Singapore

Data augmentation is an effective technique for regularizing deep networks, which helps to enhance the generalizability and robustness of the model. However, in the field of medical imaging, traditional data augmentation techniques such as cropping, rotation, and degradation may inadvertently alter the critical characteristics of pathological lesions. Conventional semantic augmentation methods, such as altering the color and contrast of the object background, may also affect the structural features of medical images in uncontrolled semantic directions. Such operational conditions compromise the model&#39;s diagnostic reliability in medical contexts. To address this issue, we propose a surprisingly efficient implicit augmentation-invariant learning strategy (AILS) via variational Bayesian inference on differentially constrained feature manifolds. Parameterizing probability measures over tangent space through deep networks enables precise estimation of semantic direction distributions. Subsequently, geodesic-aware semantic features are sampled from the reparameterized variational posterior using exponential mapping, achieving semantic-consistent augmentation. Simultaneously, to mine augmentation distribution invariance, we design the AiHLoss, which constrains the augmentation distribution to facilitate the network to learn augmentation invariance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that AILS exhibits high performance on public medical image datasets, outperforming existing augmentation methods.

AAAI 2026

Augmentation-invariant Learning Strategy via Data Augmentation for Improving Model Generalization

ml: deep learning algorithms

cv: medical and biological imaging

cv: applications

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

EMNLP 2025

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Data augmentation is an effective technique for regularizing deep networks, which helps to enhance the generalizability and robustness of the model. However, in the field of medical imaging, traditional data augmentation techniques such as cropping, rotation, and degradation may inadvertently alter the critical characteristics of pathological lesions. Conventional semantic augmentation methods, such as altering the color and contrast of the object background, may also affect the structural features of medical images in uncontrolled semantic directions. Such operational conditions compromise the model's diagnostic reliability in medical contexts. To address this issue, we propose a surprisingly efficient implicit augmentation-invariant learning strategy (AILS) via variational Bayesian inference on differentially constrained feature manifolds. Parameterizing probability measures over tangent space through deep networks enables precise estimation of semantic direction distributions. Subsequently, geodesic-aware semantic features are sampled from the reparameterized variational posterior using exponential mapping, achieving semantic-consistent augmentation. Simultaneously, to mine augmentation distribution invariance, we design the AiHLoss, which constrains the augmentation distribution to facilitate the network to learn augmentation invariance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that AILS exhibits high performance on public medical image datasets, outperforming existing augmentation methods.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Recent progress in artificial intelligence has encouraged numerous attempts to understand and decode human visual perception and cognition from brain signals. These prior works typically align neural activity independently with semantic and perceptual features extracted from images using pre-trained vision models. However, they fail to account for two key challenges: (1) the modality gap arising from the natural difference in the information level of representation between brain signals and images, and (2) the fact that semantic and perceptual features are highly entangled within neural activity. To address these issues, we utilize hyperbolic space, which is well-suited for considering differences in amount of information and has the geometric property that geodesics between two points naturally bend toward the origin, where the representational capacity is lower. Leveraging these properties, we propose a novel framework, Hyperbolic Feature Interpolation (HyFI), which interpolates between semantic and perceptual visual features along hyperbolic geodesics. This enables both the fusion and compression of perceptual and semantic information, effectively reflecting the limited expressiveness of brain signals and the entangled nature of these features. As a result, it facilitates better alignment between brain and visual features. We demonstrate that HyFI achieves state-of-the-art performance in zero-shot brain-to-image retrieval, improving Top-1 accuracy by up to +16.8% on THINGS-EEG and +9.1% on THINGS-MEG.

HyFI: Hyperbolic Feature Interpolation for Brain-Vision Alignment

We present a novel framework for automated interior design that combines large language models (LLMs) with grid-based integer programming to jointly optimize room layout and furniture placement. Given a textual prompt, the LLM-driven agent workflow extracts structured design constraints related to room configurations and furniture arrangements. These constraints are encoded into a unified grid-based representation inspired by ``Modulor". Our formulation accounts for key design requirements, including corridor connectivity, room accessibility, spatial exclusivity, and user-specified preferences. To improve computational efficiency, we adopt a coarse-to-fine optimization strategy that begins with a low-resolution grid to solve a simplified problem and guides the solution at the full resolution. Experimental results across diverse scenarios demonstrate that our joint optimization approach significantly outperforms existing two-stage design pipelines in solution quality, and achieves notable computational efficiency through the coarse-to-fine strategy.

