Singapore

We tackle the challenge of generating the infinitely extendable 3D world -- large, continuous environments with coherent geometry and realistic appearance. Existing methods face key challenges: 2D-lifting approaches suffer from geometric and appearance inconsistencies across views, 3D implicit representations are hard to scale up, and current 3D foundation models are mostly object-centric, limiting their applicability to scene-level generation. Our key insight is leveraging strong generation priors from pre-trained 3D models for structured scene block generation. To this end, we propose WorldGrow, a hierarchical framework for unbounded 3D scene synthesis. Our method features three core components: (1) a data curation pipeline that extracts high-quality scene blocks for training, making the 3D structured latent representations suitable for scene generation; (2) a 3D block inpainting mechanism that enables context-aware scene extension; and (3) a coarse-to-fine generation strategy that ensures both global layout plausibility and local geometric/textural fidelity. Evaluated on the large-scale 3D-FRONT dataset, WorldGrow achieves SOTA performance in geometry reconstruction, while uniquely supporting infinite scene generation with photorealistic and structurally consistent outputs. These results highlight its capability for constructing large-scale virtual environments and potential for building future world models.

AAAI 2026

WorldGrow: Generating Infinite 3D World

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Contribution evaluation is essential for incentivizing high-quality data sharing in federated learning (FL), yet existing Shapley-value-based methods are prohibitively expensive and overlook temporal influence propagation. In this paper, we propose Ripple Shapley, a novel attribution framework that enables accurate, real-time data valuation within a single federated training run. Our method decomposes each sample’s impact into an instantaneous drop term and a recursive ripple term, the latter capturing downstream influence via a Jacobian chain over global updates. To scale computation, we introduce a low-rank approximation of the Jacobian product and construct a shared subspace for efficient ripple accumulation. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10 and MNIST show that Ripple Shapley achieves up to 62× speedup over existing Shapley-based FL methods while maintaining high attribution fidelity, significantly improving efficiency, robustness, and fairness in federated environments. We further demonstrate its effectiveness in dynamic federated learning scenarios and its potential for real-time data pricing.

Ripple Shapley: Data Influence Attribution in One Federated Training Run

The demand for long-context processing in large language models (LLMs) continues to escalate alongside rapid advancements in their capabilities. However, the intermediate attention keys and values (KV cache) employed to avoid re-computations, also grow linearly with sequence length, far exceeding the memory capacity of consumer-grade GPUs. Consequently, many studies have proposed KV cache compression methods that evict unimportant tokens based on variant attention scoring strategies. These methods typically retain the KV pairs of the top-k scoring tokens under a fixed memory budget. However, they still face several limitations. First, they disregard the activation frequency of tokens, specifically the count of times tokens achieve top-k scores in the attention distribution of following tokens. The methods based on variant attention scores may incorrectly evict some high-activation-frequency yet low final-scoring tokens. Second, the activation frequency exhibits different distribution patterns across layers and tasks. Neglecting these differences negatively impacts model performance and task adaptability. Our analysis of the actual token activation frequency and its unique characteristics across layers and task types reveals potential opportunities to address these issues. In this paper, we propose HitKV, which employs hit rates to directly characterize token activation frequencies, enabling adaptive layer-aware and task-aware KV cache eviction under the uniform memory allocation strategies. Also, HitKV can be easily integrated into layer-specific memory allocation methods. Experimental results demonstrate that HitKV maintains model performance with preserving only 3\% of the KV cache, achieves high-quality generation outputs in long-text generations tasks, and delivers $4\times$ throughput improvement over baselines.

