Singapore

Foundation segmentation models, such as SAM and its video-oriented variant SAM2, have achieved remarkable success in natural image and video segmentation. However, their direct application to echocardiography video is challenged by structural uncertainty arising from severe speckle noise and blurry anatomical boundaries. To address this, we propose E³SAM2, a lightweight adaptation framework that introduces a novel entropy-based methodology to explicitly model and mitigate such uncertainty. Specifically, an entropy-guided attention mechanism is introduced to steer the model’s focus toward structurally reliable features, particularly in speckle-dominated regions. Additionally, an entropy regularization loss is introduced to further enhance target-background discrimination. To better resolve indistinct anatomical contours, an edge-aware supervision module is incorporated to inject explicit boundary priors for sharper delineation. These components are efficiently integrated through a global-local feature adapter. Experiments on CAMUS and EchoNet-Dynamic datasets demonstrate that E³SAM2 achieves state-of-the-art segmentation and clinical estimation performance, while maintaining high computational efficiency.

AAAI 2026

E³SAM2: Entropy-Aware and Edge-Guided Adaptation of SAM2 for Echocardiography Video Segmentation

cv: medical and biological imaging

cv: segmentation

computer vision (cv)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-23 is the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The theme of this conference is to create collaborative bridges within and beyond AI. Like previous AAAI conferences, AAAI-23 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and two new activities: a Bridge Program and a Lab Program. Many of these activities are tailored to the theme of bridges and all are selected according to the highest standards, with additional programs for students and young researchers. 
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AAAI 2023

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Accident anticipation is essential for proactive and safe autonomous driving, where even a brief advance warning can enable critical evasive actions. However, two key challenges hinder real-world deployment: (1) noisy or degraded sensory inputs from weather, motion blur, or hardware limitations, and (2) the need to issue timely yet reliable predictions that balance early alerts with false-alarm suppression. We propose a unified framework that integrates diffusion-based denoising with a time-aware actor-critic model to address these challenges. The diffusion module reconstructs noise-resilient image and object features through iterative refinement, preserving critical motion and interaction cues under sensor degradation. In parallel, the actor-critic architecture leverages long-horizon temporal reasoning and time-weighted rewards to determine the optimal moment to raise an alert, aligning early detection with reliability. Experiments on three benchmark datasets (DAD, CCD, A3D) demonstrate state-of-the-art accuracy and significant gains in mean time-to-accident, while maintaining robust performance under Gaussian and impulse noise. Qualitative analyses further show that our model produces earlier, more stable, and human-aligned predictions in both routine and highly complex traffic scenarios, highlighting its potential for real-world, safety-critical deployment.

Predict and Resist: Long-Term Accident Anticipation Under Sensor Noise

Performance collapse is an intractable issue of Differentiable Architecture Search (DAS), where severe performance degradation of DAS happens when it trains on different search spaces or datasets. We theoretically analyze the issue from the information bottleneck (IB) perspective, and disclose that a solution to overcome this problem is to seek the bifurcation point of IB tradeoff between compression and prediction of the supernet. To this end, we propose a simple yet highly effective method, namely, Batch Entropy-decay Regularization (BER), to guide the learning of DAS, which restricts compression in DAS by imposing a penalty on the architecture parameters. Comprehensive theoretical analyses demonstrate that BER is able to completely resolve DAS's performance collapse issue. Compared with a number of state-of-the-art DAS variants, BER shows its overwhelmingly better performance on 7 search spaces (i.e., NAS-Bench-201, DARTS, S1-S4, MobileNet-like) and 5 popular datasets (i.e., CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, ImageNet1k, PASCAL VOC 2007, and MS COCO 2017).

Understanding and Enhancing Differentiable Architecture Search from Information Bottleneck Perspective

