generalization across diverse layouts. Around January 2025, we successfully deployed DATA-LUX into one of the largest academic content service firms (Nurimedia) in South Korea. This firm faced the challenge of extracting metadata and references from thousands of academic papers submitted in various formats. Also, the existing LLM-based tools provided unreliable results. So, they needed to process them manually, creating bottlenecks in both labor and time. However, DATALUX enabled the automatic structuring of over 100,000 research papers a year, improving extraction accuracy to over 97%, reducing costs by more than USD 185K annually, and accelerating processing speed by 8.7 times. These deployment results suggest that DATALUX enables scalable and efficient document automation in complex and high-volume environments successfully. We thus believe that our DATALUX has a significant impact on both academia and industry practices.

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HyperNoRA: Hyperedge Prediction via Node-Level Relation-Aware Self-Supervised Hypergraph Learning

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