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Modeling dynamic scenes through 4D Gaussians offers high visual fidelity and fast rendering speeds, but comes with significant storage overhead.
Recent approaches mitigate this cost by aggressively reducing the number of Gaussians.
However, this inevitably removes Gaussians essential for high-quality rendering, leading to severe degradation in dynamic regions.
In this paper, we introduce a novel 4D anchor-based framework that tackles the storage cost in different perspective.
Rather than reducing the number of Gaussians, our method retains a sufficient quantity to accurately model dynamic contents, while compressing them into compact, grid-aligned 4D anchor features.
Each anchor is processed by an MLP to spawn a set of neural 4D Gaussians, which represent a local spatiotemporal region.
We design these neural 4D Gaussians to capture temporal changes with minimal parameters, making them well-suited for the MLP-based spawning.
Moreover, we introduce a dynamic-aware anchor growing strategy to effectively assign additional anchors to under-reconstructed dynamic regions.
Our method adjusts the accumulated gradients with Gaussians&#39; temporal coverage, significantly improving reconstruction quality in dynamic regions.
Experimental results highlight that our method achieves state-of-the-art visual quality in dynamic regions, outperforming all baselines by a large margin with practical storage costs.

AAAI 2026

4D Scaffold Gaussian Splatting with Dynamic-Aware Anchor Growing for Efficient and High-Fidelity Dynamic Scene Reconstruction

cv: 3d computer vision

image & video synthesis

cv: computational photography

cv: applications

Modeling dynamic scenes through 4D Gaussians offers high visual fidelity and fast rendering speeds, but comes with significant storage overhead.
Recent approaches mitigate this cost by aggressively reducing the number of Gaussians.
However, this inevitably removes Gaussians essential for high-quality rendering, leading to severe degradation in dynamic regions.
In this paper, we introduce a novel 4D anchor-based framework that tackles the storage cost in different perspective.
Rather than reducing the number of Gaussians, our method retains a sufficient quantity to accurately model dynamic contents, while compressing them into compact, grid-aligned 4D anchor features.
Each anchor is processed by an MLP to spawn a set of neural 4D Gaussians, which represent a local spatiotemporal region.
We design these neural 4D Gaussians to capture temporal changes with minimal parameters, making them well-suited for the MLP-based spawning.
Moreover, we introduce a dynamic-aware anchor growing strategy to effectively assign additional anchors to under-reconstructed dynamic regions.
Our method adjusts the accumulated gradients with Gaussians' temporal coverage, significantly improving reconstruction quality in dynamic regions.
Experimental results highlight that our method achieves state-of-the-art visual quality in dynamic regions, outperforming all baselines by a large margin with practical storage costs.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Deep functional map frameworks (DFM) for shape correspondence are powerful, yet fundamentally limited by their reliance on end-to-end differentiability. This constraint prevents the integration of highly accurate, non-differentiable refinement techniques, capping their overall performance, especially on challenging non-isometric shapes. To overcome this, we introduce MDND, a novel DFM paradigm built on the principle of merging differentiable and non-differentiable components. Our framework facilitates unsupervised learning guided by an internal, non-differentiable refinement. Specifically, MDND employs a dual-branch architecture: a non-differentiable refinement branch leverages a novel, multiscale iterative solver to produce highly robust correspondences, acting as a refined target. Concurrently, a fully differentiable branch learns to predict correspondences from features. The entire system is trained end-to-end without supervision by enforcing a consistency loss that compels the differentiable branch to learn from the superior, refined results of the non-differentiable branch. Extensive experiments show that MDND sets a new state-of-the-art, demonstrating remarkable robustness on shapes with severe non-isometric deformations and topological noise.

MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence

How can we accurately quantize a pre-trained Vision Transformer model?
Quantization algorithms compress Vision Transformers (ViTs) into low-bit formats, reducing memory and computation demands with minimal accuracy degradation.
However, existing methods rely on uniform precision, ignoring the diverse sensitivity of ViT components to quantization.
Metric-based Mixed Precision Quantization (MPQ) is a promising alternative, but previous MPQ methods for ViTs suffer from three major limitations: 1) coarse granularity, 2) mismatch in metric scale across component types, and 3) quantization-unaware bit allocation.
In this paper, we propose LampQ (Layer-wise Mixed Precision Quantization for Vision Transformers), an accurate
metric-based MPQ method for ViTs to overcome these limitations.
LampQ performs layer-wise quantization to achieve both fine-grained control and efficient acceleration, incorporating a type-aware Fisher-based metric to measure sensitivity.
Then, LampQ assigns bit-widths optimally through integer linear programming and further updates them iteratively.
Extensive experiments show that LampQ provides the state-of-the-art performance in quantizing ViTs pre-trained on various tasks such as image classification, object detection, and zero-shot quantization.