Causal inference has emerged as a promising approach for identifying decisive semantic factors and eliminating spurious correlations in visual representation learning. However, most existing methods rely on latent, data-driven confounder modeling, normally attributing the source of bias to background information while neglecting object-level semantic confusions that commonly occur in complex scenes. This limits their effectiveness in disentangling causal factors from confounding semantics. To address this challenge, we propose an explicit modeling approach for both causal factors and confounders, termed Explicit Modeling Causal Model (EMCM). The proposed framework consists of three key components. The Features Stability Estimation module explicitly models the relationship between visual semantics and class labels by leveraging clustering patterns to perform class-aware separation of causal and confounding factors. It produces class-specific causal factors and confounding factors linked to ambiguous categories. Subsequently, the Discriminative Features Enhancing module integrates causal factors into fused patch features via front-door intervention for stable semantics. In parallel, the Explicit Confounder Modeling and Debiasing Module learns confounders under clear label guidance and derives debiased context features by TDE modeling. This framework leverages two complementary causal perspectives to construct a unified semantic representation that facilitates improved generalization. Extensive experiments on two datasets demonstrate that EMCM effectively disentangles causal and confounding factors in complex scenarios, consistently outperforming state-of-the-art causal debiasing methods and text-guided methods in all metrics.

Explicit Modeling of Causal Factors and Confounders for Image Classification

Social biases embedded in Large Language Models (LLMs) raise critical concerns, resulting in representational harms -- unfair or distorted portrayals of demographic groups -- that may be expressed in subtle ways through generated language. Existing evaluation methods often depend on predefined identity-concept associations, limiting their ability to surface new or unexpected forms of bias. In this work, we present the Bias Association Discovery Framework (BADF), a systematic approach for extracting both known and previously unrecognized associations between demographic identities and descriptive concepts from open-ended LLM outputs. Through comprehensive experiments spanning multiple models and diverse real-world contexts, BADF enables robust mapping and analysis of the varied concepts that characterize demographic identities. Our findings advance the understanding of biases in open-ended generation and provide a scalable tool for identifying and analyzing bias associations in LLMs. Data, code, and results are available in the code appendix.

Bias Association Discovery Framework for Open-Ended LLM Generations

Embedding-as-a-Service (EaaS) is an effective and convenient model deployment solution for addressing various NLP tasks.
Nevertheless, recent research has shown that EaaS is vulnerable to model extraction attacks, which could lead to significant economic losses for model providers.
To protect the copyright of EaaS, existing methods inject watermark embeddings into text embeddings and use them to detect copyright infringement.
However, current watermarking methods often resist only a subset of attack techniques and fail to provide comprehensive protection.
To this end, we present the region-triggered semantic watermarking framework called RegionMarker, which defines trigger regions within a low-dimensional space and injects watermarks into text embeddings associated with these regions.
By utilizing a secret dimensionality reduction matrix to project onto this subspace and randomly selecting trigger regions, RegionMarker makes it difficult for watermark removal attacks to evade detection.
Furthermore, by embedding watermarks across the entire trigger region and using the text embedding as the watermark, RegionMarker is resilient to both paraphrasing and dimension-perturbation attacks.
Extensive experiments on various datasets show that RegionMarker is effective in resisting different attack methods, thereby protecting the copyright of EaaS.

RegionMarker: A Region-Triggered Semantic Watermarking Framework for Embedding-as-a-Service Copyright Protection

Leveraging the diversity and quantity of data provided by various graph-structured data augmentations while preserving intrinsic semantic information is challenging. Additionally, successive layers in graph neural network (GNN) tend to produce more similar node embeddings, while graph contrastive learning aims to increase the dissimilarity between negative pairs of node embeddings. This inevitably results in a conflict between the message-passing mechanism (MPM) of GNNs and the contrastive learning (CL) of negative pairs via intraviews. In this paper, we propose a conditional distribution learning (CDL) method that learns graph representations from graph-structured data for semisupervised graph classification. Specifically, we present an end-to-end graph representation learning model to align the conditional distributions of weakly and strongly augmented features over the original features. This alignment enables the CDL model to effectively preserve intrinsic semantic information when both weak and strong augmentations are applied to graph-structured data. To avoid the conflict between the MPM and the CL of negative pairs, positive pairs of node representations are retained for measuring the similarity between the original features and the corresponding weakly augmented features. Extensive experiments with several benchmark graph datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CDL method.