HitKV: Activation Frequency Knows Which Tokens Are Important

Adversarial patch attacks pose a significant threat to visual systems. While current patch purification-based defense methods enhance core metrics of visual perception models, they overlook the critical issue of false positive patches, severely compromising image usability. This paper reveals the inadequacy of existing evaluations for adversarial patch defenses, and pioneers a multidimensional adversarial patch localization evaluation framework, which comprehensively quantifies false positives, recall capability, and overall localization accuracy, providing a novel perspective for comparative analysis within the field. Furthermore, building upon the observation that false positives stem from a lack of semantic understanding, we propose a Semantic-Aware Training-free Explainable Defense method (SATED). SATED achieves zero-shot patch localization, false detection correction, and decision explanation by constructing a patch reasoning chain, while simultaneously performing integrated text-guided patch inpainting. Extensive experiments across digital and physical scenarios, detection and segmentation tasks, and diverse adversarial patches, demonstrate that our method significantly reduces false positives and doubles the overall patch localization accuracy, boosting both the generalizability and explainability of the defense. Our code will be released upon acceptance.

False Positives Matter: Multidimensional Localization Evaluation and Training-Free Explainable Adversarial Patch Defense

Despite being successful in board games and reinforcement learning (RL),
Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) combined with Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB)
has seen limited success in domain-independent classical planning until recently.
Previous work [Wissow and Asai, 2024] showed that UCB1, designed for bounded rewards, does not perform well
as applied to cost-to-go estimates in classical planning, because cost-to-go estimates are unbounded,
and showed improved performance using a Gaussian reward MAB instead.
This paper further sharpens our understanding of ideal bandits for planning tasks.
Existing work has two issues:
first, Gaussian MABs under-specify the support of cost-to-go estimates as $(-\infty,\infty)$,
which we can narrow down.
Second, Full-Bellman backup [Schulte and Keller, 2014]
that backpropagates sample max/min lacks theoretical justification.
We use \emph{Peaks-Over-Threashold Extreme Value Theory} to resolve both issues at once,
propose a new bandit algorithm (UCB1-Uniform).
We formally prove its regret bound and
empirically demonstrate its performance in classical planning.

Extreme Value Monte Carlo Tree Search for Classical Planning

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have positioned them as a promising paradigm for agents, with long-term planning and decision-making emerging as core general-purpose capabilities for adapting to diverse scenarios and tasks. Real-time strategy (RTS) games serve as an ideal testbed for evaluating these two capabilities, as their inherent gameplay requires both macro-level strategic planning and micro-level tactical adaptation and action execution. Existing RTS game-based environments either suffer from relatively high computational demands or lack support for textual observations, which has constrained the use of RTS games for LLM evaluation. Motivated by this, we present TowerMind, a novel environment grounded in the tower defense (TD) subgenre of RTS games. TowerMind preserves the key evaluation strengths of RTS games for assessing LLMs, while featuring low computational demands and a multimodal observation space, including pixel-based, textual, and structured game-state representations. In addition, TowerMind supports the evaluation of model hallucination and provides a high degree of customizability. We design five benchmark levels to evaluate several widely used LLMs under different multimodal input settings. The results reveal a clear performance gap between LLMs and human experts across both capability and hallucination dimensions. The experiments further highlight key limitations in LLM behavior, such as inadequate planning validation, a lack of multifinality in decision-making, and inefficient action use. We also evaluate two classic reinforcement learning algorithms: Ape-X DQN and PPO. By offering a lightweight and multimodal design, TowerMind complements the existing RTS game-based environment landscape and introduces a new benchmark for the AI agent field.

TowerMind: A Tower Defence Game Learning Environment and Benchmark for LLM as Agents

Label smoothing is a widely studied regularization technique in machine learning. However, its potential for node classification in graph-structured data, spanning homophilic to heterophilic graphs, remains largely unexplored. We introduce posterior label smoothing, a novel method for transductive node classification that derives soft labels from a posterior distribution conditioned on neighborhood labels. 
The likelihood and prior distributions are estimated from the global statistics of the graph structure, allowing our approach to adapt naturally to various graph properties. We evaluate our method on 10 benchmark datasets using eight baseline models, demonstrating consistent improvements in classification accuracy. The following analysis demonstrates that soft labels mitigate overfitting during training, leading to better generalization performance, and that pseudo-labeling effectively refines the global label statistics of the graph. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/PosteL.

