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Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a lightweight drafter to propose multiple tokens, which are then verified in parallel by the base model. While effective in English, existing methods often struggle in multilingual scenarios due to static vocabularies and the lack of language-specific instruction data. To address these limitations, we present AdaSpec, a multilingual speculative decoding framework that dynamically adapts both the drafter and vocabulary at decoding time. AdaSpec generates language-specific instruction data using the LLM itself, enabling training of drafters for low-resource languages. It also constructs adaptive vocabularies tailored to each language&#39;s characteristics. In addition, we introduce Multi-SpecBench, a comprehensive multilingual benchmark covering seven languages and seven generation tasks, to evaluate multilingual speculative decoding performance. Extensive experiments show that AdaSpec achieves up to 2.3× speedup over the state-of-the-art method of EAGLE-2, even in English, demonstrating its effectiveness across diverse languages and tasks. The implementation of AdaSpec will be publicly available.

AAAI 2026

AdaSpec: Adaptive Multilingual Speculative Decoding with Self-Synthesized Language-Aware Training and Vocabulary Simplification

multilingual speculative decoding

efficient machine learning

large language models

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a lightweight drafter to propose multiple tokens, which are then verified in parallel by the base model. While effective in English, existing methods often struggle in multilingual scenarios due to static vocabularies and the lack of language-specific instruction data. To address these limitations, we present AdaSpec, a multilingual speculative decoding framework that dynamically adapts both the drafter and vocabulary at decoding time. AdaSpec generates language-specific instruction data using the LLM itself, enabling training of drafters for low-resource languages. It also constructs adaptive vocabularies tailored to each language's characteristics. In addition, we introduce Multi-SpecBench, a comprehensive multilingual benchmark covering seven languages and seven generation tasks, to evaluate multilingual speculative decoding performance. Extensive experiments show that AdaSpec achieves up to 2.3× speedup over the state-of-the-art method of EAGLE-2, even in English, demonstrating its effectiveness across diverse languages and tasks. The implementation of AdaSpec will be publicly available.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Teachers' emotional states are critical in educational scenarios, profoundly impacting teaching efficacy, student engagement, and learning achievements. However, existing studies often fail to accurately capture teachers' emotions due to the performative nature and overlook the critical impact of instructional information on emotional expression.In this paper, we systematically investigate teacher sentiment analysis by building both the dataset and the model accordingly. We construct the first large-scale teacher multimodal sentiment analysis dataset, T-MED.To ensure labeling accuracy and efficiency, we employ a human-machine collaborative labeling process.The T-MED dataset includes 14,938 instances of teacher emotional data from 250 real classrooms across 11 subjects ranging from K-12 to higher education, integrating multimodal text, audio, video, and instructional information.Furthermore, we propose a novel asymmetric attention-based multimodal teacher sentiment analysis model, AAM-TSA.AAM-TSA introduces an asymmetric attention mechanism and hierarchical gating unit to enable differentiated cross-modal feature fusion and precise emotional classification. Experimental results demonstrate that AAM-TSA significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and interpretability on the T-MED dataset.

Advancing Multimodal Teacher Sentiment Analysis: The Large-Scale T-MED Dataset & the Effective AAM-TSA Model

Significant efforts have been focused on enhancing the utilization of multiple node features and topological structures in multi-view graph learning through explicit model-based and implicit deep-based methodologies. The former excel in embedding prior knowledge in learning graphs, thereby offering the theory-level interpretability but limiting in the application-level flexibility because of manual parameter selection. In contrast, the latter leverage automatic differentiation mechanisms for learning graphs, providing greater application-level flexibility but suffering from reduced the theory-level interpretability due to their opaque nature. Motivated by these observations, we propose an interpretable deep unfolding network for mutual-benefit multi-view graph learning, aiming to combine the strengths of both approaches. First, we employ the ADMM optimizer to effectively solve the multi-view graph learning model with sparse and low-rank constraints, integrating this iterative solution of mathematical support into the construction of explicit-level deep unfolding networks, thereby enhancing the theory-level interpretability. Second, we convert certain conditions into implicit-level losses and leverage automatic differentiation capabilities to update parameters, thereby reducing the necessity for manual parameter tuning and enhancing the application-level flexibility. Through this collaboration, we optimize multi-view learning for a graph representation that balances interpretability and flexibility. Empirical evaluations across six diverse datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art approaches.