Co-Layout: LLM-driven Co-optimization for Interior Layout

Hallucination remains a critical challenge in large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of reliable multimodal LLMs (MLLMs). Existing solutions often rely on human intervention or underutilize the agent’s ability to autonomously mitigate hallucination.
To address these limitations, we draw inspiration from how humans make reliable decisions in the real world. They begin with introspective reasoning to reduce uncertainty and form an initial judgment, then rely on external verification from diverse perspectives to reach a final decision. Motivated by this cognitive paradigm, we propose InEx, a training-free, multi-agent framework designed to autonomously mitigate hallucination. InEx introduces internal introspective reasoning, guided by entropy-based uncertainty estimation, to improve the reliability of the decision agent’s reasoning process. The agent first generates a response, which is then iteratively verified and refined through external cross-modal multi-agent collaboration with the editing agent and self-reflection agents, further enhancing reliability and mitigating hallucination. Extensive experiments show that InEx consistently outperforms existing methods, achieving 4%–27% gains on general and hallucination benchmarks, and demonstrating strong robustness. Our code will be released upon acceptance.

InEx: Hallucination Mitigation via Introspection and Cross-Modal Multi-Agent Collaboration

The scarcity of paired data severely limits the performance and generalization of learning-based underwater image enhancement (UIE) methods. This challenge is particularly prominent in scenes with complex degradations. Semi-supervised learning has emerged as a promising solution by enabling the utilization of large-scale unlabeled data. However, its effectiveness is limited by the use of static, model-agnostic metrics for pseudo-label reliability assessment. To address this, we propose SEA-PACE, a novel semi-supervised framework that integrates model-aware uncertainty modeling and self-paced consistency learning to fully exploit unlabeled data for UIE. Specifically, we design a Model-Aware Reliability Estimator (MARE) that quantifies the uncertainty of the teacher model's predictions through Gaussian Process Regression in latent feature space. The resulting uncertainty is then transformed into reliability weights via a rank-based mapping. Additionally, we apply the Self-Paced Consistency Learning (SPCL) strategy that employs a loss-aware schedule to dynamically prioritize high-confidence pseudo-labels, gradually incorporating more challenging samples during training. Extensive experiments on several public UIE benchmarks demonstrate that SEA-PACE consistently surpasses state-of-the-art methods in both visual quality and generalization capability. The code is publicly available at: \url{https://github.com/haigouboss/SEA-PACE}

SEA-PACE: Semi-Supervised Underwater Image Enhancement via Gaussian Process–Assisted Self-Paced Learning

Modeling continuous-time dynamics from sparse and irregularly-sampled time series remains a fundamental challenge. Neural controlled differential equations provide a principled framework for such tasks, yet their performance is highly sensitive to the choice of control path constructed from discrete observations. Existing methods commonly employ fixed interpolation schemes, which impose simplistic geometric assumptions that often misrepresent the underlying data manifold, particularly under high missingness. We propose FlowPath, a novel approach that learns the geometry of the control path via an invertible neural flow. Rather than merely connecting observations, FlowPath constructs a continuous and data-adaptive manifold, guided by invertibility constraints that enforce information-preserving and well-behaved transformations. This inductive bias distinguishes FlowPath from prior unconstrained learnable path models. Empirical evaluations on 18 benchmark datasets and a real-world case study demonstrate that FlowPath consistently achieves statistically significant improvements in classification accuracy over baselines using fixed interpolants or non-invertible architectures. These results highlight the importance of modeling not only the dynamics along the path but also the geometry of the path itself, offering a robust and generalizable solution for learning from irregular time series.

FlowPath: Learning Data-Driven Manifolds with Invertible Flows for Robust Irregularly-sampled Time Series Classification

Fill-ins are new nonzero elements in the summation of the upper and lower triangular factors generated during LU factorization. For large sparse matrices, they will increase the memory usage and computational time, and be reduced through proper row or column arrangement, namely matrix reordering. Finding a row or column permutation with the minimal fill-ins is NP-hard, and surrogate objectives are designed to derive fill-in reduction permutations or learn a reordering function. However, there is no theoretical guarantee between the golden criterion and these surrogate objectives. Here we propose to learn a reordering network by minimizing \(l_1\) norm of triangular factors of the reordered matrix to approximate the exact number of fill-ins. The reordering network utilizes a graph encoder to predict row or column node scores. For inference, it is easy and fast to derive the permutation from sorting algorithms for matrices. For gradient based optimization, there is a large gap between the predicted node scores and resultant triangular factors in the optimization objective. To bridge the gap, we first design two reparameterization techniques to obtain the permutation matrix from node scores. The matrix is reordered by multiplying the permutation matrix. Then we introduce the factorization process into the objective function to arrive at target triangular factors. The overall objective function is optimized with the alternating direction method of multipliers and proximal gradient descent. Experimental results on benchmark sparse matrix collection SuiteSparse show the fill-in and LU factorization time reduction of our proposed method is 0.2% and 17.8% compared with state-of-the-art baselines.