LampQ: Towards Accurate Layer-wise Mixed Precision Quantization for Vision Transformers

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in automating the design of agentic workflows. However, existing methods still rely heavily on manually predefined operators, limiting generalization and scalability. To address this issue, we propose \textbf{A\textsuperscript{2}Flow}, a fully automated framework for agentic workflow generation based on \textit{self-adaptive abstraction operators}. \textbf{A\textsuperscript{2}Flow} employs a three-stage operator extraction process: 1) Case-based Initial Operator Generation: leveraging expert demonstrations and LLM reasoning to generate case-specific operators; 2) Operator Clustering and Preliminary Abstraction: grouping similar operators across tasks to form preliminary abstractions; and 3) Deep Extraction for Abstract Execution Operators: applying long chain-of-thought prompting and multi-path reasoning to derive compact and generalizable execution operators. These operators serve as reusable building blocks for workflow construction without manual predefinition. Furthermore, we enhance node-level workflow search with an \textit{operator memory mechanism}, which retains historical outputs to enrich context and improve decision-making. Experiments on general and embodied benchmarks show that \textbf{A\textsuperscript{2}Flow} achieves a 2.4\% and 19.1\% average performance improvement and reduces resource usage by 37\% over state-of-the-art baselines.

A²Flow: Automating Agentic Workflow Generation via Self-Adaptive Abstraction Operators

Recent visual generative models enable story generation with consistent characters from text, but human-centric story generation faces additional challenges, such as maintaining detailed and diverse human face consistency and coordinating multiple characters across different images. This paper presents IdentityStory, a framework for human-centric story generation that ensures consistent character identity across multiple sequential images. By taming identity-preserving generators, the framework features two key components: Iterative Identity Discovery, which extracts cohesive character identities, and Re-denoising Identity Injection, which re-denoises images to inject identities while preserving desired context. Experiments on the ConsiStory-Human benchmark demonstrate that IdentityStory outperforms existing methods, particularly in face consistency, and supports multi-character combinations. The framework also shows strong potential for applications such as infinite-length story generation and dynamic character composition. Code will be publicly available.

IdentityStory: Taming Your Identity-Preserving Generator for Human-Centric Story Generation

The emergence of large vision-language models (VLMs) has significantly enhanced the efficiency and flexibility of geospatial interpretation. However, general-purpose VLMs remain suboptimal for remote sensing (RS) tasks. Existing geospatial VLMs typically adopt a unified modeling strategy and struggle to differentiate between task types and interpretation granularities, limiting their ability to balance local detail perception and global contextual understanding. In this paper, we present SkyMoE, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) vision-language model tailored for multimodal, multi-task RS interpretation. SkyMoE employs an adaptive router that generates task- and granularity-aware routing instructions, enabling specialized large language model experts to handle diverse sub-tasks. To further promote expert decoupling and granularity sensitivity, we introduce a context-disentangled augmentation strategy that creates contrastive pairs between local and global features, guiding experts toward level-specific representation learning. We also construct MGRS-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark covering multiple RS interpretation tasks and granularity levels, to evaluate generalization in complex scenarios. Extensive experiments on 21 public datasets demonstrate that SkyMoE achieves state-of-the-art performance across tasks, validating its adaptability, scalability, and superior multi-granularity understanding in remote sensing.

SkyMoE: A Vision-Language Foundation Model for Enhancing Geospatial Interpretation with Mixture of Experts

Transductive Information Maximization (TIM) is a leading transductive few-shot learning method that maximizes the mutual information between query features and their predicted labels, while incorporating supervision from the support set. However, its potential remains underexplored, primarily due to the limited utilization of textual knowledge provided by vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP. To address this, we propose TIM++, an enhanced framework that incorporates both visual and textual information for few-shot CLIP adaptation. Specifically, TIM++ introduces a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence-based regularization term that encourages the model’s posterior predictions to align with CLIP’s zero-shot output distribution, especially focusing on the most confident predictions. Additionally, we develop an improved prototype initialization strategy that leverages both support and query features enriched with CLIP-guided semantics.
Extensive experiments on 11 public datasets demonstrate that TIM++ consistently outperforms the standard TIM, achieving average accuracy gains of 19.25% and 10.88% in 1-shot and 2-shot settings, respectively. TIM++ also surpasses other existing state-of-the-art methods, establishing a new benchmark for few-shot learning with VLMs.

TIM++: Transductive Information Maximization for Few-Shot CLIP

Versatile 3D tasks (e.g., generation or editing) distilling Text-to-Image (T2I) diffusion models have attracted significant research interest for not relying on extensive 3D training data. However, T2I models exhibit limitations resulting from prior view bias, which produces conflicting appearances between different views of an object. This bias causes subject-words to preferentially activate prior view features during cross-attention (CA) computation, regardless of the target view condition. To overcome this limitation, we conduct a comprehensive mathematical analysis to reveal the root cause of the prior view bias in T2I models. Moreover, we find different UNet-Layers show different effects of prior view in CA. Therefore, we propose a novel framework, TD-Attn, which addresses multi-view inconsistency via two key components: (1) the 3D-Aware Attention Guidance Module 3D-AAG constructs a view-consistent 3D attention Gaussian for subject-words to enforce spatial consistency across attention-focused regions, thereby compensating for the limited spatial information in 2D individual view CA maps; (2) the Hierarchical Attention Modulation Module (HAM) utilizes a semantic guidance tree to direct the Semantic Response Profiler (SRP) in localizing and modulating CA layers that are highly responsive to view conditions, where the enhanced CA maps further support the construction of more consistent 3D attention Gaussians. Notably, HAM facilitates semantic-specific interventions, enabling controllable and precise 3D editing. Extensive experiments firmly establish that TD-Attn has the potential to serve as a transformative, universal plugin, significantly enhancing multi-view consistency across a wide range of 3D tasks.