Graph Meets Deep Unfolding: An Interpretable Mutual-benefit Multi-view Learning Network

The abundance of fine-grained spatio-temporal data, such as traffic sensor networks, offers vast opportunities for scientific discovery. However, inferring causal relationships from such observational data remains challenging, particularly due to unobserved confounders that are specific to units (e.g., geographical locations) yet influence outcomes over time. Most existing methods for spatio-temporal causal inference assume that all confounders are observed, an assumption that is often violated in practice. In this paper, we introduce Spatio-Temporal Hierarchical Causal Models (ST-HCMs), a novel graphical framework that extends hierarchical causal modeling to the spatio-temporal domain. At the core of our approach is the Spatio-Temporal Collapse Theorem, which shows that a complex ST-HCM converges to a simpler flat causal model as the amount of subunit data increases. This theoretical result enables a general procedure for causal identification, allowing ST-HCMs to recover causal effects even in the presence of unobserved, time-invariant unit-level confounders, a scenario where standard non-hierarchical models fail. We validate the effectiveness of our framework on both synthetic and real-world datasets, demonstrating its potential for robust causal inference in complex dynamic systems.

Spatio-Temporal Hierarchical Causal Models

Graph OOD detection is crucial in open-world scenarios, where OOD samples may manifest in diverse forms such as open-set deviations, feature-similar shifts, and structural anomalies, each exhibiting distinct geometric characteristics. However, most existing methods adopt a one-size-fits-all geometric assumption (typically Euclidean space), which inadequately captures the diverse nature of real-world distribution shifts. Therefore, adaptively selecting geometric spaces according to the properties of OOD samples is critical for their effective representation and reliable identification. Motivated by this, we revisit the graph OOD detection task under diverse distribution shifts and propose UniGOD, a unified framework serving as a graph foundation model for this task. UniGOD comprises two core modules: GeoUP and DynEVO. GeoUP module adaptively perceives the geometric space (such as Euclidean, hyperbolic, and hyperspherical space) by learning the curvature $\kappa$ of Riemannian manifolds. DynEVO module leverages the dynamic nature of neural SDEs to reveal pronounced uncertainty differences between ID/OOD samples, which are reflected in the divergent evolutionary trajectories of node embeddings induced by $\kappa$-GNN iterations. With the geometry-dynamics coupling mechanism of the above two modules, UniGOD effectively captures the diverse distribution shifts. Extensive experiments demonstrate its superior performance over existing SOTA methods.

Breaking One-Size-Fits-All: Revisiting Out-of-Distribution Detection on Graphs Under Diverse Distribution Shifts

Refusal refers to the functional behavior enabling safety-aligned language models to reject harmful or unethical prompts. Following the growing scientific interest in mechanistic interpretability, recent work encoded refusal behavior as a single direction in the model’s latent space; e.g., computed as the difference between the centroids of harmful and harmless prompt representations. However, emerging evidence suggests that concepts in LLMs often appear to be encoded as a low-dimensional manifold embedded in the high-dimensional latent space. Motivated by these findings, we propose a novel method leveraging Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) to extract multiple refusal directions. To this end, we first prove that SOMs generalize the prior work's difference-in-means technique. We then train SOMs on harmful prompt representations to identify multiple neurons. By subtracting the centroid of harmless representations from each neuron, we derive a set of multiple directions expressing the refusal concept. We validate our method on an extensive experimental setup, demonstrating that ablating multiple directions from models' internals outperforms not only the single-direction baseline but also specialized jailbreak algorithms, leading to an effective suppression of refusal. Finally, we conclude by analyzing the mechanistic implications of our approach.

SOM Directions Are Better than One: Multi-Directional Refusal Suppression in Language Models

As backdoor attacks become more stealthy and robust, they reveal critical weaknesses in current defense strategies: detection methods often rely on coarse-grained feature statistics, and purification methods typically require full retraining or additional clean models. To address these challenges, we propose DUP (Detection-guided Unlearning for Purification), a unified framework that integrates backdoor detection with unlearning-based purification. The detector captures feature-level anomalies by jointly leveraging class-agnostic distances and inter-layer transitions. These deviations are integrated through a weighted scheme to identify poisoned inputs, enabling more fine-grained analysis. Based on the detection results, we purify the model through a parameter-efficient unlearning mechanism that avoids full retraining and does not require any external clean model. Specifically, we innovatively repurpose knowledge distillation to guide the student model toward increasing its output divergence from the teacher on detected poisoned samples, effectively forcing it to unlearn the backdoor behavior. Extensive experiments across diverse attack methods and language model architectures demonstrate that DUP achieves superior defense performance in detection accuracy and purification efficacy.

DUP: Detection-guided Unlearning for Backdoor Purification in Language Models

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to new languages is an expensive and opaque process. Understanding how language models acquire new languages and multilingual abilities is key to achieve efficient adaptation. Prior work on multilingual interpretability research focuses primarily on how trained models process multilingual instructions, leaving unexplored the mechanisms through which they acquire new languages during training. We investigate these training dynamics on decoder-only transformers through the lens of two functional cognitive specializations: language perception (input comprehension) and production (output generation). Through experiments on low-resource languages, we demonstrate how perceptual and productive specialization emerges in different regions of a language model by running layer ablation sweeps from the model's input and output directions. Based on the observed specialization patterns, we propose CogSym, a layer-wise heuristic that enables effective adaptation by exclusively fine-tuning a few early and late layers. We show that tuning only the 25% outermost layers achieves downstream task performance within 2-3% deviation from the full fine-tuning baseline. CogSym yields consistent performance with adapter methods such as LoRA, showcasing generalization beyond full fine-tuning. These findings provide insights to better understand how LLMs learn new languages and push toward accessible and inclusive language modeling.

