Singapore

We present MCGS (Markov Chain Gaussian Splatting), a novel approach for high-fidelity dynamic scene reconstruction via combining Markov chain and 3D Gaussian splatting. Our method addresses the critical challenge of artifact-free temporal consistency in dynamic neural rendering. By integrating a Markov chain-based deformation network with multi-head temporal attention, MCGS effectively captures motion patterns and temporal dependencies, producing more accurate and stable 3D representations over time. The key innovations include: (1) a Markov Deform Network that models state transitions while preserving temporal coherence, (2) a temporal attention mechanism that adaptively weights historical states within a sliding window, and (3) strategic noise injection during training to enhance model robustness and generalization. Experiments on representative dynamic scene datasets demonstrate that MCGS outperforms previous methods in both visual quality and temporal coherence, while maintaining competitive rendering speed and efficiency. These results suggest the practical applicability of our approach to real-world dynamic scene understanding and synthesis.

AAAI 2026

MCGS: Markov Chain Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scenes Reconstruction

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.<br><br>

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Ultra-high-resolution (UHR) text-to-image synthesis faces significant hurdles, including immense computational costs and a scarcity of training data. To address these, we introduce RealUHR, an efficient and scalable framework for generating photorealistic 4K images. At its core, RealUHR employs a Patch-Cascade Flow Matching pipeline that ensures global coherence without costly patch fusion by initiating generation from a semantically meaningful structure. This enables highly efficient, few-step inference for independent patches. Our key contribution is Guidance-Consistent Adaptation (GCA), a novel two-stage strategy to resolve the fundamental objective mismatch in guidance-distilled models. GCA allows powerful backbones like FLUX to be effectively adapted for patch-aware UHR synthesis. The framework's detail-rendering capabilities are further enhanced by a non-uniform time schedule. Experiments show that RealUHR establishes superior performance in both quality and efficiency, and excels in zero-shot applications such as creative up-sampling and generative artifact suppression.

RealUHR: Harnessing Patch-Cascade Flows for Photorealistic Ultra-High-Resolution Synthesis

3D Gaussian Splatting has emerged as a transformative technique in novel view synthesis, primarily due to its high rendering speed and photorealistic fidelity. However, its memory footprint scales rapidly with scene complexity, often reaching several gigabytes. Existing methods address this issue by introducing compression strategies that exploit primitive-level redundancy through similarity detection and quantization. We aim to surpass the compression limits of such methods by incorporating symmetry-aware techniques, specifically targeting mirror symmetries to eliminate redundant primitives. We propose a novel compression framework, $\textbf{\textit{SymGS}}$, introducing learnable mirrors into the scene, thereby eliminating local and global reflective redundancies for compression. Our framework functions as a plug-and-play enhancement to state-of-the-art compression methods, (e.g. HAC) to achieve further compression. Compared to HAC, we achieve $1.66 \times$ compression across benchmark datasets (upto $3\times$ on large-scale scenes). On an average, SymGS enables $\bf{108\times}$ compression of a 3DGS scene, while preserving rendering quality.

SymGS: Leveraging Reflective Symmetries for 3DGS Compression

The Internet of Things generates massive data streams, with edge computing emerging as a key enabler for online IoT applications and 5G networks. Edge solutions facilitate real-time machine learning inference, but also require continuous adaptation to concept drifts. While extensions of the Very Fast Decision Tree (VFDT) remain state-of-the-art for tabular stream mining, their unregulated growth limit efficiency, particularly in ensemble settings where post-pruning at the individual tree level is seldom applied. This paper presents DFDT, a novel memory-constrained algorithm for online learning. DFDT employs activity-aware pre-pruning, dynamically adjusting splitting criteria based on leaf node activity: low-activity nodes are deactivated to conserve resources, moderately active nodes split under stricter conditions, and highly active nodes leverage a skipping mechanism for accelerated growth. Additionally, adaptive grace periods and tie thresholds allow DFDT to modulate splitting decisions based on observed data variability, enhancing the accuracy–memory–runtime trade-off while minimizing the need for hyperparameter tuning. An ablation study reveals three DFDT variants suited to different resource profiles. Fully compatible with existing ensemble frameworks, DFDT provides a drop-in alternative to standard VFDT-based learners.