Debiasing Diffusion Priors via 3D Attention for Consistent Gaussian Splatting

Automatic medical report generation can greatly reduce the workload of doctors, but it is often unreliable for real-world deployment. Current methods can write formally fluent sentences but may be factually flawed, introducing serious medical errors known as clinical hallucinations, which make them untrustworthy for diagnosis. To bridge this gap, we introduce \textbf{HiMed-RL}, a Hierarchical Medical Reward Learning Framework designed to explicitly prioritize clinical quality. HiMed-RL moves beyond simple text matching by deconstructing reward learning into three synergistic levels: it first ensures linguistic fluency at the token-level, then enforces factual grounding at the concept-level by aligning key medical terms with expert knowledge, and finally assesses high-level diagnostic consistency at the semantic-level using a specialized LLM verifier. This hierarchical reward is implemented via a \textbf{Human-inspired Dynamic Reward Adjustment}, a strategy which first teaches the model to learn basic facts before progressing to more complex diagnostic reasoning. Experimentally, \textbf{HiMed-3B} achieves state-of-the-art performance on both in-domain and out-of-domain benchmarks, particularly on the latter, with an improvement of \textbf{10.8\%} over the second-best baseline. Our work provides a robust paradigm for generating reports that not only improve fluency but clinical fine-grained quality.

Beyond N-grams: A Hierarchical Reward Learning Framework for Clinically-Aware Medical Report Generation

Pose-agnostic Anomaly Detection (PAD) aims to detect anomalies when the poses of query images are unknown and differ from those in the training set. Therefore, accurately estimating the camera poses for the query images in the test set is critical for this task. Existing query-specific framework methods require re-optimizing a new set of parameters for each query image, limiting their generalization and increasing computational burden. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel method, Relative Pose Estimation for Pose-agnostic Anomaly Detection (RPE-PAD), which enhances both generalization and efficiency with a query-independent framework. Specifically, we propose a Random View Synthesis Scheme (RVSS) that generates new poses by adding Gaussian perturbations to the original poses, then renders the corresponding views to augment the dataset. To estimate the relative camera pose between two input images, we introduce an Iterative Relative Pose Refinement Network (IRPRN), which incorporates a hierarchical coarse-to-fine refinement strategy. Furthermore, we employ a Multi-Pair Training Strategy (MPTS) to train the proposed IRPRN, leveraging multiple image pairs to expand the relative pose transformation space during training. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves robust anomaly detection performance while significantly improving inference efficiency.

RPE-PAD: Relative Pose Estimation for Pose-agnostic Anomaly Detection

Large language models (LLMs) have recently empowered multi-agent systems (MAS) to achieve remarkable advances in collaborative reasoning and complex task automation. The effectiveness of these systems fundamentally depends on the design of adaptive **communication graphs**—the underlying workflows that coordinate agent interactions. However, in real-world scenarios, strict privacy constraints often silo data across organizations, and client distributions are highly non-IID, posing major challenges for synthesizing such workflows. In this work, we are **the first to systematically study distributed multi-agent workflow synthesis** under these privacy and heterogeneity constraints, and we introduce the Difficulty-Based Skew (DBS) benchmark to emulate such challenging environments. Drawing inspiration from federated graph learning (FGL)—which has primarily focused on classification over static graphs—we identify a critical gap: existing FGL methods do not address the generative design of communication topologies. We reveal two fundamental obstacles to generative workflow synthesis in this setting: (i) **workflow specialization conflict**, where agents optimized for different task distributions generate incompatible communication patterns that resist meaningful aggregation, and (ii) **structural communication shift**, where locally optimal agent interaction graphs fail to compose into globally coherent multi-agent workflows. To address these challenges, we propose **DAWN**, a federated framework that integrates two key innovations: **Parametric Resonance**, which robustly aggregates heterogeneous local updates via layer-wise SVD-based denoising and alignment, and **Structural Gravity**, which regularizes local workflow generation by penalizing the Fusion Gromov-Wasserstein distance to a set of prototype communication graphs, ensuring global structural coherence without stifling local adaptation. Experiments on the DBS benchmark show that **DAWN** surpasses baselines in global task success and reduces inter-client graph divergence, laying a solid foundation for privacy-preserving, adaptive MAS workflow design in heterogeneous settings.

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MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence

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