Conditional Distribution Learning for Graph Classification

Session-based recommendation (SBR) aims to provide users with satisfactory suggestions via modeling preferences based on short-term, anonymous user-item interaction sequences. Traditional single interest learning methods struggle to align with the diverse nature of preferences. Recent advances resolved this bottleneck by learning multiple interest embeddings for each session. However, due to the pre-defining scheme of interest quantity (e.g. the number of interests), these approaches are deficient in adaptive ability towards distinctive preference patterns across different users. Moreover, these methods rely solely on the current session and ignore useful information from related ones. The short-term property of sessions would magnify the insufficient representation issue. To address these limitations, we propose a **N**eural **P**rocess-based **M**ulti-**i**nterest learning framework for **S**ession-based **R**ecommendation, namely **NP-MiSR**. To be specific, our method enables adaptive multi-interest representation learning through two complementary mechanisms: 1) **Neural Process-based Intra-session interest modeling**: We employ Neural Processes to model the distribution of interests within a session, where the fixed interest configurations are no longer needed. 2) **Cross-session context fusion**: We extract interest distributions of similar sessions as contextual priors to refine the current session’s interest representation. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art SBR approaches with an average improvement of 38.8\%. Moreover, the few-shot learning task reveals that NP-MiSR achieves a surprisingly favorable efficiency v.s. performance trade-off where utilizing only 10\% of the training data attains 95\% of the recommendation performance.

NP-MiSR: Neural Process-based Multi-Interest Learning for Session-Based Recommendation

The goal of multispectral and hyperspectral image fusion (MHIF) is to generate high-quality images that simultaneously possess rich spectral information and fine spatial details. However, due to the inherent trade-off between spectral and spatial information and the limited availability of observations, this task is fundamentally ill-posed. Previous studies have not effectively addressed the ill-posed nature caused by data misalignment. To tackle this challenge, we propose a fusion framework named PIF-Net, which explicitly incorporates ill-posed priors to effectively fuse multispectral images and hyperspectral images. To balance global spectral modeling with computational efficiency, we design a method based on an invertible Mamba architecture that maintains information consistency during feature transformation and reconstruction, ensuring stable gradient flow and process reversibility.
Furthermore, we introduce a novel fusion module called the Fusion-Aware Low-Rank Adaptation module, which dynamically calibrates spectral and spatial features while keeping the model lightweight. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that PIF-Net achieves significantly better image restoration performance than current state-of-the-art methods while maintaining model efficiency.

PIF-Net: Ill-Posed Prior Guided Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Fusion via Invertible Mamba and Fusion-Aware LoRA

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. 
However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing LLM fine-tuning frameworks rely on individual rewards, which require complex reward designs for each agent to encourage collaboration. To address these challenges, we model LLM collaboration as a cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problem. We develop a multi-agent, multi-turn algorithm, Multi-Agent Group Relative Policy Optimization (MAGRPO), to solve it, building on current RL approaches for LLMs as well as MARL techniques. Our experiments on LLM writing and coding collaboration demonstrate that fine-tuning MAS with MAGRPO enables agents to generate high-quality responses efficiently through effective cooperation. Our approach opens the door to using other MARL methods for LLMs and highlights the associated challenges.

LLM Collaboration with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods are crucial for adapting large pre-trained models. Among these, LoRA is considered a foundational approach. Building on this, the influential DoRA method enhances performance by decomposing weight updates into magnitude and direction. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear, and it introduces significant computational overhead. In this work, we first identify that DoRA's success stems from its capacity to increase the singular value entropy of the weight update matrix, which promotes a more uniform update distribution akin to full fine-tuning. We then reformulate DoRA into a mathematically equivalent and more efficient matrix form, revealing it as a learnable weight conditioning method. Based on this insight, we propose a unified framework for designing advanced PEFT methods by exploring two orthogonal dimensions: the architectural placement and the transformation type of the conditioning matrix. Within this framework, we introduce two novel methods: (1) \textbf{Pre-Diag}, which applies a diagonal conditioning matrix before the LoRA update to efficiently calibrate the pre-trained weights, thereby enhancing performance while reducing training time; and (2) \textbf{S}kewed \textbf{O}rthogonal \textbf{R}otation \textbf{A}daptation (\textbf{SORA}), which employs a parameter-efficient orthogonal rotation to perform a more powerful, norm-preserving transformation of the feature space. Extensive experiments on natural language understanding and generation tasks demonstrate that our proposed methods achieve superior performance and efficiency compared to both LoRA and DoRA.

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Predict and Resist: Long-Term Accident Anticipation Under Sensor Noise

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Super-efficient Echocardiography Video Segmentation via Proxy- and Kernel-Based Semi-supervised Learning

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Predict and Resist: Long-Term Accident Anticipation Under Sensor Noise

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Super-efficient Echocardiography Video Segmentation via Proxy- and Kernel-Based Semi-supervised Learning

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

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