DFDT: Dynamic Fast Decision Tree for IoT Data Stream Mining on Edge Devices

Weight Quantization (WQ) is a key technique for lightweight Deep Neural Network (DNN) computations. While existing algorithms often pursue memory compression and inference acceleration with accuracy comparable to full-precision models, the effect of WQ on DNN uncertainty remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we quantify the impact of WQ on DNN uncertainty through the novel Exact Moment Propagation (EMP) uncertainty estimator. It is observed that WQ significantly increases DNN uncertainty. Based on the EMP estimator, we propose the MOMent Alignment (MOMA) to reduce WQ-induced uncertainty and preserve the accuracy of weight-quantized DNNs. Empirical results across various DNN architectures and datasets validate the effectiveness of both EMP and MOMA methods.

On the Impact of Weight Quantization on Deep Neural Network Uncertainty

We propose HiCL, a novel hippocampal-inspired dual-memory continual learning architecture designed to mitigate catastrophic forgetting by using elements inspired by the hippocampal circuitry. Our system encodes inputs through a grid-cell-like layer, followed by sparse pattern separation using a dentate gyrus-inspired module with top-$k$ sparsity. Episodic memory traces are maintained in a CA3-like autoassociative memory. Task-specific processing is dynamically managed via a DG-gated mixture-of-experts mechanism, wherein inputs are routed to experts based on cosine similarity between their normalized sparse DG representations and learned task-specific DG prototypes computed through online exponential moving averages. This biologically grounded yet mathematically principled gating strategy enables differentiable, scalable task-routing without relying on a separate gating network, and enhances the model's adaptability and efficiency in learning multiple sequential tasks. Cortical outputs are consolidated using Elastic Weight Consolidation weighted by inter-task similarity. Crucially, we incorporate prioritized replay of stored patterns to reinforce essential past experiences. Evaluations on standard continual learning benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our architecture in reducing task interference, achieving near state-of-the-art results in continual learning tasks at lower computational costs.

HiCL: Hippocampal-Inspired Continual Learning

Training large language models (LLMs) with synthetic reasoning data has become a popular approach to enhancing their reasoning capabilities, while a key factor influencing the effectiveness of this paradigm is the quality of the generated multi-step reasoning data. To generate high-quality reasoning data, many recent methods generate synthetic reasoning paths and filter them based on final answer correctness, often overlooking flaws in intermediate reasoning steps. To enhance the verification of intermediate reasoning steps, prior work primarily resorts to code execution or symbolic reasoning engines. However, code-based validation is restricted to code or mathematical tasks, and reasoning engines require a well-structured and complete context. As a result, existing methods fail to function effectively in natural language reasoning tasks that involve ambiguous or incomplete contexts. In these tasks, synthetic data still lack reliable checks for verifying each reasoning step. To address this challenge, we introduce ORACLE, a structured data generation framework inspired by syllogistic reasoning. ORACLE integrates the generative strengths of LLMs with symbolic supervision: the LLM produces step-wise reasoning contexts, while a symbolic reasoning engine verifies the validity of each intermediate step. By employing a unified prompting template to elicit modular reasoning chains, ORACLE enables fine-grained, step-level validation, facilitating the construction of high-quality multi-step reasoning data. Across six logical, factual, and commonsense reasoning benchmarks, our ORACLE consistently outperforms strong baselines on multiple models.

ORACLE: Optimizing Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models via Constraint-Led Synthetic Data Elicitation

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across vision-language tasks. Recent advancements allow these models to process multiple images as inputs. However, the vulnerabilities of multi-image MLLMs remain unexplored. Existing adversarial attacks focus on single-image settings and often assume a white-box threat model which is impractical in many real-world scenarios. This paper introduces LAMP, a black-box method for learning UAPs targeting multi-image MLLMs. LAMP applies an attention-based constraint that which prevents the model from effectively aggregating information across images. LAMP also introduces a novel cross-image contagious constraint that forces perturbed tokens to influence clean tokens to spread adversarial effects without requiring all inputs to be modified. Additionally, an index-attention suppression loss creates a robust position invariant attack. Experimental results show that LAMP outperforms SOTA baselines and achieves the highest attack success rates across multiple vision-language tasks.