Posterior Label Smoothing for Node Classification

Existing benchmarks in e-commerce primarily focus on basic user intents, such as finding or purchasing products. However, real-world users often pursue more complex goals, such as applying vouchers, managing budgets, and finding multi-products seller. To bridge this gap, we propose ShoppingBench, a novel end-to-end shopping benchmark designed to encompass increasingly challenging levels of grounded intent. Specifically, we propose a scalable framework to simulate user instructions based on various intents derived from sampled real-world products. To facilitate consistent and reliable evaluations, we provide a large-scale shopping sandbox that serves as an interactive simulated environment, incorporating over 2.5 million real-world products. Experimental results demonstrate that even state-of-the-art language agents (such as GPT-4.1) achieve absolute success rates under 50\% on our benchmark tasks, highlighting the significant challenges posed by our ShoppingBench. In addition, we propose a trajectory distillation strategy and leverage supervised fine-tuning, along with reinforcement learning on synthetic trajectories, to distill the capabilities of a large language agent into a smaller one. As a result, our trained agent achieves competitive performance compared to GPT-4.1.

ShoppingBench: A Real-World Intent-Grounded Shopping Benchmark for LLM-based Agents

Long-horizon planning is crucial in complex environments, but diffusion-based planners like Diffuser are limited by the trajectory lengths observed during training. This creates a dilemma: long trajectories are needed for effective planning, yet they degrade model performance. In this paper, we introduce this extendable long-horizon planning challenge and propose a two-phase solution. First, Progressive Trajectory Extension incrementally constructs longer trajectories through multi-round compositional stitching. Second, the Hierarchical Multiscale Diffuser enables efficient training and inference over long horizons by reasoning across temporal scales. To avoid the need for multiple separate models, we propose Adaptive Plan Pondering and the Recursive HM-Diffuser, which unify hierarchical planning within a single model. Experiments show our approach yields strong performance gains, advancing scalable and efficient decision-making over long-horizons.

Extendable Planning via Multiscale Diffusion

Task-Oriented Grasping (TOG) presents a significant challenge, requiring a nuanced understanding of task semantics, object affordances, and the functional constraints dictating how an object should be grasped for a specific task. To address these challenges, we introduce GRIM (Grasp Re-alignment via Iterative Matching), a novel training-free framework for task-oriented grasping. Initially, a coarse alignment strategy is developed using a combination of geometric cues and principal component analysis (PCA)-reduced DINO features for similarity scoring. Subsequently, the full grasp pose associated with the retrieved memory instance is transferred to the aligned scene object and further refined against a set of task-agnostic, geometrically stable grasps generated for the scene object, prioritizing task compatibility. In contrast to existing learning-based methods, GRIM demonstrates strong generalization capabilities, achieving robust performance with only a small number of conditioning examples.

GRIM: Task-Oriented Grasping with Conditioning on Generative Examples

Tabular data synthesis presents unique challenges, with Transformer models remaining underexplored despite the applications of Variational Autoencoders and Generative Adversarial Networks. To address this gap, we propose the Transformer-based Tabular Variational AutoEncoder (TTVAE), leveraging the attention mechanism for capturing complex data distributions. The inclusion of the attention mechanism enables our model to understand complex relationships among heterogeneous features, a task often difficult for traditional methods. TTVAE facilitates the integration of interpolation within the latent space during the data generation process. Specifically, TTVAE is trained once, establishing a low-dimensional representation of real data, and then various latent interpolation methods can efficiently generate synthetic latent points. Through extensive experiments on diverse datasets, TTVAE consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance, highlighting its adaptability across different feature types and data sizes. This innovative approach, empowered by the attention mechanism and the integration of interpolation, addresses the complex challenges of tabular data synthesis, establishing TTVAE as a powerful solution.

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Ripple Shapley: Data Influence Attribution in One Federated Training Run

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