Positional Cognitive Specialization: Where Do LLMs Learn to Comprehend and Speak Your Language?

The mapping from sound to neural activity that underlies hearing is highly non-linear. The first few stages of this mapping in the cochlea have been modelled successfully, initially with biophysical models built by hand and, more recently, with DNN models trained on datasets simulated by the biophysical models. Modelling the auditory brain has been a challenge because central auditory processing is too complex for models to be built by hand, and datasets for training DNN models directly have not been available. Recent work has taken advantage of large-scale high resolution neural recordings from the auditory midbrain to build a DNN model of normal hearing with great success. But this model assumes that auditory processing is the same in all brains, and therefore it cannot capture the widely varying effects of hearing loss. 

We propose a novel variational-conditional model to learn to encode the space of hearing loss directly from recordings of neural activity in the auditory midbrain of healthy and noise exposed animals. With hearing loss parametrised by only 6 free parameters per animal, our model accurately predicts 62\% of the explainable variance in neural responses from normal hearing animals and 68\% for hearing impaired animals, comparable to state of the art animal specific models. We demonstrate that the model can be used to simulate realistic activity from out of sample animals by fitting only the learned conditioning parameters with Bayesian optimisation, achieving crossentropy loss within 2\% of the optimum in 15-30 iterations. Including more animals in the training data slightly improved the performance on unseen animals. This model will enable future development of parametrised hearing loss compensation models trained to directly restore normal neural coding in hearing impaired brains, which can be quickly fitted for a new user by human in the loop optimisation.

Modelling the Effects of Hearing Loss on Neural Coding in the Auditory Midbrain with Variational Conditioning

The surface pressure field of transportation systems, including cars, trains, and aircraft, is critical for aerodynamic analysis and design. In recent years, deep neural networks have emerged as promising and efficient methods for modeling surface pressure field, being alternatives to computationally expensive CFD simulations. Currently, large-scale public datasets are available for domains such as automotive aerodynamics. However, in many specialized areas, such as high-speed trains, data scarcity remains a fundamental challenge in aerodynamic modeling, severely limiting the effectiveness of standard neural network approaches. To address this limitation, we propose the Adaptive Field Learning Framework (AdaField), which pre-trains the model on public large-scale datasets to improve generalization in sub-domains with limited data. AdaField comprises two key components. First, we design the Semantic Aggregation Point Transformer (SAPT) as a high-performance backbone that efficiently handles large-scale point clouds for surface pressure prediction. Second, regarding the substantial differences in flow conditions and geometric scales across different aerodynamic subdomains, we propose Flow-Conditioned Adapter (FCA) and Physics-Informed Data Augmentation (PIDA). FCA enables the model to flexibly adapt to different flow conditions with a small set of trainable parameters, while PIDA expands the training data distribution to better cover variations in object scale and velocity. Our experiments show that AdaField achieves SOTA performance on the DrivAerNet++ dataset and can be effectively transferred to train and aircraft scenarios with minimal fine-tuning. These results highlight AdaField’s potential as a generalizable and transferable solution for surface pressure field modeling, supporting efficient aerodynamic design across a wide range of transportation systems.

AdaField: Generalizable Surface Pressure Modeling with Physics-Informed Pre-training and Flow-Conditioned Adaptation

3D Vision-Language Foundation Models (VLFMs) have shown strong generalization and zero-shot recognition capabilities in open-world point cloud processing tasks. However, these models often underperform in practical scenarios where data are noisy, incomplete, or drawn from a different distribution than the training data.
To address this, we propose \textbf{Uni-Adapter}, a novel training-free online test-time adaptation (TTA) strategy for 3D VLFMs based on dynamic prototype learning. We define a 3D cache to store class-specific cluster centers as prototypes, which are continuously updated to capture intra-class variability in heterogeneous data distributions. These dynamic prototypes serve as anchors for cache-based logit computation via similarity scoring. Simultaneously, a graph-based label smoothing module captures inter-prototype similarities to enforce label consistency among similar prototypes. Finally, we unify predictions from the original 3D VLFM and the refined 3D cache using entropy-weighted aggregation for reliable adaptation. Without retraining, Uni-Adapter effectively mitigates distribution shifts, achieving state-of-the-art performance on diverse 3D benchmarks over different 3D VLFMs—improving ModelNet-40C by \textbf{10.55\%}, ScanObjectNN-C by \textbf{8.26\%}, and ShapeNet-C by \textbf{4.49\%} over the source 3D VLFMs.

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