LAMP: Learning Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Multi-Image Tasks via Pre-trained Models

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across many tasks, yet face significant challenges when dealing with recursive reasoning problems—those requiring the resolution of nested hierarchical structures. While prior research has extensively studied length generalization (a model’s ability to handle longer sequences than seen during training), we investigate a distinct and underexplored limitation: depth generalization. Here, depth refers to the number of nested levels in a hierarchical problem, such as the layers of parentheses in a mathematical expression or the nesting of logical clauses in a Boolean formula.

Our work reveals that standard transformer architectures struggle with problems involving deeper recursion than encountered during training, even when they perform well on longer but non-nested sequences. This limitation stems from their inability to maintain stack-like behavior—the capacity to track and resolve multiple levels of nested dependencies. Through systematic analysis, we demonstrate how this architectural constraint leads to rapid performance decay as the depth of recursion increases.

To address this challenge, we develop a novel looped locate-and-replace pipeline that decomposes recursive problems into manageable subcomponents. The approach employs two specialized models: a locator that identifies solvable subexpressions and a replacer that evaluates these components while preserving the overall structure. We evaluate this method in three carefully designed domains—Boolean algebra, recursive arithmetic, and propositional logic—each with a controllable depth of recursion. Our results show that the proposed method effectively alleviates performance decay when tested on out-of-distribution recursion depth.

Exploring Depth Generalization in Large Language Models for Solving Recursive Logic Tasks

Video Anomaly Understanding (VAU) is a novel task focused on describing unusual occurrences in videos. Despite its growing interest, the evaluation of VAU remains an open challenge. Existing benchmarks rely on n-gram-based metrics (e.g., BLEU, ROUGE-L) or LLM-based evaluation. The first fails to capture the rich, free-form, and visually grounded nature of LVLM responses, while the latter focuses on assessing language quality over factual relevance, often leading to subjective judgments misaligned with human perception. In this work, we address this issue by proposing FineVAU, a new benchmark for VAU that shifts the focus towards rich, fine-grained and domain-specific understanding of anomalous videos. We formulate VAU as a three-fold problem, with the goal of comprehensively understanding key descriptive elements of anomalies in video: events (What), participating entities (Who) and location (Where). Our benchmark introduces a) FV-Score, a novel, human-aligned evaluation metric that assesses the presence of critical visual elements in LVLM answers, providing interpretable, fine-grained feedback; and b) FineW³, a novel, comprehensive dataset curated through a structured and fully automatic procedure that augments existing human annotations with high quality, fine-grained visual information. Human evaluation reveals that our proposed metric has a superior alignment with human perception of anomalies in comparison to current approaches. Detailed experiments on FineVAU unveil critical limitations in LVLM's ability to perceive anomalous events that require spatial and fine-grained temporal understanding, despite strong performance on coarse grain, static information, and events that typically comprise strong visual cues.

FineVAU: A Novel Human-Aligned Benchmark for Fine-Grained Video Anomaly Understanding

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) remain highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks despite widespread adoption. Existing defenses typically require retraining, rely on heuristics, or fail under adaptive and out-of-distribution (OOD) conditions. We introduce EigenShield, a principled, inference-time, architecture-agnostic defense that leverages Random Matrix Theory (RMT) to suppress adversarial noise in high-dimensional embeddings. EigenShield uses spiked covariance modeling and a Robustness-based Nonconformity Score (RbNS) with quantile thresholding to isolate and preserve causal eigenvectors, filtering out adversarial components without model access or adversarial training. We develop a theoretical framework establishing conditions for asymptotic noise suppression and demonstrate effectiveness in both unimodal and multimodal settings. Empirically, EigenShield consistently improves robustness across threat models, reducing attack success rates (ASR) by up to 48% over state-of-the-art defenses, including adversarial training, UNIGUARD, CIDER, and input transformations. On jailbreak attacks, EigenShield lowers LLM ASR by up to 92.9% relative to undefended models. Under multimodal adversarial attacks, it reduces VLM ASR by up to 76.5%. Against adaptive attacks on LLMs, it achieves ASR reductions of up to 77.7%. In OOD settings, EigenShield maintains strong performance, reducing ASR by up to 88.4% for LLMs and 80.4% for VLMs. Warning: This paper contains data, prompts, and model outputs that may be offensive.

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