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AAAI 2026

January 22, 2026

Singapore, Singapore

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Language model inversion (LMI), i.e., recovering hidden prompts from outputs, emerges as a concrete threat to user privacy and system security. We recast LMI as reusing the LLM's own latent space and propose the Invariant Latent Space Hypothesis (ILSH): (1) diverse outputs from the same source prompt should preserve consistent semantics (source invariance), and (2) input$\leftrightarrow$output cyclic mappings should be self-consistent within a shared latent space (cyclic invariance). Accordingly, we present $\text{Inv}^2\text{A}$, which treats the LLM as an invariant decoder and learns only a lightweight inverse encoder that maps outputs to a denoised pseudo-representation. When multiple outputs are available, they are sparsely concatenated at the representation layer to increase information density. Training proceeds in two stages: contrastive alignment (source invariance) and supervised reinforcement (cyclic invariance). An optional training-free neighborhood search can refine local performance. Across 9 datasets covering user and system prompt scenarios, $\text{Inv}^2\text{A}$ outperforms baselines by an average of 4.77\% BLEU score while reducing dependence on large inverse corpora. Our analysis further shows that prevalent defenses provide limited protection, underscoring the need for stronger strategies.

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Learning to Collaborate: An Orchestrated-Decentralized Framework for Peer-to-Peer LLM Federation

AAAI 2026

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Andikan Otung and 3 other authors

22 January 2026

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