Factorization-in-Loop:Proximal Fill-in Minimization for Sparse Matrix Reordering

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved significant success in addressing node classification tasks. However, the effectiveness of traditional GNNs degrades on heterophilic graphs, where connected nodes often belong to different labels or properties. While recent work has introduced mechanisms to improve GNN performance under heterophily, certain key limitations still exist. Most existing models apply a fixed aggregation depth across all nodes, overlooking the fact that nodes may require different propagation depths based on their local homophily levels and neighborhood structures. Moreover, many methods are tailored to either homophilic or heterophilic settings, lacking the flexibility to generalize across both regimes. To address these challenges, we develop a theoretical framework that links local structural and label characteristics to information propagation dynamics at the node level. Our analysis shows that optimal aggregation depth varies across nodes and is critical for preserving class-discriminative information. Guided by this insight, we propose a novel adaptive-depth GNN architecture that dynamically selects node-specific aggregation depths using theoretically grounded metrics. Our method seamlessly adapts to both homophilic and heterophilic patterns within a unified model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach consistently enhances the performance of standard GNN backbones across diverse benchmarks. Our source code is available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/AD-GNN-84DE.

Beyond Fixed Depth: Adaptive Graph Neural Networks for Node Classification Under Varying Homophily

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved significant progress in semi-supervised data classification, with an assumption that a complete graph or accurate structure is available. In this paper, a novel GNN architecture, named discrete-structure-augmentation graph convolutional network (DSA-GCN) is proposed, to apply the GCNs in real-world scenarios where the graphs are noisy and incomplete or even not available. Compared with existing methods, DSA-GCN firstly uses a variational Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to jointly learn graph structure, including a discrete probability distribution on the edges of the graph and label dependency, and the parameters of GCN. Second, DSA-GCN applies novel reconstruction loss in learning discrete dependency structure on graph, together with consistency loss. Third, augmentation strategy is used to derive discrete graph structures with varying sparsity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DSA-GCN significantly outperforms existing methods under varying levels of edge sparsity.

Discrete Structure Augmentation for Graph Convolutional Networks

Medical Visual Question Answering (Med-VQA) aims to generate accurate answers for clinical questions grounded in medical images, which has attracted increasing research attention due to its potential to streamline diagnostics and reduce clinical burden.
Recent advances in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown great promise for Med-VQA, but still suffer from two inference-time issues: (1) attention shift, where the LVLM over-relies on textual priors; and (2) attention dispersion, where it fails to focus on critical diagnostic regions. To tackle these issues, we propose Contrastive Mutual Information Decoding (CMID), a training-free inference-time intervention grounded in information theory for Med-VQA. Concretely, CMID first identifies the Principal Focus Area (PFA) from decoder attention maps, then constructs focus-preserving and focus-excluding views to derive dual contrastive signals that simultaneously amplify salient visual cues and suppress background noise. Crucially, these corrective signals are adaptively scaled by a reliability-gated self-correction mechanism, based on the distributional shift induced by the PFA. Extensive experiments on three Med-VQA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of CMID. Further analyses showcase its robust generalizability across diverse medical architectures and tasks.

CMID: Towards Medical Visual Question Answering via Contrastive Mutual Information Decoding

Homeostatic mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining optimal functionality within the neural circuits of the brain. By regulating physiological and biochemical processes, these mechanisms ensure the stability of an organism’s internal environment, enabling it to better adapt to external changes. Among these mechanisms, the Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) theory has been extensively studied as a key principle for maintaining the balance of synaptic strengths in biological systems. Despite the extensive development of spiking neural networks (SNNs) as a model for bionic neural networks, no prior work in the machine learning community has integrated bio-inspired BCM theory into SNNs to provide homeostasis. In this study, we propose a Dynamic Weight Adaptation Mechanism (DWAM) for SNNs, inspired by the BCM theory. DWAM can be integrated into the host SNN, dynamically adjusting network weights in real time to regulate neuronal activity, providing homeostasis to the host SNN without any fine-tuning. We validated our method through dynamic obstacle avoidance and continuous control tasks under both normal and specifically designed degraded conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that DWAM not only enhances the performance of SNNs without existing homeostatic mechanisms under various degraded conditions but also further improves the performance of SNNs that already incorporate homeostatic mechanisms.

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HyFI: Hyperbolic Feature Interpolation for Brain-Vision Alignment

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Evaluating the Effectiveness and Scalability of LLM-Based Data Augmentation for Retrieval

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